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1、Victorian Literature,Background of This Age,Literature in This Age,Major Literary Figures,Exercise for This Part,Background of the Age,Development of Capitalist Industry and Its Repercussions The Victorian Age was a period of rapid growth, development, and reform. England became a typical capitalist
2、 country and the struggle between the workers and capitalists became the fundamental contradiction in English social life. In 1836 arose the working-class movement known as Chartism.”,Back,Literature of the Age,The Victorian Age(1832-1902) is one of the greatest and most creative periods in the hist
3、ory of English literature, standing only next to the Elizabethan Age and the Age of Romanticism. The age produced such great novelists as Dickens, and Thackeray, such great poets as Tennyson, and Browning, and such great essayists as Carlyle and Ruskin. The age was largely an age of prose, especiall
4、y the novel as well as literary and social criticism.,Back,Major Literary Figures in This Period,A. Novel of Critical Realism: Charles Dickens: Oliver Twist, David Copperfield, A Tale of Two Cities William Thackeray: Vanity Fair Gorge Eliot: Adam Bede Charlotte Bronte: Jane Eyre Emily Bronte: Wuther
5、ing Heights B. Victorian Poetry: Alfred Lord Tennyson Robert Browning Elizabeth Barrel Browning: The Cry of the Children, Sonnets from the Portuguese C: The Aestheticism “art for arts sake” Oscar Wilde,Back,Charles Dickens (1812-1870),Charles Dickens The greatest representative of English critical r
6、ealism,Born in Portsmouth, England on Feb. 7, 1812 Only had a few years of private education at William Giless School, in Chatham before his father was imprisoned When he was 12,he worked in a factory putting labels on bottles of shoe polish,helping sopport his family. After his father was paroled (
7、假释),he attended the Wellinton House Academy in North London,Dickens lived here in 1817-1822,In 1830,he met his first love,Maria Beadnell.This courtship ended with Marias pareants disapproval.,In 1836, he married Catherine Thomson Hogarth,and had 10 children. In 1858 ,he divorced Catherine and then l
8、ived secretly with an actress Ellen Ternen,Poets Corner,Charles Dickens dies by stroke on June 9, 1870 and he was buried at Westminster Abbey in the Poets Corner.,His work has been praised for its mastery (精通) of prose （散文）and unique personalities by writers such as George Gissing, Leo Tolstoy and G
9、. K. Chesterton . However, Henry James and Virginia Woolf criticised his work for sentimentality and implausibility （难以置信）.,Comments,Major Works 1836 “Sketches by Boz” 博兹特写集 1836-37 “The Pickwick Papers” 匹克威克外 1837-38 “Oliver Twist” 雾都孤儿 1838-39 “Nicholas Nickleby” 尼古拉斯尼克尔贝 1840-41 “The Old Curiosit
10、y Shop” 老古玩店 1841 “Barnaby Rudge”巴纳比拉奇,Major Works B. 1842 “American Notes” 美国札记 1843-45 “Martin Chuzzlewit” 马丁朱述尔维特 1843 “A Christmas Carol” 圣诞颂歌 1844 “ The Chimes” 教堂钟声 1845 “The Cricket on the Hearth” 灶上蟋蟀 1846-48 “Dombey and son” 董贝父子 1849-50 “David Copperfield 大卫科波菲尔德,Major Woks C. 185253 “Blea
11、k House” 荒凉山庄 1854 “Hard Times” 艰难时世 185557 “Little Dorrit” 小杜丽 1859 “A Tale of Two Cities” 双城记 1860-61 “Great Expectations” 远大前程 1864-65 “Our Mutual Friend” 我们的共同朋友 1870 “ Edwin Drood” 艾德温德鲁德之迷.,The Pickwick Papers(1836),His First Novel,Taken from the movie Oliver Twist,This novel tells the story o
12、f Dickens life at the blacking factory.,The unhappy period in his youth was turned into his favourite, and most autobiographical novel, David Copperfield.,“A tale of two cities“ is one of Dickenss most important representative works,A Tale of Two Cities Background : French Revolution Time Period: se
13、venty years before the Victorian Age Settings: London and Paris,A Tale of Two Cities Chapter One: The Period,It was the best of times, it was the worst of times, it was the age of wisdom, it was the age of foolishness, it was the epoch of belief, it was the epoch of incredulity, it was the season of
14、 Light, it was the season of Darkness, it was the spring of hope, it was the winter of despair, we had everything before us, we had nothing before us, we were all going direct to Heaven, we were all going direct the other way-in short, the period was so. far like the present period, that some of its
15、 noisiest authorities insisted on its being received, for good or for evil, in the superlative degree of comparison only.,双城记 第一章 时代,那是最美好的时代，那是最糟糕的时代；那是智慧的年头，那是愚昧的年头；那是信仰的时期，那是怀疑的时期；那是光明的季节，那是黑暗的季节；那是希望的春天，那是失望的冬天；我们全都在直奔天堂，我们全都在直奔相反的方向-简而言之，那时跟现在非常相象，某些最喧嚣的权威坚持要用形容词的最高级来形容它。说它好，是最高级的；说它不好，也是最高级的。,
16、Major characters Dr. Alexandre Manette a physician,Lucies father Marquis of Evermond an aristocrat andDarnays father Charles Darnay respectable young Frenchman who detests aristocracy; Sydney Carton quick-minded but depressed English lawyer; Lucie Manette young Frenchwoman whom Darnay and Carton bot
