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1、第二部分 重要语法,谓语动词,谓语动词在高考语法填空中是必考内容，每年必考一个小题，其中2009年有两个小题。谓语动词需考虑时态、语态、语气、主谓一致等几个方面。,谓语动词,请做下列高考真题。 1. (2013) Suddenly, he_ (find) that he had run out of salt. So Nick called to his son 思路点拨：found 在人称代词主格(he)后没有别的谓语动词，find应是谓语动词，又由宾语从句的时态和下句的时态可知，用一般过去时。,真题再练,2. (2012) He walked in as if he _ (buy) the
2、 school. And the word quickly got around that he was from New York City. 思路点拨：had bought 在主格人称代词he后，显然是作谓语；又因他不可能是买下了这个学校，故应用虚拟语气，与过去事实相反，故填had bought。,3. (2011) I noticed a man sitting at the front. He_ (pretend) that a tiger toy was real and giving it a voice. 思路点拨：was pretending 由前后语境可知，指作者看到他时，他
3、“在假装”。,4. (2010) After a four-day journey, the young man_ (present) the water to the old man. His teacher took a deep drink 思路点拨：presented 谓语动词，由前后句谓语动词的时态可知，用一般过去时。,5. (2009) People stepped on your feet or_ (push) you with their elbows (肘部), hurrying ahead to get to a bargain. 思路点拨: pushed 由or可知，与s
4、tepped并列，一起作谓语；stepped是一般过去时，所以push也用一般过去时。,6. (2009) When Jane got home Her mother was excited. “Your father has at last decided to stop smoking,” Jane_ (inform). 思路点拨：was informed 句中Jane是主语，其后的inform应是谓语；又因Jane与inform是被动关系，且前面各句谓语动词均为一般过去时，所以inform用一般过去时的被动语态。,7. (2008) Being too anxious to help a
5、n event develop often_ (result) in the contrary to our intention. 思路点拨：results 因Being too anxious to help an event develop是动名词短语，在句中作主语，没有别的谓语动词，括号中所给的result就应是谓语动词，根据句意“太着急促使一件事情发展，其结果往往和我们的意图相反(欲速则不达)。”这是谚语，是客观真理，应当用一般现在时，动名词短语作主语，谓语动词用第三人称单数，故填results。,8. (2007) I was on my way to the Taiyetos Mo
6、untains. The sun was setting when my car _ (break) down near a remote village. 思路点拨：broke 在when后的句子中，my car是主语，其后的break应是谓语；因全文是叙述过去的经历，用一般过去式；再说was/were doingwhendid是一个固定句型，when后面的句子的谓语用一般过去时，表示“正在做某事，就在这个时候发生了另一事”.,考情分析,由上表可知，除2009年有两小题外，其余每年一个小题；除2008年是现在时外，其余为过去时，一般过去时4道，过去进行时1道，被动语态1道，虚拟语气1道。,在
7、语法填空中，一般有一空是考查谓语动词，同时有一空是考查非谓语动词，因此，首先要判断括号中所给动词是谓语动词还是非谓语动词；若是谓语动词，要考虑时态、语态、语气、主谓一致等四个方面。其中时态的判断主要有三条依据： (1)根据前后句的时态判断； (2)根据时间状语来判断；,解题技巧,(3)根据固定句式来判断。如Hardly had sb. done whendid; was /were doing sth. whendid; its the first time when sb. has done等。,一、时态 时态是英语谓语动词的一种形式，表示动作发生的时间和所处的状态。英语中的时态是通过动词形
8、式本身的变化来实现的。英语中常用的时态有16种，但高考考试说明中规定要掌握的有十种：,考点归纳,注：(1)表示将来还有多种形式： be going to +动词原形。 be to+动词原形。 The book I edited is to appear soon. 我编的那本书不久即将问世。 be about to+动词原形。不能同表示时间的词语连用，表示“即将，就要”。,在飞机、火车等时刻表中规定的事情，或在时间状语从句或条件状语从句中，要用一般现在时表示将来。 Turn off the lights before you leave. 走前关灯。 The plane takes off a
9、t 9:30 and arrives in Shanghai at 10:20. 飞机九点半起飞，十点二十分抵达上海。,表示计划好的活动，还常用现在进行时表将来, 此时一定要与表示将来的时间状语连用。 They are having a party next week.下星期他们将开一个晚会。 (2)现在进行时与always，continually，constantly等连用，表示说话人的某种情感，如赞扬，遗憾，讨厌或不满等。如： He is always helping others.他总是帮助别人。(赞扬),二、语态 语态有两种：主动语态和被动语态。主语是动作的发出者为主动语态；主语是动作
10、的接受者为被动语态。被动语态由“be+过去分词”构成，不同时态的被动语态的形式由be来体现，请看下表(以do为例)： 一般现在时：am/is/are done 一般过去时： was/were done 一般将来时： shall/will be done,过去将来时： should/would be done 现在进行时： am/is/are being done 过去进行时： was/were being done 现在完成时： has/ have been done 过去完成时： had been done 将来完成时： shall/ will have been done 过去将来完成时：
