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1、倒装 Inversion,在英语中,主语和谓语有两种顺序: 一是主语 在前,谓语在后,称为自然语序( Natural Order ). 反之,如果谓语在主语前面,就是倒装语序 ( Inverted Order ).,倒装语序,全部倒装,部分倒装,Full Inversion,Partial Inversion,倒装的原因一是语法结构的需要,一是为了强调。,在全部倒装的句子中,整个谓语都放在主语 的前面.,在部分倒装的句子中,只是谓语中的一部分( 如助 动词、情态动词、或系动词be等）放在主语的前 面，其余部分仍在主语之后。,全部倒装,部分倒装,全部倒装,在以here , there ，out
2、, in , up, down, away, off 等方位副词或以now, then时间副词开头的句子 里，以示强调，采用全部倒装。如：,Here are some picture-books. Up went the arrow into the air. In rushed a strange man. Now comes the bus. Then came a cry for help.,但当代词作主语时不用倒装。如：,Away /Off they went. / There he comes.,全部倒装,2. 为了保持句子平衡或为了强调表语或状语，将 表语或表示地点的词语置于句首，
3、采用全部倒装。,(To the) South of the town lie two steel factories. Between the two buildings stands a tall tree. On the other side is northern Xinjiang. They arrived at a farmhouse, in front of which sat a small boy. Present at the meeting were Professor Li and many other guests.,部分倒装,用于so, nor, neither 开头
4、的句子中，表示前面 所说的情况也适用于另一人或物。,句型 so / as + be(助动词或情态动词）+ 主语。,句型 nor / neither + be(助动词或情态动词）+ 主语。,If Tom goes to the party, so will Mary. Our eating habits have changed, as has our way of life.,“I wont do such a thing.” “Nor / Neither will I.” If you dont go , neither shall I.,但如果一个句子只是重复前面一句话的意思， 尽管是用s
5、o开头，语序也不颠倒。,注意,_ It was cold yesterday. _ So it was. _Tomorrow will be Monday. _So it will.,如果前面一句话表示复杂的内容，用此句型表示： So it is (the same) with,_I like pop music and dont like classical music. _ So it is with Mary. / So it is the same with Mary.,2. 用于以 never, not, hardly, scarcely, barely, rarely, seldo
6、m, little, nowhere, at no time, by no means, not once, no longer等含有否定意义的词开头的句子。如：,By no means / At no time shall we give up. Never have I been to America. Not a word did he say at the meeting. Little does he do every day. No longer are they staying with us. Not once has she failed to keep her promis
7、e.,3.在not onlybut also; no soonerthan; hardlywhen; scarcelywhen; not until; sothat; suchthat句型中,主句倒装,从 句不倒装,但要注意:neithernor 连接的句 子前后两个分句都要倒装。,Not only is she smart but also she is beautiful. Such great progress did he make that he was praised. Not until midnight did he go home after work. So frighte
8、ned was he that he couldnt move a little. Hardly / Scarcely/ had he entered the office when he realized he had forgotten his report. Neither did he know about it nor did he care about it.,4. 用于only所修饰的副词、介词短语、或状语从句开头时。如：,Only then did he get to know the importance of being honest. Only in this way c
9、an we learn English well. Only when the war was over in 1945 was he able to get happily back to work.,但only修饰主语时不倒装。,Only Dr Yang can save his life.,5.在 as / though 引导的让步状语从句中，句子要 倒装： 表语或状语或动词原形+as / though+主语+其他,注意： 1) 句首名词不能带任何冠词。 2) 句首是实义动词, 其他助动词放在主语后。如果实义动词有宾语和状语, 随实义动词一起放在主语之前。 Child as / thou
10、gh she is, she knows a lot. Much as / though I like the color TV set, I cant afford it. Try hard as he will, he never seems able to do the work satisfactorily. 注意： 让步状语从句中，有though，although时，后面的主句不能有but，但是 though 和yet可连用。,6。 用于虚拟语气的条件从句中。,在虚拟语气条件句中从句谓语动词有were, had, should 等词，可将if 省略，把 were, had, shou
11、ld 移到主语之前， 采取部分倒装。 Were it to rain tomorrow, the football match would be put off. Had you put on more clothes, you wouldnt have caught cold. Should Mr. White call, what would you say?,7.在一些表示祝愿的句子中。,May you make great progress! May you be happy!,8. 构成被动语态的过去分词或构成进行时态的 现在分词可以提到句首，而形成部分倒装。,Seated on t
12、he ground are a group of young men playing chess. = A group of young men playing chess are seated on the ground. Hidden underground is a wealth of gold, silver, copper and lead. Visiting Beijing were 300 Japanese young people. = 300 Japanese young people were visiting Beijing. Standing beside the de
13、sk is our headmaster.,倍数 1.“A + be + 倍数 + as + 计量形容词原级 + as + B”。 This tree is three times as tall as that one. 2.“A + be + 倍数 + 计量形容词比较级 + than + B ” The Yangtze River is almost twice longer than the Pearl River. 3.“A + be + 倍数 + the + 计量名词 + of + B ” The newly broadened square is four times the si
