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1、CET4,I. 评分标准 作文满分15分，阅卷标准共分五等：2分，5分，8分，11分及14分。 II. 审题 明确体裁 记叙文 描写文 说明文 说明文常用于说明事实、情况和传达消息。写作目的重在解释、说明。在四、六级写作考题中，像How I Overcame Difficulties In Learning English, My Ideal Job, Make Our Cities Greener, The Successful Interview以及一些图表作文的题目等等，都可以看作是说明文文体。,议论文 议论文用以陈述各种理由，但与说明文又有所不同，说明文着重于客观陈述，而议论文着重于发
2、表自己的看法；说明文着重于解释，而议论文着重于“劝说”。这种“劝说”往往依靠推理和论证来阐述自己的观点，力图说服读者，使人相信某种道理或某种假设。所以，议论文要求论点明确，不要空洞或泛泛而谈；论据充分、有力；论证严密。 根据不同的体裁确定写作方法 四、六级作文往往不是单一的体裁，而是几种体裁的混合体。请看：,Directions: For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write a composition on the topic Trying to Be a Good University Student. You should writ
3、e at least 120 words and you should base your composition on the outline (given in Chinese) below: 做合格大学生的必要性 做合格大学生的必要条件（可以从德、智、体等方面谈） 第一步是写主题句。主题句是作者思维的起点，切题的准绳，阐述的对象，而段落主题句则统领段落中心内容。好的段落主题句不但切题，便于围绕主题句进行扩展，而且常常给读者一种一针见血的感觉，所以，确切的主题句是保证不偏题或跑题的前提，只有不偏题不跑题才有可能得及格分8分。写主题句最保险的方法就是把中文提纲的各句译成英文。 例如上述作文的
4、三段主题句分别为： It is necessary to be a good university student.(议论文主题句) There are several respects of necessities to be a good university student.(说明文主题句) What I will do in the future is as follows.（描写文主题句) 如果给出的提纲是英语，就可以把它扩充成主题句，例如以下这篇作文：,Good Health Importance of good health Ways to keep fit My own pra
5、ctices 扩展后的主题句分别为： It is very important to have a good health.（将名词importance变成形容词important） There are four ways for me to keep fit.（用there be句型） My own practices are as follows.（采用原句） 另外，应选用语法结构完整、内容概括、用词简洁明了的单句来做段落主题句。例如：Make the Most of School Days 为什么上学 在校时应与老师接触 在校时只钻书本或置学习于不顾都不好 第一段，主题句当然可以用“Wh
6、y do we go to school？”这种以问句开头的方式。但是为了使文章的结构更清晰，说服力更强，拟一个立意明确的主题句更好。比如：We pupils go to school to learn and to prepare ourselves for the future.就是一个很不错的主题句。第二段可用带建议语气的祈使句作主题句。比如：Contact your teachers as much as you can.第三段同样可使用一个祈使句来做主题句，比如：Dont go to extremes.,三段十二句作文法 四级作文体裁大多是论说文，而论说文的写作方法通常采用“三段论”
7、法 1、开头段 常言道：好的开始是成功的一半，文章的开篇出色是给评卷者留下好印象的关键。请看下面的开头段： Todays TV programs are much too violent. A survey has recently shown that in one week of evenings spent before a TV set, a person may witness eighty-five killings. 四级写作开头段常用的方法有以下几种：,（1）引用法：如： As the saying goes, “How time flies!” how to spend on
8、es time properly is becoming increasingly important. （2）提问法：提出一个或一连串的问题，以激起读者的兴趣，从而引出主题。如关于“交朋友”一文的开头段：Do you have many friends? Are they similar to you or different from you? Which kind of friends do you prefer? （3）定义法：对题目中关键词做一些简单的（正面或反面的）解释，限定其范围，引出主题。如： What is decisiveness? It doesnt mean act r
9、ushly. (反面定义) What is advertisement? It is the words or pictures used on media, TV for example, to publicize a certain product or give a warning to people. (正面定义) （4）数字法：以针对某一问题客观报道的数字作为文章的开头，可引起读者的注意，且具有说服力。这种方法尤其适用于图表作文。如： The population of US is growing rapidly from 1800 until now. In 1800 the po
10、pulation was less than 1,000,000, but in 1999 the US reaches a population of 250,000,000. This rapid population growth has serious effects on the living environments of wildlife.,(5) 故事法： Most of us may have such experiences: when you go to some place far away from the city where you live and think
11、you know nobody there, you are surprised to find that you run into one of your old classmates on the street, perhaps both of you would cry out; “What a small world!” （6）开门见山法：在文章的开头就把自己的观点提出来，然后展开论述。 As a human being, one can hardly do without a friend. Society is made up of individuals, and making
12、friends is a very important part in our life. （7）间接开头法：以叙述别人的观点开始，引出自己的看法。如： People often say that money can buy all things, but I dont think it is true. Some people say that love makes the world go round. Others of a less romantic and more practical turn of mind say that it is the energy that makes
