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1、非谓语动词 语法讲解,Wuxun High School,Non-finite,非谓语动词的类型:,Infinitive 不定式（to do),Gerund 动名词(doing),Participle 分词(-ing分词，-ed分词）,Non-finite,Structure :,to be done,Infinitive（不定式）:,to do,Negative (否定):,not to do,Passive voice（被动）:,Tense and Voice （时态与语态）,to be doing,to have done,to have been done,-,to have been
2、 doing,-,to do,to be done,主动语态,1. 作主语,2. 作表语,3. 作宾语,4. 作补语,5. 作定语,6. 作状语,在句中承担的成分:,7. 作独立成分,8. 与疑问词等连用,(1). 主语 Subject,不定式作主语时,往往放在谓语之后, 用it作形式主语.,To get enough sleep at night is important.,It_.,It is adj. (for sb) to do sth.,It is+a pleasure/an honor/a pity to do.,It takes sb +time to do.,Non-finit
3、e,is important to get enough sleep at night,1.吸烟对你来说是不好的。,It is not good for you to smoke.,2.和你一起共进晚餐很愉快。,It is a pleasure to have dinner with you.,It only took two years to complete the project.,3.完成这项工程只花了二年时间。,巩固练习1,(2). 表语 Predicative,My job,is,Your task _(努力学习).,is to study hard,Non-finite,To s
4、ee is to believe.,to teach you English.,Everyone wants to get a good job in the future.,(3) 宾语 Object,常用动词不定式作宾语的动词有:,fail, happen, mean, wish, hope, decide, refuse, offer, learn, agree，etc.,+ to do,Non-finite,like to do,manage to do,think consider find make feel,形式宾语,4.我希望很快收到你的信。,I hope to hear fr
5、om you soon.,5.我决定不留下来。,I decided not to stay.,6.学生们认为玩电脑游戏很有趣。,Students thought_.,7.她觉得没有没有必要和他辩论。,She thought it unnecessary to argue with him.,it interesting to play computer games.,it + adj.+ to do,巩固练习2,The teacher told me to clean the blackboard.,(4). 补语 Complement,五看,watch,see,look at,observe
6、,notice,三使,let,make,have,二听,listen to,hear,一感觉:,feel,当遇到下列动词时,不定式省略to:,allow, cause, ask, advise, expect, force, permit, persuade, tell, want, warn, teach等.,Non-finite,8.医生建议他去南方.,The doctor advised him to go to the south.,+ sb to do,I made him do his work.,He _by me.,See sb do sth,-,sb be seen to d
7、o,1.He was seen _ from the tree and get hurt. fall B. to fall C. falling D. fallen1,改错: He was heard talk to his mother for an hour.,to talk,was made to do his work,(5). 定语 Attributive,(如果不定式中的动词是不及物动词, 则不定式中要有介词.),He is looking for_.（一间可以住的房子）,There is nothing_.,2.-What do you think of the school?
8、-It is a very good _. A. school to study in B. school for children to study C. studying school D. school to study,to worry about,The topics to be discussed at tomorrows meeting is concerned about the 2010 Expo.,（没有什么可担心的）,a room to live in,I came here to see you. He got up early to catch the train.,
9、(6) 状语 Adverbial,in order to , so as to ,1.表目的,2.表原因,We were very excited to hear the news.,3.表结果,This room is big enough to hold us.,enoughto, tooto, only to, etc.,He lifted a rock only to drop it on his own feet.,Non-finite,3._ late in the morning , Bob turned off the alarm. A. To sleep B. Sleepin
10、g C. Sleep D. Having slept 2001春季高考 第21题,巩固练习,翻译：1935年,他离开家再也没回来。,In 1935 he left home never to return.,(7).独立结构,to be frank, to be honest, to tell the truth,To tell the truth, I dont agree with you.,who, which, when, how, what,whom,whether 等连用，在句中起名词作用，可充当主语、表语、宾语等。,I dont know whether to accept th
