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1、句子的构成,Different parts of a sentence,概 念 句子是由词按照一定的语法结构组成的.组成句子的各个部分叫做句子的成分。句子的成分包括：主语、谓语、表语、宾语（直接和间接宾语）、宾语补足语、定语和状语。主语和谓语是句子的主体部分（在英语中，一般句子必须有主语和谓语），表语、宾语和宾语的补足语是谓语里的组成部分。其他成份如定语和状语是句子的次要成分。,句子成分,主语 谓语 表语 宾语 宾补 定语 状语,1. I met my best friend Tom at the station yesterday., 主语, 谓 语, 定语, 宾 语, 同位语, 状 语,主
2、语,主语是谓语讲述的对象，表示所说的“是什么”或“是谁”。一般由名词、代词、不定代词、to do/ doing或相当于名词的单词或短语来充当，也有从句充当的现象。大多数主语都在句首。如：讲述“谁”,Jane is good at playing the piano. She went out in a hurry. Four plus four is eight. To see is to believe. Smoking is bad for health. The young should respect the old. What he has said is true.,在“There
3、 be ”句型中，主语的位置在中间。如： There are some bottles of milk in the box. 在个别句型中，主语在整个句子后面，这时前面用it作形式主语。如： It is very interesting to play the game called “treat or trick”. It took two workers about three months to build the house.,形式主语,形式主语,谓语,谓语用来说明主语“做什么”、“是什么”或“怎么样”，谓语必须是动词，谓语和主语在“人称”和“数”两方面必须一致(主谓一致)。,简单谓
4、语:由动词或动词词组组成 I saw the flag on the top of the hill? He looked after two orphans(孤儿). 复合谓语 由情态动词或助动词+动词; He can speak English well. We have finished the job.,系动词,1）状态系动词（be动词） 例如： He is a teacher. （is与补足语一起说明主语的身份。） 2）持续系动词 keep, rest, remain, stay, lie, stand 例如： He always kept silent at meeting. 他开
5、会时总保持沉默。 3）表像系动词 seem, appear, look, 例如： He looks tired. 他看起来很累。,4）感官系动词 feel, smell, sound, taste 例如：This kind of cloth feels very soft. 这种布手感很软。 注意：系动词不用于被动语态. 5）变化系动词 become, grow, turn, fall, get, go, come, run. 例如： He became mad after that. 自那之后，他疯了。 6）终止系动词 prove, turn out, 表达“证实”，“变成”之意 例如： T
6、he rumor proved false. 这谣言证实有假。,表语,在系动词后的部分就是表语 The war was over. They seem to know the truth. Time is precious. Im not quite myself today. Who was the first? He is out of condition. The book is what I need.,宾语是动作、行为的对象，由名词、代词、不定式、或相当于名词的词或短语或从句来充当，它和谓语动词一起说明主语是什么，通常放在谓语动词后面。有时，会有双宾语。,宾语,宾语（双宾语）分为直接
7、宾语和间接宾语.直接宾语指物,间接宾语指人.间接宾语可以放在直接宾语后面，但必须加to 或 for。 He gave me some books., 间接 宾语, 直接 宾语,.please pass me the book. .He bought me some flowers.,I like my job. I love you., He wanted to leave here. They enjoyed playing computer games. I believe that they can finish the work in time.,宾语补足语,在英语的句子中有些句子里只
8、有宾语并不能表达完整的意思，还必须在宾语后面加上宾语的补足语才能表达完整的意思。我们把“宾语宾语补足语”合起来称为复合宾语。复合宾语所表达的意思相当于一个句子的意思。名词、动词、形容词、副词、介词短语、不定式、现在分词、过去分词都可以作宾语补足语 。,I found the book interesting. Do you smell something burning? He made himself known to them. She asked me to lend her a hand. Please make yourself at home. Please keep the do
9、g out. We must keep it a secret.,定语, 定语用来修饰名词或代词。形容词、代词、数词、名词、介词短语、不定式或相当于形容词的词或短语等都可以充当定语。因为它是修饰名词或代词的，而名词和代词可以作主语、表语或宾语，所以定语的位置很灵活，凡是有名词、代词的地方都可以有定语。如：,定语,He is a clever boy. His father works in a steel work. There are 54students in our class. Do you known Bettys sister? He bought some sleeping pi
10、lls. There is a sleeping baby in bed. His spoken language is good. I met a friend on my way home.,(形容词),(名词),(数词),(名词的所有格),(动名词),(现在分词),(过去分词),(副词),The girl in red is his sister. We have a lot of work to do. Do you know the man who spoke just now?,(介词短语),(不定式),状语,用于修饰形容词,副词,动词,介词短语或句子.可表示时间,地点,原因,结果
11、,目的,方式,伴随,条件,程度,让步,频率等. I will be back in a while. They are playing on the playground. He was late because he got up late. He got up so late that I missed the train.,I waited to see you. He often went to school by bus. His parents died, leaving him an orphan. Please call me if it is necessary. This
12、book is very interesting. He went to school in spite of his illness. He always comes late to school.,例如：,Without his help, we couldnt work it out. In order to catch up with my classmates, I must study hard. When I was young, I could swim well.,基本句型,主语+系动词+表语（主系表） 主语+不及物动词+（其他成分） 主语+及物动词+宾语（主谓宾） 主语+及
13、物动词+间接宾语+直接宾语 主语+及物动词+宾语+宾补,1. I met my friend., 主语, 谓 语, 宾 语,Exercises:分析句子结构,2. I want to be a volunteer., 主语, 谓 语, 宾 语,3. I am a student ., 主语, 系 动 词, 表语,4. I felt happy ., 主语, 系 动 词, 表语,1. We will make our school more beautiful., 主语, 谓 语, 谓语, 宾语, 宾 补,练习,（一）.指出下列句子划线部分是什么句子成分： 1. The students got
14、 on the school bus. 2. He handed me the newspaper. 3. I shall answer your question after class. 4. What a beautiful Chinese painting! 5. They went hunting together early in the morning.,S.,Attribute,O.,V,Adverbial,Attribute,V,Adverbial,6. His job is to train swimmers. 7. He took many photos of the p
15、alaces in Beijing. 8. There is going to be an American film tonight. 9. He is to leave for Shanghai tomorrow. 10. His wish is to become a scientist. 11. He managed to finish the work in time. 12. Tom came to ask me for advice. 13. He found it important to master English.,Attribute,Predicative,O.,Pre
16、dicate,S.,Predicative,V,O.,Adverbial,O,O.C,Predicative,8. I couldnt understand why he had decided to retire at 50. 9. I am terribly confused by all this information. 10. We had already reached 9000 feet by then. 11. She reminded me to switch off all the lights. 12. Ill be able to pass my driving test after I have had a few lessons. 13. I love swimming. It keeps me fit. 14. It is obvious that money doesnt grow on trees.,Adverbial,V.,O,O.,O.C.,S.,O.,