14、ze of the previous one. 4.“The + 计量名词 + of + A + be + 倍数 + that + of + B ”,一. 虚拟语气用于条件状语从句,与过去事实相反,与现在事实相反,与将来事实相反,条件状语从句,主句,had done,were / did,did were to do should do,would / should / could / might + have done,would / should / could / might + do,would / should / could / might + do,1.主句与从句的构成,虚拟语气
15、用于状语从句,2.虚拟语气用于定语从句,常用于句型 “It is (high) time (that)” 中， 定语从句的谓语动词一般用did 间或用should + do,Examples,Its time that I picked up / should pick up my daughter. Its high time we did / should do our work. Its time that we stopped / should stop this quarrel.,3.虚拟语气用于定语从句,常用于句型 “It is (high) time (that)” 中， 定语从
16、句的谓语动词一般用did 间或用should + do,Examples,Its time that I picked up / should pick up my daughter. Its high time we did / should do our work. Its time that we stopped / should stop this quarrel.,4. 虚拟语气在宾语从句中的运用, wish + 宾语从句,表示不能实现的愿望。,wish,S. + had done,S. + did / were,S. + could might would, would rathe
17、r + 宾语从句，表示一种愿望。,would rather sb. did sth. would rather sb. had done sth.,Examples,I would rather they came tomorrow. I would rather you had gone there yesterday. I could go myself but I would rather you went this afternoon., order/ command suggest / advise/ recommend / propose demand / insist / des
18、ire / request / require / urge +宾语从句，表示命令、建议、要求。,宾语从句的谓语动词由 (should) + 动词原形构成。,Examples,He ordered that the bridge be completed soon. I propose that we (should) set a deadline for handing in the plan. He requested he (should) be given an chance to try.,5.虚拟语气在主语从句中的运用,谓语动词的虚拟语气用(should) + 动词原形结构,It
19、is necessary / important / natural that we (should) clean the room every day. It is necessary / important that he (should) be sent there at once. It is ordered / commanded / suggested / advised/ recommended / proposed / demanded / desired / requested / required that we (should) get everything ready
20、by night. It is strange / surprising / a pity / a shame that you (should) be so careless. you are so careless.,6.虚拟语气在表语从句中的运用,作表示命令、建议、要求等的名词 order, advice, suggestion, proposal, request, requirement, demand, plan, idea 等的表语从句 中，从句的谓语动词用(should) + 动词原形。,My suggestion is that Tom ( should ) be sent
21、to help another group. The orders were that we (should) stay where we were. My idea / plan is that we (should) carry on our conversation in English.,Examples,7. 虚拟语气在同位语从句中的运用,作表示命令、建议、要求等的名词 order, advice, suggestion, proposal, request, requirement, demand, plan, idea 等的同位语从句中，从句的谓语动词用(should) + 动词
22、原形。,Examples,His suggestion that we (should) go to Shanghai is wonderful. What do you think of his idea / plan that we (should) put on a play at the English evening? I agree to the requirement that the plan (should) be adjusted.,8、虚拟语气用于方式状语从句,You are looking at me as if I were mad. He acts as thoug
23、h he had seen a ghost. He acts as though he was eating noodles.,9、虚拟语气用于让步状语从句,Even if she were here , she could not solve it. Even though the boy had been treated without delay, nothing could have saved his life.,10、虚拟语气用于目的状语从句,He got up early so that he could / might / would catch the bus. We stu
24、dy hard in order that we can / may / will go to collage.,及物动词,不及物动词,主动语态,被动语态,主动语态,一般式,完成式,过去分词,现在分词,doing,having done,being done,having been done,done,going,having gone,gone,分词的时态和语态构成形式:,注: 现在分词表示主动的和正在进行的动作。 过去分词表示被动的和已经完成的动作,或只表 被动而没有一定的时间性.,动名词时态和语态构成形式：,主动形式,被动形式,一般式,完成式,doing,having done,bein
25、g done,having been done,所谓非谓语动词，它虽不具有动词的性 质，即在句子中充当谓语，但仍然具有动词 的特征，它有自己的逻辑主语，还可带有本 身宾语或状语构成非谓语动词短语，在句子 中作除谓语以外的任何成分。如：,Many people watched the boys climbing the mountain. We are studying hard to go to college. To complete that building in ten months was a great achievement.,名称,句 法 功 能,不定式,动名词,现在分词,过去
26、分词,主语,宾语,宾语补足语,表语,定语,状语,非谓语动词的句法功能,分词作状语表示时间、原因、条件、伴随或 补充说明。,He stayed in the room, knowing very well what is happening outside. The teacher entered the classroom, followed by his students. Having finished all the work, he left the office. Not having received a reply, I wrote again. Inspired by Dr.
