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1、精神分析的释梦,武汉中德心理医院 李孟潮,一个梦的解释（需要的材料，可能的假设）,梦者，女，青年，未婚，梦见前男友拿这一支枪对着自己。（其余部分遗忘）,associations,In the dream,a former lover point the gun at me.I only remember this scene. You are right.Yes,the lover is a man and we have never admitted we were lovers from end to end.In the dream,he just pointed the gun at
2、me,holding the gun in his hand,without firing.I was not frightened at all at that moment,yet I was very upset when I woke up early in the morning.,My sex?Im merely a female person. Im usually in a merry mood.But recently I am in a melancholy mood.,I answer your questions so late because I feel stron
3、g resistance and finally I overcome it. I am in a melancholy mood partly because of the dream,partly because of something else.It occurs to me that I happened to see him walking in front of me in the street on that day while he couldnt see me.We havent seen each other in the street for a very long t
4、ime.But I didnt call him and just kept looking at his back until he was out of sight.,There are some misunderstandings between him and I.To my sadness I couldnt find any way to clarify them.The only thing I can do is to give up.And I believe those misunderstandings will be eliminated one day.But I d
5、ont know when the day will come.I feel confused and oppressed. My age?Im neither too young nor too old.,Gun means force.In the dream he held the gun in his hand. The following association is as follows: “he held the gun in his hand“means that he held the force in his hand.Maybe he had enough force t
6、o protect himself and even to attack me.Maybe I was too weak to protect myself,then I wanted to lend some force from him.Maybe force was very important to him and he was afraid of lose his force at the sight of me,so he held the “gun“ in his hand very tightly.,thanks,and I have another association.
7、The gun being pointed at me without firing in the dream is just like a big penis in erection and without ejaculation.It occurs to me that I used to avoid pennis,especially big penis in the past.But in the dream I began to face it with braveness. This is a great progress which I have ever made in my
8、life,I think.,弗洛伊德提出释梦技术程序的选择方案：,a.分析者按时间顺序分析，梦者对梦的内容陈述顺序进行联想；b分析者的专挑选梦中的特殊因素进行分析；c.直接问梦者就其对梦联想到前一天哪些事件；d.如梦者熟悉释梦技术，让他自己决定从那儿开始联想。,Freud,（1）梦是被压抑的欲望变相的满足。所以在释梦之前要牢记一点是，其中的欲望在什么地方？这个“欲望”在释梦中弗洛伊德一古脑地划归为力比多，特别是童年的力比多，后来他更改了说法，说梦既来自本我，也来自自我，那么欲望就不仅仅是力比多了，还有其他的本能（欲望），死本能、自我保存本能等等。,（2）梦分为愿望梦、焦虑梦和惩罚梦，其本质都是
9、愿望的满足。但还有创伤梦，这是欲望满足理论的例外。 （3）梦的材料和来源有四方面：做梦前一天的残念（白日残余）；睡眠中躯体方面的刺激；幼年经验；人类历史经验的累积（类似于荣格的集体无意识）。,（4）单独的材料形成不了梦，需要和压抑的欲望结合才形成梦。（这是释梦中谈到的，但后来少提。） （5）梦的作用是维持睡眠。 （6）梦的内容结构分为显梦和隐梦两个层面，释梦是治疗师利用患者对梦中原意的自由联想，揭示出隐梦的意义。通过稽查作用和梦的伪装，隐藏的愿望才能意识进入组成显梦。,（7）稽查作用使隐梦所包含的无意识冲动进一步伪装和转化成显梦的内容。这种转化过程（即“梦的工作“）包括以下几个机制：凝缩作用(
10、Condensation)；移置作用(Displacement);用视觉形象表现抽象思维;润饰作用(Secondary elaboration)。,（8）梦中的情感反映总是“真实“的，如果梦的情感反应与显梦内容不协调，说明其形成时发生了转化和象征，而与隐梦一致。 （10）梦的多重决定作用，一个梦可以有多方面的解释。（见释梦） (11)梦是自我和本我交战的地方，所以可以在梦中看到冲突的愿望。（纲要）,9）象征作用：对象征作用的强调是弗洛伊德在释梦发表后对梦理论进行的很大一个补充。对象征的熟悉可以让人很快的释梦，减少联想的材料，弗洛伊德指出“象征作用或许是梦理论中最引人注目的部分，象征作用使我们在
11、某些情形中无需询问梦者来对梦进行解释。如果我们熟悉了一般梦的象征和梦者的人格，他生活的环境以及梦发生前的印象等，我们时常可以直接来释梦就好像一见面就可以认出一样。“但象征法并不排斥联想法，在处理象征元素时，既要利用梦者的联想，又要利用“释梦者的有关象征知识以弥补联想之不足。”,（12）除四种梦的工作外，还有两个因素影响梦境的形成：一是显梦中的某一部分往往代表了潜意识中完全相反的愿望；一是梦的各部分之间无逻辑关系，特别是因果关系，这一点启发了皮亚杰。,New findings and ways,Freuds view that dreams are the guardian of sleep m
12、ust now be regarded as disproved; on the contrary, sleep is the guardian of dreams (Wolman 1979, p.VII). This is one of the fundamental conclusions which must be drawn from the many psychobiological investigations of dream and sleep.,对实验研究的看法：it remains clear that physiological conditions and psycho
13、logical meanings belong to completely different dimensions. Dreaming has a value of its own in the therapeutic process, even if the underlying dream theories have to be modified. (Strauch 1981, p.43),5.2 Dream Thinking,Dream language, which predates our development of thought language, is a picture
14、language rich in symbolic relationships. 梦是一种退行现象 Today we would say rather that the work on the dream is carried out with regressive methods.,Freuds general point of view： that dreams are in essence nothing else than a special form of our thinking (1900a, p.506),The dreamer represents the world, in
15、cluding his self, differently than in his waking thinking and in his everyday language. Thus the problem is not just to describe the formal characteristics of dream language; the difficulty lies in their translation.,Dream language expresses itself predominantly in visual images, and the task of the
