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1、名词性从句的功能,功能相当于名词词组, 它在复合 句中能担任主语、宾语、表语、 同位语、介词宾语等, 因此根据 它在句中不同的语法功能, 名词性 从句又可分为四类。,名词性从句,表语从句 宾语从句 主语从句 同位语从句,引导名词性从句的连接词,1. 连接词 that, whether, if (不充当从句 的任何成分) 2. 连接代词: what, whatever, who, whoever, whom,whose, which (不仅起到 连接一个句子的作用, 同时也是从句 的一个组成部分) 3. 连接副词: when, where, how, why,引导名词性从句不可省略的连词,引导主
2、语从句、表语从句和同位语从句的连词不可省略。 介词后的连词,Subject clause (主语从句),主语从句是在复合句中充当主语的从句， 通常放在主句谓语动词之前或由形式 主语 it 代替, 而本身放在句子末尾。,1. 主语从句可放句首, 此时连接词 that 一般 不省略。主语从句也可用于It is that 句型。Whether引导主语从句意为“是否”， 这时通常不用 if。,That we need more equipment is obvious. or: It is obvious that we need more equipment.,2. It 用作形式主语的句子常出现于
3、下列句型中：,1) It is +adj.+that(eg. natural/strange etc.) 2) It is + n. (eg. a shame/pity, no wonder, a fact) +that 3) It is+said/reported/known/believed/ thought/proved+that 4) It seems/appears that似乎 It happens that碰巧 It occurs to sb that发生不好的事情,1) if 引导的主语从句不可居于句首。 2) It is said /reported that 结构中 的主语
4、从句不可提前。例如： That President Jiang will visit our school next week is said. (wrong),3. 主语从句不可位于句首的五种情况,3) It happens that, It occurs to sb. that 结构中的主语从句不可提前。例如： That he failed in the examination occurred to him. (wrong) 4) It doesnt matter how/whether 结构中的主语从句不可提前。例如: Whether he is wrong or not doesnt
5、 matter. (wrong),5) 含主语从句的复合句是疑问句时, 主语 从句不可提前。例如：,Is that it will rain in the evening likely? (wrong),Is it likely that it will rain in the evening?,(right),名词性从句的主谓一致,主语是名词性从句, 动词通常用单数形式。 e.g. What I am most interested in is American movies我最感兴趣的是美国电影。,但在下面的句子中谓语动词要用复数形式， 因为主语从句中的动词是复数, 所以主语 从句应当作复
6、数看待。例如： Who are going to attend the meeting have been decided by the manager,Object clause (宾语从句),在一个句子中, 不是由一个词组, 而是由一个 句子充当的宾语, 这个句子叫做宾语从句。其 作用相当于一个名词词组。 引导宾语从句的连接词： 连词: whether, if, that 连接代词: who, whom, whose, what, which, etc. 连接副词: when, where, why, how, etc.,1. 作动词的宾语 She did not know what ha
7、d happened. 动词间接宾语宾语从句 e.g. She told me that she would accept my invitation.,宾语从句就是在复合句中作宾语的名词性从句， 通常放在主句谓语动词(及物动词)或介词之后。,2. 作介词的宾语 e.g. Our success depends upon how well we can cooperate with one another. 3. 作形容词的宾语 e.g. I am afraid (that) Ive made a mistake. that 引导的从句常跟在下列形容词后作宾语： anxious, certai
8、n, convinced, determined, glad, proud, surprised, worried, sorry, ashamed, disappointed, annoyed, pleased, satisfied, content 等。,4. It 可以作为形式宾语,make, think, consider, feel, find,It 不仅可以作为形式主语, 还可以作为形式 宾语而真正的宾语 that 从句则放在句尾, 特 别是在带复合宾语的句子中。 e.g. We heard it that she would get married next month.,5. 后
9、边不能直接跟that 从句的动词 这类动词有allow, refuse, let, like, cause, force, dislike, love, help, take, forgive等。这类词后 可以用不定式或动名词作宾语，但不可以用 that引导的宾语从句。 e.g. I admire their winning the match. (right) I admire that they won the match. (wrong),6. 有些动词不可用于“动词间接宾语that 从句”结构中, 常见的有envy, order, accuse, refuse, impress, fo