17、h love;,Themes: Hatred for tyranny of ruling class, old ways of oppression must be changed through revolution Mixed feelings for the French Revolution: an understanding of the eruption of the revolution and a deep concern for the violence that may occur in the mass revolution. Criticize the bloodshe
18、d in revolution, disapprove of extreme measures,Distinct Features of His Novels,1 ) Character Portrayal and Exaggerations Typical characters under typical circumstances. As a master of characterization, Dickens was skillful in drawing vivid caricature sketches by exaggerating some, peculiarities, an
19、d in giving them exactly, the actions and words that fit them, that is, right words and right actions for, the right person. 2) Broad Humor and Penetrating Satire He is one of the greatest humorists in the world. Satire is frequently employed by Dickens to achieve the effect of irony. 3) Complicated
20、 and Fascinating Plot In Dickens novels, the main plot is often interwoven with more than one sub-plot so that some interesting minor characters as well as a broader view of life may be introduced. A distinct feature of Dickens plot formula is the happy ending. 4) The Power of Exposure As the greate
21、st representative of English critical realism, Dickens made his novel the instrument of morality and justice. Each of his novels reveals as specific social problem (some times more than one).,Back,Comments on Dickens 1. The greatest novelist of the Victorian period and the greatest representative of
22、 English critical realism 2. Dickens sets a full map & a large-scale criticism of the 19th-century England 3. Dickens is a master story-teller. His language could, in a way, be compared with Shakespeares. His humor and wit seem inexhaustible. Character-portrayal is the most outstanding feature of hi
23、s works.,Thomas Hardy (1840-1928),Thomas Hardy: English poet and novelist, famous for his depictions of the imaginary country “Wessex”. Hardys works reflected his pessimism and sense of tragedy in human life.,Thomas Hardy,Thomas Hardy, was an English author of the naturalist movement, though he rega
24、rded himself primarily as a poet and composed novels mainly for financial gain. The bulk of his work, set mainly in the semi-fictional land of Wessex, delineates characters struggling against their passions and circumstances.,Thomas Hardy,Son of a village builder in Dorset, southwest of England whic
25、h used to be a Saxon kingdom names Wessex, a name Hardy used proudly in his writing. Study architecture in London for five years Work as an architect in his native land Begin his literary career as a poet Turn to writing novels At about 60 return to poetry writing,Hardys First Wife,Emma Gifford : a
26、woman of high social status. She had a very interesting personality and was always remembered by visitors to the Hardy household. She died in 1912.,Thomas and Emma Hardy resided at Max Gate from 1884 onward.,Desighed by Hardy himself,Second wife Hardys nurse, companion and fan.,In 1914, Hardy marrie
27、d his secretary Florence Emily Dugdale, who was 39 years his junior. Due to Florences care, Hardy could remain healthy and continue his writing career.,The Hardy cottage in Higher Bockhampton, Dorchester,Hardys work as an architect,Hardy in Real Life,Hardy became ill with pleurisy in December 1927 a
28、nd died in January 1928, having dictated his final poem to his wife on his deathbed. His funeral was on 16 January at Westminster Abbey, and it proved a controversial occasion because Hardy and his family and friends had wished for his body to be interred at Stinsford in the same grave as his first
29、wife, Emma. However, his executor, Sir Sydney Carlyle Cockerell, insisted that he be placed in the abbeys famous Poets Corner. A compromise was reached whereby his heart was buried at Stinsford with Emma, and his ashes in Poets Corner.,Major Works,Hardy himself divided his novels into three groups:
30、1)Novels of Character & Environment 2)Novels of Romances & Fantasies 3)Novels of Ingenuity,1.Novels of Character and Environment,The Poor Man and the Lady(1867)穷汉与贵妇人 Under the Greenwood Tree(1872) 绿树荫下 Far from the Madding Crowd(1874) 远离尘嚣 The Mayor of Casterbridge(1886) 卡斯特桥市长 Tess of the dUrbervi
31、lles(1891) 德伯家的苔丝 Jude the Obscure(1895) 无名的裘德,He explored tragic characters struggling against their passions & social circumstances & set his fictions in the semi-fictional land of Wessex where he grew up .,This Class is about peoples pursuit to happiness and awareness of their dreams, reflecting
32、the acute conflicts between people and the environment around them.,2.Romances and Fantasies （传奇与幻想小说）,A Pair of Blue Eyes(1873) 一双蓝眼睛 Two on a Tower(1882) 塔里的两个人 The Well-Beloved(1897) 心爱的人 Mainly Romantic Love Stories.,3.Novels of Ingenuity （机巧和实验小说 ）,Desperate Remedies(1871) 铤而走险 The Hand of Ethe
33、lberta(1876) 埃塞尔伯塔的婚姻 A Laodicean(1881) 冷漠的人,Features of Hardys Novels,Time Period: Hardys novels are all Victorian in date. Settings: Most of them are set in Wessex Comment: Both a naturalistic and a critical realist writer. Themes: The conflict between the tradition and the modern is brought to th