27、Wangs speech, we decided to study harder. Having been shown around the school, we had a basketball match. Given more time , we would do the work better.,独立主格,独立主格是由动词非谓语形式中的分词和其独立的逻辑主语构成，用作主语的状语，说明原因、状态、条件、时间等。,一、独立主格结构的构成形式 1、逻辑主语+V-ing 这种构成形式内部的逻辑主语是分词的动作执行者，分词表示的动作不是整句主语发出的动作，而是其逻辑主语发出的动作。如： 1)._
28、no bus, we had to walk home. A.There being B.Being C.Having been D.There was,A,2、逻辑主语+V-ed 该构成形式内部的逻辑主语是分词的动作承受者。 1)_, the train started. A.The signal given B.Giving the signal B.The signal being given D.The signal giving 2)_, the train started. A.After having given the signal B.After the signal giv
29、en C.Giving the signal D.After the signal was given,A,D,3、逻辑主语+形容词（副词） 该结构相当于一个未带动词的“主系表”结构。如： 1)_, the patient can leave the hospital. A.Better conditions B.Conditions better C.Conditions are better D.Being better conditions 2)_, the patient can leave the hospital. A.If better conditions B.If condi
30、tions better C.If conditions are better D.Being better conditions,B,C,独立主格总结,逗号不能连接两个句子 状语中的动作不是由整句主语发出的，所以要有一个逻辑主语 独立主格在整个句子中作状语，表原因、伴随、时间、条件等 构成：逻辑主语+V-ing (主动） 逻辑主语+V-ed (被动） 逻辑主语+ adj.（主+系+表）,分词、独立主格和“with + 复合宾语”作状语的区别 分词结构、独立主格结构、with + 复合宾语结构在句中均可作状语，其区别是这样的： 一、分词在句中作状语时句子的主语是分词的逻辑主语，即主句主语是分词
31、的动作执行者（用现在分词）或动作承受者（用过去分词或现在分词被动式）。这种情况下的分词短语可以改为相应的状语从句或并列谓语。,二、独立主格结构和with + 复合宾语结构在句子中作状语时，这种结构内部的分词或介词短语的逻辑主语不是整句的主语，即主句主语与分词的逻辑主语不一致。 三、使用独立主格结构、with + 复合宾语结构分别在句子中作状语时要注意：它们与主句之间不应有从属连词（如when, if, as soon as, as, while等）或并列连词（如and, but, or, so等）。,四、在使用独立主格结构、with +复合宾语结构、分词结构作句子的状语时，一定要看句子主语同这
32、些结构的逻辑关系。 1、当句子主语与该状语内部动词之间有逻辑上的主谓或动宾关系时，该状语可用分词结构或从句表示。 1)_ in thought, he almost ran into the car in front of him. A.Lost B.As he was lost C.He lost D.A and B,D,2)._for the bus at the stop, he suddenly caught sight of a thief. A.Waiting B.When he was waiting C.As he was waiting D.all the above 2、若
33、句子主语与状语内动词之间不存在逻辑上的主谓或动宾关系且状语内有自已的逻辑主语。则该状语不能用分词结构，只能用独立主格结构、with +复合宾语结构或从句。如：,D,不定式和动名词作宾语的区别,动名词作宾语,下列动词后只能接动名词 suggest, recommend, finish ,avoid, mind, enjoy, miss, excuse, pardon, consider, imagine, keep, appreciate ,escape, dislike, delay, admit, risk, understand, practise etc.,2. allow/ permi
34、t/ forbid/ advise sb to do sth allow/ permit/ forbid/ advise doing sth,3. want / need / require,to do (主动） doing（被动） to be done（被动）,He needs _ (take) a rest. The desks need _ ( repair). The patient required _ (examine).,to take,repairing / to be repaired,examining / to be examined,4. 下列动词既可带动名词也可带不定
35、式 作宾语,但意思有区别:,1). remember, forget, regret,Please remember _ (meet) her at the station. I remember _(meet) her once somewhere. I forgot _(see) her before. Dont forget _(bring) your book here. I regret _ (not accept) his advice. I regret _ (say) I havent given you enough help.,to meet,meeting / havin
36、g met,to bring,not accepting / not having accepted,to say,seeing / having seen,2) begin, start,一般来说，begin to do和begin doing可以互换，但在以下三种 情况下用to do： 1. 主语不是指人，而是it等。如：It began to rain. 2. begin后接表示心理活动的词。如：begin to know，believe等。 3. begin本身是ing形式，为避免重复后接to do，即， beginning to do,3) try,If nobody answer
37、the door, try knocking at the back door.（尝试做） You must try to get everything ready.（设法做）,4. mean,Missing the bus means waiting for another hour. (意味着） The teacher meant to begin Unit 3 the next week. （打算做）,5. stop,He stopped his work to watch TV. They stopped quarrelling about it as soon as the teac
