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1、Chapter 1 The Basic Concepts of Words and Vocabulary Language, linguistics A word has a sound; A word is meaningful; A word is syntactically functional. A word is a minimal free form of a language that has a given sound, meaning and syntactic function. Definition in Chinese: 词，今指语言组织中的基础单位，能独立运 用，具有
2、声音，意义和语法功能。 （辞海，1984，375页，上海辞书出版社） Sound and meaning As for the relationship between sound and meaning, there has been no agreement. One is called the Naturalists(自然派)， the other is called the Conventionalists(规约派).The former thinks there exists an intrinsic correspondence between sound and sense, w
3、hile the latter thinks “there is no logical relationship between the sound which stands for a thing or an idea and the actual thing and idea itself” . The relationship between them is conventional. Arbitrary A word is a symbol that stands for something else in the world. The symbolic connection is a
4、lways arbitrary, and there is no logical relationship between the sound which stands for a thing or an idea and the actual thing and the idea itself. e.g. dog, book Whats in a name? That which we call a rose. By any other name would smell as sweet. -Shakespeare: Romeo and Juliet (II, ii, 1-2) In Sha
5、kespeares opinion, if we use another word instead of the word “rose”. This kind of 玫瑰花 smells sweet, too. Conventional The relationship between sound and meaning is conventional. In different languages, on the one hand, the same concept can be represented by different sounds. e.g. woman, frau(Ger),
6、femme(F), fn (妇女) on the other hand, the same sound can be used to denote different things in one language. e.g. mi:t meet, meat, mete Sound and form It is generally agreed that the sound should be consistent with the form. But in English, there are more differences between the two. The reasons for
7、the differences are: The English alphabet was adopted from the Romans, and it does not have a separate letter to represent each sound in the language so that some letters must work together in combination. The pronunciation has changed more rapidly than spelling over years. E.g. sum, cum, wuman, wun
8、der, munk some, come, woman, wonder, monk The borrowing has come. Early borrowings were assimilated, later ones do not conform to the roles of English pronunciation and spelling. E.g. stimulus, denouement, fiesta, eureka, kimono. fish ghoti gh like the f in laugh, o like the i in women, ti like the
9、sh in nation. Hymn, condemn, bomb hymnal, condemnation, bombard Classification of English words English words may fall into: In terms of use frequency : the basic word stock and nonbasic vocabulary In terms of notion: content words and functional words In terms of origin: native words and borrowed w
10、ords In terms of morphology: simple words, compounds and derived words. The characteristics of the basic word stock (1) all national character Words of the basic word stock denote the most common things and phenomena of the world around us, which are indispensable to all the people who speak the lan
11、guage. (1) All National Character Natural phenomena: rain, snow, fire, water, sun, moon, spring, wind, hill; Human body and relations: head, foot, hand, face, father, mother, brother, sister, son, daughter; Names of plants and animals: oak, pine, grass, pear, apple, tree, horse, cow, sheep, cat, dog
12、, chicken Action, size, domain, state: come, go, eat, hear, beat, carry, good, evil, old, young, hot, cold, heavy, white, black Numerals, pronouns, prepositions, conjunctions: one, ten, hundred, I, you, your, who, in ,out, under, and, but, till, as (2) Stability Words of the basic stock have been in
13、 use for centuries. As they denote the commonest things necessary to life, they are likely to remain unchanged. e.g. man, fire, mountain, water, sun, moon; However, stability is only relative, e.g. arrow, bow, chariot, knight move out, electricity, machine, car, plane, computer, radio, television, i
14、nternet entered. (3) Productivity Most root words or monosyllabic words can be used alone or to form new words with other roots and affixes. e.g. foot: footage, football, footpath, footfall, footed, footloose, footling, footman, footing, footprint (4) Polysemy: Plurality of meanings. e.g. take: a. t
15、o move or carry from one place to another, b. to remove or use without permission or by mistake, c. to seize or capture, d. to get for oneself, e. to get hold of sth. with the hands, f. to be willing to accept, g. to bear or endure, h. to need (a stated amount of time), i. to perform the action conn
16、ected with, j. to test or measure, k. to write down, l. to have the intended effort or to work successfully (5) Collocability Words enter a number of set expressions, idiomatic usages, proverbial sayings and the like. e.g. heart: a change of heart; after ones heart; a heart of gold; at heart; cross
17、ones heart; cry ones heart out; eat ones heart out; have ones heart in ones mouth; heart and hand; heart and soul; take something to heart; wear ones heart upon ones sleeve; with all ones heart etc. Terminology (术语): technical terms used in particular disciplines and academic areas. medicine: hepati