34、e center of the stage.,The Wessex Novels,Most of Hardys novels are set in Wessex, the fictional primitive and cruel rural region which is really the home place he both loves and hates. They are known for the vivid description of the vicissitudes(变化无常) of people who live in an agricultural setting, m
35、enaced by the forces of invading capitalism.,Wessex Novels,The Wessex Novels include Under the Greenwood Tree, Far from the Madding Crowd, The Return of the Native, The Mayor of Casterbridge, Tess of the D Urbervilles, Jude the Obscure.,Major works,Under the Greenwood Tree,Far from the Madding Crowd
36、 (1874),The Return of the Native (1878),Wessex Tales (1888),The Woodlanders (1887),The Mayor of Casterbridge (1886),Determinism,It refers to the belief or theory that human actions and events are controlled by and result from causes that determine them. According to Karl Marx, a mans economic enviro
37、nment determines his actions and life; According to Darwin, it is the scientific laws governing evolution; According to Freud, it is the human unconsciousness; and according to some religious it is the will of a god or gods According to Hardy: The mans fate is predeterminedly tragic, driven by a com
38、bined force of “nature”, both inside and outside.,Naturalism,The naturalists went beyond the realists insistence on the objective presentation of the details of everyday life and insisted that materials of literature should be arranged to reflect a deterministic universe in which a person is biologi
39、cal creature controlled by his environment and heredity. The naturalistic writings are more serious and pessimistic.,Points of view,1. As a man intellectually advanced and emotionally traditional, Hardy cherished the beauty, simplicity, and honesty of the rural life, but was aware of the savagery, n
40、arrowness and backwardness of the life. 2. New discoveries and modern philosophies of the time opened his eye to the stark reality and brought about in him a new understanding of the objectivity, inevitability and cruelty of the natural laws of “survival of the fittest ”.,3. Hardys view of the world
41、 was rather dark and gloomy. He believed in the inevitability of the conflict between the inner, subjective human nature and the outer, objective, wild nature or social environment, and the inevitable tragedy of human life. 4. Hardy believed in the existence of some mysterious, supernatural power wh
42、ich was very powerful, half- blind, impulsive, and uncaring to the individuals, and determined their fate, however, hard they tried to change or escape it.,5. Hardys works are also noted for the realistic presentation of life and social criticism. They are full of bitter exposure and sharp criticism
43、 of the corrupted, unjust, hypocritical Victorian social system, the cruel exploitation of capitalism, the utilitarian commercialism, and the irrational, inhuman social conventions an morals which killed human wills and desires and destroyed peoples natural emotions and relationships.,Hardys two nov
44、els, Tess of the dUrbervilles (1891) and Jude the Obscure (1895) are his last long fiction works. The last novels challenged the sensibilities of Victorian readers with situations that ruffled many a Victorian feather: immoral sex, murder, illegitimate children, and the unmarried living together. He
45、ated debate and criticism over these two books helped Hardy decide that he would rather write poetry. In fact, so stung was he by the criticism of his works that Hardy did not write another novel.,Jude The Obscure,Hardys Jude The Obscure(1895) aroused even more debate. The story dramatized the confl
46、ict between carnal and spiritual life, tracing Jude Fawleys life from his boyhood to his early death. Jude marries Arabella, but deserts her. He falls in love with his cousin, hypersensitive Sue Bridehead, who marries the decaying schoolmaster, Phillotson, in a masochist fit. Jude and Sue obtain div
47、orces, but their life together deteriorates under the pressure of poverty and social disapproval. The eldest son of Jude and Arabella, a grotesque boy nicknamed Father Time, kills their children and himself. Broken by the loss, Sue goes back to Phillotson, and Jude returns to Arabella. Soon thereaft
48、er Jude dies,Tess of The DUrbervilles,Features of Tess,Time Period: Settings: Fictional Wessex Characters: Tess -The oldest daughter from a poor family with a noble origin Alec-A rich man from a wealthy family who bought the family name dUrbervilles from Tesss family Angel- A young man who hates the
49、 old family and likes farming,Features of Tess,Structure: Based on a cyclical patterns with three parts( Part I Prelude+ Part II Main Body, the love story between Tess and Angel+ Part III Tess decline) Plot: Theme: Mankind is subjected to the rule of some hostile and mysterious fate, which brings misfortune to human life. Determinism + Naturalism,德伯家的苔丝 德伯家