38、her appeared.,6. like, love , prefer, hate,I love hiking / to hike in the mountain. I prefer listening to pop music, but today I dont prefer to. Tom hates swimming in the pool, but now he likes to.,7. continue,They continue doing / to do research in physics.,让步状语从句,1. although, though, as, while,Wel
39、l try to finish the work in time although / though / while we are short of manpower. Much as / though I admire his courage, I dont think he acted wisely. Try as / though he might , he couldnt lift the box. Little child as / though he is, he knows a lot.,Ill get there even if / even though I have to
40、sell my house to get enough money to go by air.,2. even if , even though,3. no matter + what/ who/ when/ where/how what/ who/ when/ where/ how + ever,Dont trust him no matter what / whatever he says. No matter how hard / however hard the work is, youd better try to do it well.,4. whetheror; whether
41、(or not),Well carry on the work whether we can get the machine we need ( or not ). Hell come on time whether he walks or takes a bus.,定语从句 The Attributive Clause,1. 由关系代词引导的定语从句,that,指物,指人,A plane is a machine that can fly.,The girl ( that ) we saw yesterday is Mary.,which,指物,The fish ( which ) we b
42、ought were not fresh.,who,指人,The boy who broke the window is called John.,whom,指人,The man( whom ) you just talked to is Mr. Li.,whose,指物,指人,I like the book whose cover is blue.,The teacher whose house caught fire isnt here.,as,指人,指物,I like the same man as Tom does.,Such books as he reads arent inter
43、esting at all.,2. 由关系副词引导的定语从句,when,where,why,指时间,指地点,指原因,I still remember the day when I first came here.,Well never forget the happy time when we worked on the farm.,This is the house where we lived last year.,The factory where his father works is to the west of the city.,There are several reasons
44、 why we cant do that.,He couldnt give the teacher a good reason why he was late for school.,that与 which 的区别: 1. 非限制性定语从句由which 引出; 介词后用which 引出定语从句. 2. 先行词是不定代词时，用that引出定语从句; 先行词前有形容词最高级、序数词修饰时，由 that引出定语从句；行词前有only, very修饰时， 用that 引出定语从句；表语用that,不管是人还 是物；who或 which引出的特殊疑问句中包含定 语从句时，为避免重复，用that;先行词既
45、有人 又有物，用that,of,whom which whose,代词 数量词 最高级,He has two sons, both of _ are college students. I like Gong LI , all of _ films I have seen. In this mountain area, there are a lot of villages, the smallest of _ is my hometown. There are over 150 teachers in our school, three fourth of _ are women.,whom
46、,whose,which,whom,Subject-Verb Agreement 主语和谓语的一致,I.谓语动词要与主语的人称和数一致.,The questions are very important. Tom has been to America.,II. 两个名词或代词由and连接作主语时,谓语动词 一般用复数。如:,You and I are good friends. Air and water are both important to living things.,1.当and 不表示并列意义，而连接两个在意义上表示同一人、物或概念时，或由两个部件配成的物品时，谓语动词用单数。
47、如：,注意,The headmaster and maths teacher is speaking to the students. Our manager and friend has thought out a way to solve the problem. A new knife and fork is on the table. A cart and horse was seen in the distance. War and peace is a constant theme in history.,2. 两个并列的名词由each, every, no, many a 修饰时
48、,谓语动词用单数。如：,Each boy and each girl in my class has a dictionary. Many a boy and many a girl likes this singer. No teacher and no student has heard about it. Every doctor and every nurse was given a new shirt.,III. 集合名词class, team, group, family, public, government, crew, club等作主语 时，如果强调整体，谓语动词用单数形式； 如果强调个体，则用复数。如：,The family_ ( be ) a happy one. The family _ (watch ) TV now. The public_ ( consist) of you and me. The public_ ( have) different opinions about this matter.,is,are watching