13、 the world go round. （8）概括法：先概括总结文章内容涉及的现状，然后引出主题。如： In recent years, while our industries and businesses have developed quickly, the number of trees in many big cities has dramatically reduced. Efforts are being made to prevent people from cutting more trees, but to realize the significance of maki
14、ng cities greener is of great importance.,2、中间段（支持段） 中间段是发展、拓宽开头段中所提文章的主题段落。中间段和文章的主题紧密相关：主题限制着中间段的内容，中间段必须支持主题，即中间段的内容必须从不同的角度说明、阐述、论证文章的主题，中间段常用的表达方法主要有例证法、比较与对比法、因果法等。试看： As an English learner, I find it very difficult to form a language sense. It is because I always try to translate every word o
15、r sentence into Chinese. Whenever I want to express myself either in writing or in speaking, I often think in Chinese first, and then put it into English. As a result, I make little progress in my English study. 此中间段用因果法展开段落，说明产生问题的原因：always translate English into Chinese. The discrimination against
16、 women is very obvious in reality. In the factory or office, it is female worker or clerk not male one who is laid off first. In poor family, it is girl not boy who has to drop put of school. 此中间段用了例证法（in the factory, in the poor family）和对比法（it is not）来展开段落，段中使用了两个平行句具体说明现实中的男女不平等现象。,3、结尾段 结尾段是文章的总结
17、和主题思想的升华，它应起到再次肯定和强调主题的作用，好的结尾段应简短有力、言简意概、意味深长。总之，文章的结尾应该遵循两条原则：一是照应开头；二是总结全文，给读者一个完整的印象。常见方法有如下几种： 总结法或重述法：在结尾段概括、重述全文的中心思想，但不简单重复主题句，而在思想上保持一致，在句式和措词上有所变化。例如在论述电视的优劣时，文章可以这样结尾： On the whole there are more advantages than disadvantages in the use of TV. Yet different people may have different attit
18、ude toward TV. But we must realize that television in itself is neither good nor bad. Its value to people depends on how we look at it. 建议法：就前文提到的问题进行分析比较之后，提出一些解决问题的方法或建议，此法尤其适用于有争议的问题或说理性的文章。如： In fact, we should adopt both solutions because each has its advantages as mentioned above. Only in this
19、 way can we give full play to their strong points and avoid their weak ones. It is high time for governments of developing countries to do something to encourage their people to eat the right kinds of food so as to help them improve their health conditions.,评价法：比如考题要求考生写出保持健康的方法，并说明自己的健身途径，那么文章可以这样结
20、尾： As to my practices, I jog for half an hour in the morning every day, play basketball in the afternoon and go swimming on weekends. The regular physical exercises make me strong and healthy. 引语法：用格言、谚语或习语来总结全文。所引用的名言一定要与前面的观点相符，以让读者接受论点。例如关于books的一文结尾： In particular, I enjoy what Francis Bacon sai
21、d “studies serve for delight, foe ornament and for ability.” 预测法：根据上文提出的论点，预测该问题未来的发展，或对读者提出警告或希望。如： The decrease of tobacco production and the non-smoking campaigns are good signs for us to predict that tobacco consumption should be going down with every passing day while peoples health be getting
22、better daily. As far as the role of information in the future is concerned, I believe that information will play a more and more important part in our decision-making. Without information one would have to grope in the dark and find it hard to move even one step forward.,展开或期望法：表达对将来的展望或倡议读者投入行动。如：
23、I am sure that Chinese will become one of the most important languages in the world in the next century. As China will open further to the outside world the language is sure to be spread worldwide. If everyone has developed good manners, people will form a more harmonious relation. If everyone behav
24、es considerately towards others, people will live in a better world. With the general mood of society improved, there will be a progress of civilization. 反问法：虽然形式是问句，但意义却是肯定的，具有明显的强调作用，引起读者思考。如： Therefore, listening skills must be considerately improved. Since it is such an important means of learni
25、ng and communication, why should we not develop this ability to its full extent? So, what can we benefit from health if we dont have health? 如前所述，四、六级作文大多是三段式，依此推断，如果每段中写四句话，即主题句加两三个扩展句和一个结论句，这样全篇在12句左右，每句十几个词，这样就达到要求的120-150词了。既要注意字数要求，又要注意不要写得太多，言多必失。同时要注意分层次来展开主题，而不要写成流水帐。如果词数不够，可以给每一句或某些句子添加词语。例