11、 should/would have been done,重点掌握一般现在时、一般过去时、一般将来时的被动语态，以及现在完成时和过去完成时的被动语态。如： Something is learned every time a book is opened.开卷有益。 Roman was not built in a day.伟业非一日之功。,三、语气 语气是动词的一种形式，它表示说话人对某一行为或事情的看法和态度。虚拟语气表示动作或状态不是客观存在的事实，而是说话人的主观愿望、假设或推测等。 (一)用过去式表示的虚拟语气 1. if 引导的虚拟条件句。 虚拟条件句从句和主句的动词形式列表如下:,
12、熟读背诵以下例句，你就掌握了上表的构成形式： (1)与现在事实相反：If I were you, I would take his advice.如果我是你，我就采纳他的建议。(当然，我不可能是你) (2)与过去事实相反：If I had taken his advice，I wouldnt have made so many mistakes. 如果我当初采纳了他的忠告，我就不会犯这么多错误。(但我没听),(3)与将来事实相反：If it rained / should rain / were to rain tomorrow, we wouldnt go there. 如果/万一明天下雨，
13、我们就不去那里。(估计下雨的可能性不大) 注意: (1) 虚拟中的倒装：如果if从句中含were，had, should等，可将其置于句首，省略if。 Had I not seen it with my own eyes, I would not have believed it. 要不是我亲眼所见，我都不会相信了。(= If I had not seen it),(2)错综时间条件句的虚拟语气，即主句与从句的时态不一致。 If I had studied harder at school, I would have a better job now. 如果我上学时更努力，我现在就会有份更好的
14、工作了。(事实是现在的工作不太好) (3) 含蓄虚拟：如without, but for, in the absence of (如果没有), or, otherwise代替if从句。 Without air, we couldnt live.没有空气，我们就不能生存。,Without your help, I couldnt have made such great progress.没有你的帮助，我就不可能取得这么大的成绩。 (4)两个固定句型：if it were not for ; if it had not been for 若不是 If it hadnt been for your
15、 care，my grandma wouldnt have recovered so soon. 要不是有你的照顾，我奶奶就不会痊愈得这么快。,2. as if /或as though后面的从句内容与事实不相符时，从句时态往后退一步，即：表示现在/将来用were / did; 表示过去用had done。 He talks as if he knew everything in the world.他谈起话来就好像世上的事全晓得。 3. would rather后面的句子，其谓语动词的时态往后退一步，即：表示现在/将来用were / did; 表示过去用had done。,I would ra
16、ther you told me the truth. 我愿意你跟我讲真话。 I would rather he hadnt told me about it. 我宁愿他没告诉我这事。(but he had told me) 4. wish / If only / What if从句中，对将来的虚拟用“could / would + 动词原形”。对现在或过去的虚拟时态往后各退一步。 I wish she were not married. 我真希望她没结婚。,I wish I hadnt wasted so much time. 但愿我没浪费这么多时间。 If only I had liste
17、ned to my parents! 我要是当初听了我父母的话就好了。 (二)用(should+)动词原形表示的虚拟语气 1. 句型It is important / necessary / natural / strange / surprising /+ that It is important that he should develop good habits.养成良好习惯对他很重要。,2.表示“建议/要求/劝告/命令”类词，如advise/ demand / desire / insist / order / propose / recommend / request / requi
18、re / suggest / urge 等，作动词时，其后的宾语从句中，或其名词、形容词、过去分词等后的名词性从句中，从句动词用(should+)动词原形。 He insisted that he was not ill, but the doctor insisted that he should take the medicine.他坚持说他没有生病，但医生却坚决要求他吃药。,His face suggested that he was very tired, so I suggested that he should have a good rest. 他的脸色表明他很累了，因此我建议他
19、好好休息。 注意：当suggest意为“表明，暗示”, insist为“坚持已发生或存在的事实”时，要用陈述语气，即实际时态。,(三)用过去式或should do表示的虚拟语气 句型It is (high) time (that)从句中，从句的谓语动词用一般过去时(be用were)或should + 动词原形，should不可以省略，意思是“到了该做的时间了(言外之意是还未做)”。 It is high time that we should take some measures to protect the environment.是该采取措施保护环境的时候了。,(四)“情态动词 + hav