18、tis肝炎, indigestion, penicilin; mathematics: algebra, trigonometry, calculus ; music: symphony, orchestra, sonata, concerto; education: audiovisual, megauniversity, microteaching; Nonbasic vocabulary includes Jargons(行话)： the specialized vocabularies by which members of particular arts, sciences, tra
19、des and professions communicate among themselves. a bear market 熊市 a bull market 牛市 CAPI （Communication Application Program Interface ）通信应用程序接口 CPI (Consumer Price Index) PPI ( Producer Price Index) Slangs(俚语)： the sub-standard languages, which are used by specific groups of the population. cancer s
20、tick: cigarette feel no pain: be drunk in the soup: in serious trouble bring down: disappoint kick the bucket: die egghead tart: loose woman gat: pistol chicken: coward smoky: police dame: woman bloke: fellow swell: great blue: fight full: drunk beaver: girl p.14 Ex. 7 Argots(黑话)：a secret language u
21、sed by various groupsincluding, but not limited to, thieves and other criminalsto prevent outsiders from understanding their conversations. can-opener =all-purpose key dip=pick-pocket 雷子/扳子=警察 上天窗，下平台，掏底兜，插马后（南京小偷暗语） 找光阴=掏包 皮子=钱包 Dialectal words( 方言词)： words which are used only by speakers of the di
22、alect. beauty （AuE =excellent, great) auld (Scot=old) 瘪三 =Beg Sir 乞丐 Archaisms(古词/古语/古语词): words which were once in common use, but now are restricted only to specialized or limited use. They are found mainly in older poems, legal documents and religious writing or speech. thou / thee =you wilt=will
23、 p. 14 Ex. 8 haply = perhaps methinks = it seems to me sooth = truth troth = pledge quoth = said billow = wave/ the sea albeit = although eke = also morn = morning ere = before hallowed = holy bade = bid Neologisms(新词语/新词/旧词新义)： newly created words and expressions, or words that have taken on new me
24、anings. glocalization=globalization+localization Microelectronics; futurology; data bank; memory; the Pill, AIDS; internet 最新现代汉语词典第六版收录近3000新词： 黄金周 雷人 宅男 宅女 劈腿 给力 低碳 搞掂 八卦 达人 北漂 碰瓷 蚁族 香蕉人 MBA Besides the characteristics (all national character, stability, productivity, polysemy and Collocability),
25、native words have two other features: 1) Neutral in style Since native words denote the commonest things in human society, they are used by all people, in all places, on all occasions, and at all times. So they are not stylistically specific. 2) Frequent in use Native words are most frequently used
26、in everyday speech and writing. Although native words are small in number, their percentage in use runs usually as high as 70% to 90 %. Characteristics of native words According to the degree of assimilation and manner of borrowing, borrowed words can be divided into four classes a. Denizens (同化词) D
27、enizens are words borrowed early in the past and now assimilated into the English language. In other words they have come to conform to the English way of pronunciation and spelling. port from portus (L) cup from cuppa (L) change from changier (F) pork from porc (F) b. Aliens (非同化词) Aliens are borro
28、wed words which have retained their original pronunciation and spelling. dcor (F) blitzkrieg (G) kowtow (CH) bazaar (Per) c. Translation Loans (译借词) Translation loans are words and expressions formed from the existing material in the English language but modeled on the patterns taken from another la
29、nguage. Subdivided into: Words translated according to the meaning: mother tongue from lingua materna (L) a slip of the tongue from lapsus linguae (L) masterpiece from Meisterstuck (G) black humour from humour noir (F) long time no see (CH) Words translated according to the sound: ketchup from fanch
30、iejiang (CH dial.) lama from lama (Tib) tea from te (CH dial.) d. Semantic Loans (借意词) Words of this category are not borrowed with reference to the form but to the meaning. In other words, English has borrowed a new meaning from an existing word in the language. dream : originally meant joy, music
31、; pioneer : once signified explorer, person doing pioneering work, now has taken on new meaning “a member of the Young Pioneer ” from Russian. p. 15 Ex. 12 Denizen s AliensTranslatio n loans Semanti c loans kettle die wall skirt husband confrere pro patria Wunderkin d mikado parvenu chopstick typhoo
32、n black humour long time no see dream Give a term for each of the following definitions: 1. sub- standard words often used on informal occasions (slangs) 2. specialized vocabulary common in certain professions (jargons) 3. words used by sub-cultural groups particularly by underground society (argots
33、) 4. words that have clear notions (content words) 5. words of Anglo-Saxon origin (native words) 6. words borrowed by way of translation (translation-loans) 7. old words with new meanings (neologisms) Recommended Readings: v 汪榕培、卢晓娟，1997，英语词汇学教程。上海：上海外语教育 出版社。 v 林承璋, 2005, 英语语言学引论。武汉：武汉大学出版社。 v 林福美，
34、1985，现代英语词汇学。合肥：安徽教育出版社。 v 张维友，1999英语词汇学。北京：外语教学与研究出版社。 v 张韵斐、周锡卿，1986，现代英语词汇学概论（An Introduction to Modern English Lexicology）。北京：北京师范大 学出版社。 v Nation, I. S. P. 1990. Teaching and Learning Vocabulary. Boston: Heinle & Heinle. v Nation, I. S. P. 2001. Learning Vocabulary in Another Language. Cambridge: CUP.