11、e invitation or not.,(宾语),How to solve the problem is very important.,(主语),如何解决这个问题很重要。,我的问题是什么时候开始。,My question is when to start.,(表语),Non-finite,8. 不定式与疑问词连用:,注意：,在与why连用时，只用于why或why not开头的简短疑问句中，后面紧跟的动词不定式不带to。 Why not have a rest?,1. 作主语,2. 作表语,3. 作宾语,4. 作补语,5. 作定语,6. 作状语,在句中承担的成分:,7. 作独立成分,8. 与
12、疑问词等连用,(1).They pretended not to see us.,(2). He pretended to be sleeping.,(3).She pretended to have known it before.,(一般式表示与谓语的动作同时/在它之后发生.),(在谓语动词发生的同时,不定式的动作也正在进行),(完成式表示动作发生在谓语动作之前),关于时态,1.The boy pretended _ when his mother entered. A. reading B. to read C. to be reading D. being read,2. Do let
13、 your mother know all the truth. She appears_ everything. ( 01年高考) A. to tell B. to be told C. to be telling D. to have been told,巩固练习3,3. Charles Babbage is generally considered _ the first computer.(MET93 34) A. to invent B. inventing C. to have invented D. having invented,4.The Emperor ordered th
14、e wonderful cloth _ for him without delay. A. to have woven B. to be woven C. to be weaving D. to weave,关于省略,(1).不定式中的动词上文已出现过,下文要 省略该动词.,e.g.: Would you like to go with me ?,(2). 不定式是to be 结构, be 不可省.,e.g.: Would you like to be a teacher?,A. Id like to B.Id like to go,Yes, _.,Non-finite,A.Id like t
15、o be. B. Id like to.,Yes,_.,1. -Did you get a job? - No, I _ , but its no use. A. expected B. tried to C. managed to D. planned,2. The boy wanted to ride his bicycle in the street, but his mother told him _. A. not to B. not to do C. not do it D. do not to,巩固练习4,不定式用在介词but, except, besides后时,如果这些介词前
16、有行为动词do的各种形式,那么介词后的不定式不带to, 相反则带to.,(1). She could do nothing but _ .(cry) (2). I have no choice but_. (go) (3).What do you like _ besides_ . (do, sleep),cry,to go,to do,sleep,Non-finite,固定句型:,had better+ (not) do sth. 最好（不）做某事 Why (not) do sth.? would rather (not) do sth. would rather do A than (do
17、) B would rather + 句子（过去式） （虚拟语气）,注意以下几种情况不定式的用法,*在the first, the second，the last和only之后，只能用to do。 如：He was the last to leave the classroom *如果understand，realize, know用在begin, start, attempt, intend后，只能用to do。 如：I began to understand the truth *表示目的的不定式的否定式一般不用not to do,而用in order not to do或so as no
18、t to do。 如：()In order not to be seen, he came into the room through the window ()Not to be seen, he came into the room through the window ()He came into the room through the window so as not to be seen *so as to do一般不放在句首。 ()He get up at five this morning so as to catch the early bus (X) So as to ca
19、tch the early bus，he got up at five this morning,不定式作定语时，应放在被修饰词的后面，而且放在其他后置定语之后。,1. 不定式做定语与所修饰的词之间有三种关系：,(1)动宾关系 I have a lot of work to do. (2)主谓关系 He is always the first to come. (3)同位关系 We all have a chance to go to college.,1.To see you is glad. =Its glad to see you. 2.I want to see you. 3.I wa
20、nt him to see you. 4.My hope is to see you. 5.He is the man to see you. 6.Im glad to see you. 7.I went to see you. 8.He went so early as to see you 9. To tell you the truth, I dont agree with you. 10. How to solve this problem is very important.,（作主语）,(作宾语）,（作宾补）,(作表语）,（作定语）,（作原因状语）,（作目的状语）,（作结果状语）,
21、独立成分,和疑问词连用,休息一下,Gerund（动名词）,一. Structure： doing Negative： not doing,二. 时态和语态,making,having made (不作定语）,being made,having been made (不作定语,三. 在句中承担的成分:,1. 作主语,2. 作宾语,3. 作定语,4. 作表语,Collecting information is very important to business.,1.作主语:,Seeing is believing.,e.g.,-What made him so unhappy? -_ the