20、e done”表责备或后悔的句型： 1. ought to/ should have done 本应该做(实际没做) 2. oughtnt to /shouldnt have done本不该做(实际做了) 3. could / might have done 本可以做(实际未做) 4. neednt have done 本没必要做 (实际做了),You should have passed the exam, but you were not careful enough.你本该通过考试的，但你不够细心。 You could have done better, but you didnt tr
21、y your best.你本可以做得更好，但是你没有尽力。 We need not have worried about the math exam. It was a piece of cake.我们本不必担心这次数学考试的，实际上很容易。(事实上考前非常担心),四、主谓一致 在英语句子里，谓语受主语支配，其动词必须和主语在人称和数上保持一致，这就叫主谓一致。大致可归纳以下三个原则。 (一)语法一致原则 语法上一致就是谓语动词和主语在单、复数形式上保持一致。 1. 以单数名词或代词、动词不定式短语、动名词短语或从句作主语时，谓语动词一般用单数形式；主语为复数时，谓语动词用复数形式。如：,(1
22、)To study English well is not easy. (2)Reading in the sun is bad for your eyes. (3)What he said is very important for us all. 2. 主语为单数名词或代词，尽管后面跟有with， together with， except， but， like， as well as， rather than， more than， no less than， besides， including等引起的短语，谓语动词仍用单数形式；若主语为复数，谓语用复数形式。如：,Mr. Green，
23、 together with his wife and children，has come to China. 3. either， neither， each， every，none 或no +单数名词和由some， any， no， every构成的复合不定代词，都作单数看待。如：None of them has been to America. 4. 在定语从句时，关系代词that， who， which等作主语时，其谓语动词的数应与句中先行词的数一致。如：He is one of my friends who are working hard.,5. 如果集体名词指的是整个集体，它的谓
24、语动词用单数；如果它指集体的成员，其谓语动词就用复数形式。这些词有family, class，crowd， committee， population， audience等。如：Class Four is on the third floor. / Class Four are unable to agree upon a monitor.,6. 由“a lot of， lots of， plenty of， the rest of， the majority of + 名词”构成的短语以及由“分数或百分数+名词”构成的短语作主语，其谓语动词的数要根据短语中后面名词的数而定。如：The res
25、t of the lecture is wonderful. / The rest of the students like playing basketball.,a number of“许多”，作定语修饰复数名词，谓语用复数；the number of“的数量”，主语是number，谓语用单数。 7. 在倒装句中，谓语动词的数应与其后的主语一致。如：There comes the bus.汽车来了。,(二)意义一致原则 逻辑意义一致就是谓语动词的数必须和主语的意义一致(因有时主语形式为单数，但意义为复数；有时形式为复数，但意义为单数)。 1. 若英语是书名、片名、格言、剧名、报名、国名等的
26、复数形式，其谓语动词通常用单数形式。如：“The Arabian Nights” is an interesting story-book.,2. trousers， glasses， clothes， shoes， 等词作主语时，谓语用复数，但如果这些名词前有a (the) pair of等量词修饰时，谓语动词用单数。如：My glasses are broken. / The pair of shoes under the bed is his. 3. “定冠词the + 形容词或分词”，表示某一类人时，动词用复数。如：The old are taken good care of.,(三)
27、就近一致原则 在英语句子中，有时谓语动词的人称和数与最近的主语保持一致。 1. 当两个主语由eitheror， neithernor， whetheror， not onlybut also连接时，谓语动词和邻近的主语一致。如：Either the teacher or the students are our friends. Neither they nor he is right.,2. there be句型be动词单复数取决于其后的主语。如果其后是由and连接的两个主语，则应与靠近的那个主语保持一致。如：There are two chairs and a desk in the ro
28、om./ There is a teacher and more than 50 students in the classroom.,五、解法指导 一般地，在语法填空中，如果括号给出的是动词，又在句中作谓语，我们就应该从“时态、语态(主动和被动)、语气、人称与数(重点注意第三人称单数)”等方面来考虑。只有这样才会考虑周到，才能提高我们的做题正确率。同理，在写作中我们也应该多加注意主谓一致性原则，力求写出规范的文章来。,一、单句填空 用所给动词的适当形式填空。 1.(2014茂名二模)The local elementary school had just let out and I foun
29、d myself behind a school bus as I was driving home. The bus _ (stop) by a house sitting on top of a hill. stopped 本题讲述的是一个过去事件，故用一般过去式，注意句中的by应作“在旁边” 解，而不是引出动作的执行者。,实战演练,2.(2014广州一模)Together, those volunteers and the NECC students_ (work) to clear rubbish out of a three-story building. worked 根据语境，应