16、rapeutic translation consists of transforming images into words and thoughts.,dreams in REM sleep tend to be irrational and those in nonREM sleep rational, which suggests that the primary-process mechanisms of dream work are linked to specific physiological conditions.,Systematic studies ： Some find
17、ings indicate that there is a correspondence between daydreaming and night dreaming, and it can be shown that distortion and expression of affect increase progressively from daydreams through fantasies to night dreams.,(Cohen 1976, p. 334) ：the configuration of the dream contents reflects the princi
18、pal personality traits of the dreamer. Giora (1981, p.305) ： underlines the danger of taking only the clinical material into consideration and neglecting the existence of other types of dreams, e.g., logical and problem-solving dreams, when discussing the theory of dreams.,梦思总结：,currently many autho
19、rs reject theories which accord dream thinking a special status, preferring instead to integrate dream thinking into the general principles of psychic function.,Day Residue and Infantile Wish,Dream as an infantile wish? current views: there are gaps in the theory of wish fulfillment with regard to d
20、emonstrating the unconscious, infantile wish element, and that this leads to other problems, e.g., how to reconcile stereotypical anxiety dreams with the theory.,Koukkou and Lehmanns (1980, 1983) neurophysiological thesis: that the variation in EEG patterns in the REM phases strongly suggests that t
21、he doorway to early memories might be open several times each night, in which case exchange processes between present and past may well take place.,Freuds idea that the infantile wish is the motor of dream formation has not been confirmed, and in light of the findings of modern research must be reje
22、cted as superfluous. He formulated this hypothesis before it became known that dreaming is a biologically based activity that is controlled by an internal clock and needs no foundation in the psychic economy.,As we saw above in the discussion of dream thinking (Sect. 5.2), over the years the hypothe
23、sis that the function of dreaming is mainly to help deal with reality has lost ground to the view that it is important for the dreamers intrapsychic equilibrium and for the maintenance of his psychic functions.,Self-Representation and Problem Solving,Freud in The Interpretation of Dreams: “It is my
24、experience, and one to which I have found no exception, that every dream deals with the dreamer himself“ (1900a, p.322).,freud,“ The fact that the dreamers own ego appears several times, or in several forms, in a dream is at bottom no more remarkable than that the ego should be contained in a consci
25、ous thought several times or in different places or connections e.g. in the sentence “when I think what a healthy child I was“. (1900a, pp. 322-323),Freud is talking about self-representation through identification Kohuts perception of the self-state dream. “self-state dream.“ With these dreams, fre
26、e association leads not to deeper understanding, but at best to images which remain on the same level as the manifest content of the dream.,Flying dream as self-state,Kohut views dreams of flying as highly threatening representations of the grandiose self.,French,Frenchs (1952) suggestion that dream
27、s should be viewed as attempts at problem solving,French and Fromm,1欲望：有成人和儿童的。 2联想的格式塔,扩大欲望的内涵,可解释两类梦 惩罚梦：超我的愿望 重复发生的梦：控制的愿望,当代释梦说：自我表象说,We have traced Freuds assumption (1923c, p. 120) that the dreamers ego can appear more than once in the same dream - in person and concealed behind other figures,
28、Instead of giving verbal expression to thoughts such as “I am similar to.“ or “I wish I was like.,“ the dreamer portrays the person with whose beauty, strength, aggression, sexual potency, intelligence, sophistication, etc. he would like to identify.,We thus support Freuds thesis that primary identi
29、fication is a direct or original form of the association of feelings with an object, occurring earlier than any object relationship, and thus has basic constitutive significance for human development (Freud 1921 c, pp. 106-107; 1923 b, p.31).,The primitive level of psychological development to which
30、 dreamers can regress enables subject and objects to be interchanged.,技术的改变目的,Dream interpretation can contribute considerably to altering an individuals present and future.,技术的改变联想,两种联想同样重要针对梦本身和就梦想起的事件。真实梦境和梦的功能、报告梦同样重要。 Should we encourage patients to write out their dreams, for instance directly upon waking? 根据治疗关系决定：释梦时咨询者要觉得安全。,联想仍然是最基本的技术 但可以就主题联想。 解释的多样性，可在主动倾听的条件下进行解释。,谢谢,