26、如，可以这样来加词：,主题句： There are four ways to keep fit. There are four or more ways to keep fit for every one of us. 从几方面说明： First, we should have breakfast in the morning. (Firstly, we should have our breakfast, with milk, eggs , bread and so on, in the morning.) Second, we should have a nap at noon. (Sec
27、ondly, we should have a short nap, even 30minutes, at noon.) Third, sports exercises are necessary in the afternoon. (Thirdly, sports exercises are necessary and we can do some exercises in the afternoon.) And fourth, we could have a pleasant feeling in the evening by listening to music. (And fourth
28、ly, we could have a pleasant feeling in the evening by listening to some light music.),(2) 怎样写图表式作文 图表作文就是命题者向考生提供图画、图表信息，然后要求考生完整、准确地表达图画图表信息的大意。此类作文既考察写作能力，又考察想象力和观察力。他需要考生结合图表前的标题对所给图表进行分析、研究，阅读其中的文字和说明，弄清图表所包含的各种信息以及信息之间的关系；然后将这些信息进行比较、概括和归纳；最后提炼和归纳文章的中心思想。 在完成看图作文，把图表信息转换成文字信息的写作过程中因注意以下几点：,要充分
29、理解和反映图表中的信息。既然是看图表作文，首先要看懂图表，弄清图表中各个数据之间的关系，分清主次，明确主题，这样才能着手写作。分析图表要合乎逻辑，不要牵强附会，任意发挥。 注意图表的参照时间和图表所使用的单位。 注意时态的选择。一般来说，没有参照时间的图表或表格通常用一般现在时；有参照时间的表格，参照时间用过去时；但如果叙述的是现在情况则采用一般现在时。 看图作文一般分三段写，第一段说明该图表反映的总情况，第二段对数据进行仔细分析比较，归纳出增减速率，第三段写读图表后的想法或评论。,对于图表类文章的开头我们可以套用下列句型： It can be seen from the (We can se
30、e from the/It has been shown from the) chart (diagram/table/graph/figures/statistics) that The chart (graph/table/ diagram/graph/figure/pie) shows (indicates/presents) a/an (very) minimal (small/slight/dramatic/slow/gradual/marked/large/rapid/sudden/upward/downward/sharp/uncertain) rise (increase de
31、crease/decline/reduction/fall/drop/fluctuation/growth/trend) According to the chart (graph/table) As is shown in the chart Therefore/thus/from the table (graph/diagram) we can conclude/see/infer From the table/graph it can be seen/concluded/inferred/shown that,6种展开段落的方法 1、 列举法 列举法（也叫罗列法），是通过列举一系列的论据
32、对主题句中提出的论点进行发泛、全面的陈述或解释。列举的顺序可以按照各内容的相对重要性、时间、空间排列。用列举法展开段落，能增强文章的说服力，使文章显得条理清楚。例如： People welcome private schools for many reasons. First of all, those people are willing to send their only child to better schools even if costs more. And having more money than the government-funded pubic schools, t
33、hose private schools can attract better teachers. They can also offer better environments, including superior living facilities and more advanced equipment. 如，如果提纲是“社会实践的好处”，就可以先列出主题句和一级扩展句，然后进行整理和充实： 主题句: There is no doubt that social practice has many advantages. 一级扩展句: (1) Students can apply what
34、 they learned in class to practical work, which will make them know themselves more clearly. (2) Some social practice can bring you some profit and make you more independent of your parents. (3) Social practice can offer the students a chance contact and get some idea of it.,扩展句的列举顺序一般按照各扩展句的重要性，从最重
35、要到较次要，从大的方面到小的方面排列。上面三个扩展句可以这样排列： Firstly, Social practice can offer the students a chance to contact the society and get some idea of it. Secondly, the students can apply what they have learned in class to practical work, which will make them know themselves more clearly .Thirdly, some social pract
36、ice can bring you some profit and it can make you more independent of your parents. 列举中常用的衔接词（组）有： First, first of all ,to begin with ,to start with, first and foremost, in the first place, most important of all, moreover, besides,secondly,second,then,furthermore,next,thirdly,fourthly,last, in addit
37、ion, finally, lastly等。,2、举例法 举例中常用的衔接词（组）有： For example, takefor example, this can be illustrated by, another example is,like,for instance, a case in point is,as an illustration, such as等。 3、比较法与对比法 通过指出事物之间的相似或共同之处来展开段落的方法叫比较法。例如： Learning English is like building a house .Laying a solid foundation