30、用过去时态。 3.(2014佛山一模)Finally, in 1903, the first engine-powered Wright Flyer_ (invent). was invented 第一架飞机被发明。,4.(2014茂名一模)In the early years of 1980s, as the reform and opening-up policy_ (carry) out, my childhood dream came true. was carried 在as引导的状语从句中作谓语，因“政策”与“实行”是被动关系，20世纪80年代显然是过去，故用一般过去时的被动语态。
31、,5.(2014深圳一模)The boss asked how much per kg. Tom_ (shake) his head and went back to the market. shook 在主语Tom后作谓语，由上下文的谓语动词的时态可知，用一般过去时。,6.(2014梅州一模)Actually, “Chinglish” _(contribute) 5% to 20% of newly added English words since 1994. has contributed 根据上下文语境及此句中的时间状语since 1994可知用现在完成时。,7.(2014惠州三模)B
32、ut just as they began to eat, they heard a great noise. The city mouse cried, “Run! Run! The cat_ (come)!” They ran away quickly and hid. is coming 这里用现在进行时表将来。,8.(2014江门一模)Martha Berry in her later years received many medals and honors for what she had done for the poor mountain children of Georgia
33、, and in 1931 she_ (name) one of the most important women in the United States. was named 此处表示，在1931年他被认为是美国最重要的女性之一，所以此空要用一般过去时的被动语态。,9.(2014揭阳一模)When I saw a man sitting by himself waiting for the library to open, so I sat down next to him and_ (begin) a conversation. began 叙述过去发生的事情，用一般过去时态。,10.(
34、2014韶关一模)Most of these singers so far_ (see) music as a “job” because it is a good source of making money. have seen 根据so far可知用现在完成时态。,11.(2013广州一模)On International Childrens Day, some orphans(IRJL) from the Wuhan Welfare Institute for Children _ (take) to the park. were taken 此句缺谓语, 故要考虑时态和语态,根据前后
35、的时态，此空要用过去式，又因some orphans与take是被动关系，故要填过去时态的被动语态。,12.(2013广州二模)It was my first trip to India alone. One day, as I _ (walk) through a local market, a ten-year-old boy came over and begged me to buy a book. was walking 根据时间One day 和后面的时态提示，这里应填与过去相关的时态，再根据as引导的时间状语从句，这里应用过去进行时，表示在过去某一时间正在发生的事。,13.(20
36、13佛山一模)Ma knows all the dogs names, and when she calls ones name, the dog instantly knows she _ (refer) to it. is referring 根据when she calls ones name，此处要用现在进行时，表示动作正发生在她叫一条狗名字的时候。,14.(2013湖南)Around two oclock every night, Sue will start talking in her dream. It somewhat _ (bother) us. bothers 由ever
37、y night可知，用一般现在时。其中will start也是表示一种习惯。,15.(2013重庆)I felt very tired when I got home, and I_ (go) straight to bed. went 由and可知，go应与felt的时态一致，故也用一般过去时。,16.(2013湖南，22)“What do you want to be?” asked Mrs. Crawford. “Oh, I _(be) president,” said the boy, with a smile. will be 由前面的问句“你想当什么？”可知，是指将来，故用一般将来
38、时。,17.(2013课标)When I first met Bryan I didnt like him, but I_ (change) my mind. have changed 表示我“现在已经改变了”，故用现在完成时。,18.(2013浙江)During the last three decades, the number of people participating in physical fitness programs_ (increase) sharply. has increased 因the number of people与increase是主动关系，用主动语态；由D
39、uring the last three decades可知，要用现在完成时。,19.(2013辽宁)He was unhappy when he sold his guitar. After all, he_ (have) it for a very long time. had had 从头句可知，吉他已卖了，这里是指他从买来那天起一直到卖掉为止有很长一段时间了，即从过去某时开始一直延续到另一过去时间，要用过去完成时。,20.(2013四川)Hurry up, kids! The school bus _ (wait) for us! is waiting 由Hurry up, kids!