10、rgive, blame, advise, 等。如： He impressed the manager as an honest man. (right) He impressed the manager that he was an honest man. (wrong),宾语从句须注意,1) 由疑问词引导的宾语从句中, 词序按陈述句 顺序排列。 2) whether, if 引导宾语从句都意为 “是否”, 但介词后用whether引导, whether or not。 3) 如主句是过去时时, 从句的谓语动词表示 进行的动作应用过去进行时, 表示将要发生 的动作应用过去将来时, 表示完成的
11、动作时， 应用过去完成时。, does it?,They dont believe I am right., do they?,4) 否定的转移 若主句谓语动词为think, consider, suppose, believe, expect, fancy, guess, 等, 其后的宾语 从句若含有否定意义, 一般要把否定词转移到 主句谓语上, 从句谓语用肯定式。 e.g. I dont think this dress fits you well.,e.g. I suggested (that) he (should) take a good rest. Do you advise wh
12、ere she go for a trip in China?,5) 表示“建议”或“命令”的词有: suggest, propose, insist, desire, demand, request, order, command, ask, advise等，它们的宾语从句用虚拟语气, 结构 为: +(that)+主语+(should) do (should 可省)。,6) would rather do A than do B would ratherdid(虚拟语气),e.g. I would rather walk than take a bus. 我宁愿你告诉我真相。 Id rath
13、er you told me the truth.,what与that 在引导主语从句, 宾语从句和表语 从句时的区别 what 引导主语从句和宾语从句时在从句中充当 句子成分, 如主语、宾语、表语, 而that 则不然。 e.g. 1) _ you said yesterday is right. 2) _ she is still alive is a consolation. 3) I cant imagine _ it used to be. 4) She called to me _ she would come here at six.,What,That,what,(that),
14、2. 在that引导的表语从句中, that不能用which来替换。,1. 表语从句可以用that, why, where, when, how, whether, what, who, which等词引导。,3. 如果引出表语从句的名词是一些表示“建议”或者 是“命令”之类的词如advice, suggestion, proposal, order, plan, idea等, 那么从句中的动词通常用 should +动词原形。,The Predicative Clause 表语从句,My suggestion is that we all _ (take) an active part in
15、 the coming sports meet.,His proposal was that the work _ (finish) in five hours.,should be finished,should take,同位语从句,通常来说明前面的名词的具体内容, 作这些名词 的同位语。前面的名词常是: fact, news, idea, hope, wish, promise, truth, reason, suggestion, thought, question, doubt, conclusion, belief, fear, order, possibility, word(“
16、消息”, 为不可数 名词, 前面不加定冠词)。when, where, why, how 既能引导定语从句, 也能引导同位语从句, 但其 前面没有含义相应的名词, 并且when, where, why, how 不能改为“介词which”。,同位语从句与前面的名词是同位关系，即说 明它前面名词的内容；而定语从句与前面的 名词是修饰与被修饰关系，即限定它前面的 名词范围，或补充一些情况。如： The news that I have passed the exam is true (同位语从句,即从句所表达的意思就是前面 名词的内容) The news that he told me just
17、now is true (定语从句,从句对前面名词起修饰限制作用, 即“他告诉我的”那个消息,而不是别的消息),(that在从句中不充当任何成份),(that在从句中作gave 的宾语),2. 引导同位语从句的that是连词，在从句中不充当 任何成份，而引导定语从句的that是关系代词， 除起连接作用外，还在从句中充当主语、宾语或 表语等。如：,The idea that computers can recognize human voices surprises many people.,The idea that he gave surprises many people,连词“that”引导 同位语从句与定语从句的区别,Analyze the following sentences,1. Mike told me his idea that wed better go to the teacher for help. (that 在从句中不充当任何成分即从句完整， 该从句为同位语从句) 2. The idea that Mike told me just now was very good. (that 在从句中作宾语,即从句不完整，该从句 为定语从句),