22、ticket for the football match.,Having been lost B. Lost C. Because of losing D. Losing,Key : _,D,Losing the ticket for the football match made him so unhappy,对着打翻了的牛奶哭是没用的。 Crying over the spilt milk is no use. It is no use crying over the spilt milk. 类似的还有： It is no good doing sth. It is no use doi
23、ng sth.,I enjoy learning English. How about meeting outside the theatre?,2.作宾语:,Vt. Prep.,+,doing,下列动词通常用ing形式作宾语：,admit, appreciate, deny, resist, stand, imagine, suggest, mind, finish, enjoy, keep, practise, miss, avoid, delay, excuse, escape, consider, cant help, 等。 如:1） 你介意我在这儿抽烟吗? Would you min
24、d my smoking here ? 2）这女孩被告知每天练习三个小时的钢琴. The girl was told to practise playing the piano for three hours every day 3） Good news keeps coming.,下列V.+prep.通常用ing形式作宾语,尤其注意介词to,e.g. insist on, prevent from, depend on, feel like, be fond of, succeed in, be proud of, excuse for , apologize for, look forwa
25、rd to, object to , be used to, be opposed to, etc.,Prep. 后通常用ing形式作宾语.,e.g. The boy stood still without _ (dare) to raise his head because of _ (break) a vase.,daring,having broken,to do 和doing 的区别:,remember to do remember doing forget to do forget doing stop to do stop doing go on to do go on doing
26、 try to do try doing regret to do regret doing mean to do mean doing,注意: 动词如： permit ,allow，forbid，advice，consider 有不同的用法:,V + sb to do sth & V + doing sth e.g. ： Please permit me to introduce myself to you first I allowed the children to play in my room for another five minutes. My parents forbid m
27、e to stay out after mid-night The doctor advised me not to go to bed too late. You surely cant consider him to be a selfish man,permit allow forbid adviseconsider admit doing sth. e.g. ： We do not permit smoking in the office They shouldnt allow parking in the street ; its too narrow. I forbid smoki
28、ng in my house The little boy admitted having broken the glass.,3.作表语,My hobby is collecting stamps and fishing. His job is teaching.,Whats the difference between them?,Im fishing.,My hobby is fishing.,动名词,现在分词,4.作定语:,a walking stick A swimming pool A sleeping car,区别,The walking man The swimming gir
29、l The sleeping boy,动名词修饰名词表示名词的功能,现在分词修饰名词表示该名词所处的状态,Gerund的逻辑主语:,Tom insisted on coming to the party. Tom insisted on my coming to the party. 我几乎无法想象peter在五天内横渡大西洋. I can hardly imagine Peter sailing across the Atlantic Ocean in five days.,动名词表示被动意义:,在动词或词组need, want, require, be worth, deserve, et
30、c. 后的动名词表示被动意义: Your composition needs improving. Your composition needs to be improved. The book is worth reading a second time. The book is worthy to be read/of being read a second time.,休息一下,非谓语动词的类型:,Infinitive 不定式,Gerund 动名词,Participle 分词,Non-finite,-ing 分词,-ed 分词,-ing分词(以make为例 ),-ed 分词,Having
31、 made,making,being made,Having been made,made,X,X,X,分词在句中承担的成分:,由于分词具有形容词性和副词性,在句子中不能充当具有名词特征的主语和宾语.,1.作定语,-the sun which is rising,-ing分词和-ed分词修饰名词有 前置位&后置位.,1. the rising sun,2. He is a retired worker.,-He is a worker who has already retired.,e.g.,3. The problem bothering us is the lack of money.