40、可知，校车“正在等”我们，故用现在进行时。,21.(2013陕西)Jim _ (watch) a late night film at home when, right in the middle of a thrilling scene, the television went blank. was watching 这是固定句型was /were doing whendid表示“正在做某事突然又发生另一事”，故用过去进行时。句意为：吉姆正在家看一部午夜电影，正到惊险一幕时，影像突然一片空白。,22.(20123安徽，24)Im calling about the apartment you
41、_ (advertise) the other day. Could you tell me more about it? advertised 由the other say (前几天)可知，用一般过去时。意为“我打电话来是想询问有关你早几天登了广告的公寓的情况”。,23.(2013陕西)On Monday mornings it usually _ (take) me an hour to drive to work although the actual distance is only 20 miles . takes 由On Monday mornings和usually可知，是每逢星
42、期一早上经常发生的事，要用一般现在时。,24.(2013湖南，26)If nothing _ (do), the oceans will turn into fish deserts. is done 因主句用一般将来时，条件句应用一般现在时，又由nothing与do是被动关系可知要用被动语态，故用一般现在时的被动语态。,25.(2013北京,23)Shakespeares play Hamlet _ (make) into at least ten different films over the past years. has been made 因Hamlet与make是被动关系，要用被
43、动语态；由时间状语over the past years可知，要用现在完成时，故用现在完成时的被动语态。,26.(2013北京)If we_ (book) a table earlier, we wouldnt be standing here in a queue. had booked 条件句是表示与过去事实相反的情况，主句是与现在情况相反。意为：如果我们早点预订的话，现在就不用在这排队了。,27.(2013天津)If he had spent more time practicing speaking English before, he_ (be) able to speak it m
44、uch better now. would be 条件句是与过去事实相反，但主语是与现在事实相反。,28.(2013重庆)It rained cats and dogs this morning. Im glad we took an umbrella. Yeah, we would have got wet all over if we _ (not take) one. hadnt taken 意思是“如果我们没有带伞”，与过去事实相反。,29.(2013浙江)Eye doctors recommend that a childs first eye exam_ (be) at the a
45、ge of six months old. (should) be 由表示“建议，劝告”的recommend可知，其后的从句用(should+)动词原形。,30.(2013江苏)I should not have laughed if I _ (think) you were serious. had thought 与过去事实相反，句意：如果我当时想到你是严肃的，我就不该笑了。,31.(2013陕西)My mom suggests that we_ (eat) out for a change this weekend. (should) eat 因suggest作“建议”解时，其后的从句，
46、谓语动词用(should +)动词原形。,32.(2013福建)The famous musician, as well as his students, _ (invite) to perform at the opening ceremony of the 2012 Taipei Flower Expo. was invited 主语是The famous musician，是第三人称单数，它与invite是被动关系，要用被动语态。,33.(2013湖南)The university estimates that living expenses for international stud
47、ents _(be) around 8,450 a year, which _ (is) a burden for some of them. are, is 前空主语是living expenses，是复数；第二空的主语which是指前面的前句话的内容，用第三人称单数。,34.(2013江苏)Generally, students inner motivation with high expectation from others _ (be) essential to their development. is 主语是students inner motivation，第三人称单数。大意是
48、：一般说来，别人的高期望给学生的内驱力对他们的发展非常重要。,二、语篇填空 阅读下面短文，用括号中动词的正确形式填空。 How have you managed not to take a drink for almost 20 years? It 1. _(take) me almost 20 years to have the courage to even ask my father this very personal question. When Dad first quit drinking, the whole family was on pins and needles every time he got into a situation that, in the past,2. _(start),took,would have started,him drinking again. For a few years we were afraid to bring it up for fear the drinking 3. _(be