38、 is the fires and most important step. In other words, you should read and speak English every day. Memorizing new words and phrases is also helpful. Like building a house, learning English takes time. So be patient. Remember, Rome wasnt built in a day. 比较中常用的衔接词（组）有： At the same time, accordingly,
39、show a degree of similarity,(somewhat/very much)like,(exactly/almost)the same as, in the same way, similar to, both, similarly, and so,andtoo, in a like manner等。 对比法是将两件事物进行对照，通过辨别其差异而指出其各自的特征和本质。主题句指出事物之间的不同之处，扩展句进行详细说明。例如：,The growth of video viewers has meant a decline in cinema audience. The att
40、raction of cinema cannot compete with that of watching a video at home. People find it much cheaper and more comfortable to hire a video film to watch at home than to go out to the cinema. One or two yuan for a video film is nothing compared with the cost of cinema tickets and bus fares. Besides, vi
41、deo offers people the flexibility that cinema cannot provide. People are no longer limited to particular time and places, and they are able to watch a video film whenever and whatever they like. 对比中常用的衔接词（组）有： However, yet, whereas, on the one hand on the other hand, on the contrary, in contrast, in
42、stead of, be different from, differ from in that, but nevertheless, conversely, though, by contrast with/to, even though, unlike, in spite of 等。,4. 因果法 用因果法展开段落有两种形式：一种是原因在前，结果在后，另一种是结果在前，原因在后。例如： It is difficult for workers to find employment this year. As a result, many recent college graduates ar
43、e unemployment or are taking part-time jobs to meet expenses. Unemployment among high school graduates has meant that large numbers of teenagers are seeking employment benefits. The unemployment figures are the highest in decades. Finally, the Federal government must contribute large amounts of mone
44、y to support the growing numbers of people who are receiving welfare assistance. 再看下面的例子：,There are many reasons why languages change. To start with, various languages that from the same parent developed their own uniqueness after speaker drifted away from one to establish isolated, independent comm
45、unities. Language change is also due to the influence of and interaction with foreign cultures, often as a result of military conquest. Another cause for language change is rapidly expanding technology and new system of communication. They bring all culture and language into closer contact and borro
46、wing between languages has become a common phenomenon in the contemporary world. All languages change as the experiences of their speakers change. 在该段主题句中，作者首先说到“language change”这个结果是由很多原因造成的。接着，作者列举了三点原因，该段是按“结果原因”的顺序展开的。 因果法常用的衔接词（组）有： Because (of), owing to, be cause by, as a result of, therefore
47、, because of the fact that, be a consequence of, so, thus, on the ground of/ that, result from, hence, consequently, for this reason 等。,5. 定义法 如：Whats honesty? honesty means speaking the truth and being fair and upright in act. Honesty is a virtue. He who lies and cheats is dishonest. Those who gain
48、 fortunes, not by hard labor, but by other means are dishonest. 另外，定义法常常要和比较、对比、举例等方法结合在一起使用。如： 简单释义 As we all know, practice makes perfect. That is to say, if we practice something frequently, we will be able to do it perfectly. 举例说明 A subject is something such as math, chemistry, or English, that
49、you study at school, college, or university. 对比或类比 While burglary is the stealing of property from a place, robbery is the stealing of property from a person. （对比） A hobby is an interesting way of spending your free time. Its an activity you turn to your pleasure, not something that you have to do, like helping with the dishes. Its more like special friend that you choose for you yourself. You spend your free time with it because it interests you and because you enjoy it. （类比） 此时，下定义时切忌两个问题：一是以偏概全，如“A school is a place where you find blackboards。” 二是省去定义的主