32、4. These are goods imported from Japan.,前置位:,后置位,- The problem (which is) bothering us is the lack of money,Whats the difference between -ed and ing participle?,-ing分词表示“进行” -ed分词表示“完成”,-ing分词表示“主动”-ed分词表示 “被动”,主动,进行,被动,完成,在时态上:,在语态上:,- These are goods (which were) imported from Japan.,More examples
33、:,1.China is a developing country.,3.He is a well-educated librarian.,2.Japan is a developed country.,=a country which is developing.,=a country which has developed.,-a librarian who has been well educated.,More exercise:,The _(work) people have played a great role in the activity. I dont like _(can
34、) food , I prefer something fresh .,working,canned,1. 站在她妈妈旁边的那个女孩看上去很胆小。 The girl_ by her mother looked very timid. 2. 最近到处在议论的话题都与2010年世博会有关。 The topics _ everywhere recently are concerned about the 2010 World Expo .,standing,who was standing,which are being discussed,being discussed,Whats the dif
35、ference?,1. The topics being discussed everywhere recently are concerned about the 2010 World Expo.,to be discussed,discussed,进行,完成,将来,2. The topics _(discuss) at tomorrows meeting is concerned about the Olympics 2008.,3. The topics _ (discuss) at yesterdays meeting was about the Olympics 2008.,巩固练习
36、一,用所给动词的正确形式填空： 1)The man_ (question) in the police station now is a spy 2)A man_ (respect) others will be respected 3)Half of the guests _(invite) to the conference were foreigners. 4)The matter _(discuss) is very important,being questioned,respecting,invited,being discussed,5.被汽车撞伤的小孩马上被送到了医院。 The
37、 boy injured by the car was sent to the hospital immediately. 6.每天给我办公室送邮件的人是位退休工人. The man delivering mails to my office every day is a retired worker .,The glass is broken. The food smells inviting .,2.作表语,What he said sounds_ (convince). He was _(interest) in what he learned in Canada and he thou
38、ght everything in Canada was _(interest),convincing,interested,interesting,这道菜香味怡人。,Please fill in the blank with the verb given：,使信服,-ed 分词 Sb. + Link.v + -ed分词 -ing分词 Sth. + Link.v + -ing分词 类似情况还有：surprising surprised, exciting excited, tiring tired , disappointing disappointed, encouraging encour
39、aged ， amazed amazing , bored boring , pleasing pleased, astonishing astonished.,人的感觉,事物本身的特点,巩固练习二,用所给动词的-ed 或ing形式填空： 1)The journey was quite_(tire) 2)The result of the exam made me _ (disappoint) 3)This was really an _moment(excite) 4)His _look suggested that he didnt understand it(puzzle) 5)He s
40、eemed quite _at the idea. (delight) 6)The present situation is _(encourage),tiring,disappointed,exciting,puzzled,delighted,encouraging,They caught him cheating in the mid-term examination He was caught cheating in the mid-term examination. You cant leave the workshop with the machine running.,3.作补语,
41、1.宾语补足语,2.主语补足语,3.介词宾语补足语,Fill in the blank: He was surprised to find his room thoroughly _.(clean) Last night I saw him _(play) the violin with his eyes _(shut).,“被动”,“主动”,More exercises,cleaned,playing,shut,“被动”,I heard my sister _ that song in English outside. (sing) They once heard the song _ in
42、 English. Mother heard her kid _ the door . Mother heard the door _. (open) With the test _(finish), we began to analyze the result. We _ during our last meeting.我们留下了很多问题没解决. Would you please speak louder so as to _? A. make you hear B. make yourself hear C. make you heard D. make yourself heard,le
43、ft a lot of problems unsolved,D,singing,sung,opening,opened,巩固练习三,finished,分词作状语，修饰谓语，大多说明动作发生的背景或情景，表示时间、条件、原因、让步、伴随情况等。一般说来，这一结构的逻辑主语是主句的主语,而句子本身可与状语从句等句型转换。,4.作状语,1.When we heard the news, we jumped with joy. = Hearing the news ,we jumped with joy. 2.When it was heated, the metal expands. = Heate
44、d, the metal expands. 3.Because he didnt know, he went to his father for help. = Not knowing how to do it, he went to his father for help. 4.As they were deeply moved, the children began to cry. = Deeply moved by the story, the children began to cry.,“主动”,“被动”,表示时间,表示原因,5. _(look) out of the window,
45、 you can have a full view of the beach. = If you look out of the window, you can have a full view of the beach. 6._ (keep) in refrigerator, these vegetables will remain fresh. =If they are kept in refrigerator, these vegetables will remain fresh.,表示条件,Looking,Kept,7. The children rushed out, shoutin
46、g and jumping. 8. She walked out of the house, _by her little daughter. (follow) 9. She walked out of the house, _ her little daughter. (follow) 10. (consider) as a building material, wood is not very strong. = Although it is considered as a building material, wood is not very strong. e、表示让步,表示方式和伴随
47、情况,followed,following,Considered,11.The car was held up by the snowstorm, thus _ (cause) the delay. 12.The glass fell to the ground, _ (break) to pieces.,表示结果,Exercises,分词作状语时，分词前可加连词表示强调。e.g.,heated, ice can be changed into water,When,tired ,I went on with the work.,walking in the street, I saw a road accident,W