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1、16 Nov 2005,1,China and US Hegemony 中國與美國霸權,By Prof. Barry Sautman,16 Nov 2005,2,In US, “hegemony” seen as not applying to US or is treated as neutral or beneficial. 在美國, “霸權” 並不被認為可以用來形容美國, 或者認為它是一個中性,有裨益的詞語. In China, “hegemony” seen as key feature of US policies and is seen as negative. 在中國, “霸權”
2、被認為是美國對外政策的關鍵性特點,並且對此持否定的態度.,16 Nov 2005,3,There a different views in China about US hegemony and how to deal with it, but consensus on some characteristics. US foreign policy seen as 在中國,人們對於美國霸權與如何應對它有各種各樣的觀點, 但是在對於其特徵的認識上存在共識. 美國的對外政策被認為是: * Militaristic, in order to maintain US dominance and uni
3、polar world. 軍事主導的, 目的是為了維持美國的隻配地位與單極世界的格局. * Insistent that whole world adopt USs preferred political and economic systems 堅持全世界都應遵從有利於美國的政治與經濟體系.,16 Nov 2005,4,Liberal democracy, except where resulting regime opposes US interests or when existing regime strongly favors US interests. 倡導自由民主, 除非這將導致
4、某個政權危害美國的利益或該非民主政權的存在對美國有利. Neo-liberalism, including “small government” and privatization of economy, as well as complete openness to US trade and investment. 新自由主義, 包括提倡”有限的政府” ,經濟私有化以及實行對美國完全開放的貿易與投資政策.,16 Nov 2005,5,US seen as promoting “American Way of Life” (individualism, high-consumption eco
5、nomy, etc.) as best way of life for whole world. Those who criticize it considered to be “anti-American.” 美國被認為將”美國式的生活方式”( 個人主義, 依賴與高消費的經濟等)視為全世界最佳的生活方式.而那些批評該生活方式的人就被認為是”反美”的. US perceived as ignoring international institutions when it suits US interests. 美國被認為,當這樣做符合美國利益時就會忽視國際機制的存在.,16 Nov 2005,
6、6,Chinas leaders do however admire US wealth, political stability and innovations. 從另一方面來說, 中國的領導人卻又羨幕美國的國力, 穩定的政治局面以及美國人的創新精神. Dangers and opportunities for China perceived from fact of US global dominance. 美國稱霸世界的事實, 使中國既面對危險,又獲得了機遇 - US may try to disintegrate China 美國可能企圖分裂中國. - US may seek “reg
7、ime change” in China 美國可能企圖使中國的政權發生變更 - US will seek to check Chinas rise 美國將抑制中國的崛起.,16 Nov 2005,7,US seen as 美國為視為: trying to restrain Chinas exports (revaluation of renminbi, protective quotas and tariffs), prevent China from acquiring assets in US and US high-tech items. 試圖限制中國的出口( 尋求人民幣升值, 設保護性
8、進口配額以及提高關稅.),防止中國獲得美國的資產或是從美國得到高技術附加值的項目. surrounding China with bases, building NMD and TMD, mobilizing allies against and demonizing China 設美軍基地包圍中國, 建設NMD以及TMD, 動員美國的盟友反對以及妖魔化中國. seeking to embarrass China over human rights 試圖在人權問題上為難中國政府,16 Nov 2005,8,Some Chinese scholars think US declining as
9、hegemony; other think its stable 一些中國學者認為美國在稱霸中衰弱, 另一些則認為它變得更穩 了. Some scholars believe China can just wait; others believe it should push for multi-polar world 一些學者相信中國只需要等待;另一些則認為中國應推動多級化 界體系的發展. Those who want China to challenge US hegemony believe US needs China even more than China needs US 那些希
10、望中國會成為挑戰美國霸權的觀點認為, 美國需要中國多 中國需要美國. Some suggest China should oppose US aggressiveness and create its own set of friendly countries 一些學者建議中國直接反對美國侵略性的行為並且為自己尋找夥 國家,16 Nov 2005,9,Chinese government approach is to criticize, but accommodate US hegemony 對於美國的霸權,中國官方的做法是言語上批評, 行動 迁就. China tries to balan
11、ce US in some areas, especially military, international institutions and soft power 中國試圖在很多領域與美國保持平衡,特別是軍事, 國 機制以及軟權利方面. Chinese government accommodates because seeks peace in which to develop 中國政府迁就美國霸權的原因是因為它希望在和平中 發展的政策,16 Nov 2005,10,Public opinion often against accommodation, especially where C
12、hina directly concerned (Belgrade bombing, spy plane incident) 中國的公眾對於迁就的做法一直持反對的態度, 特 是當中國的利益直接受到美國霸權影響的時候(貝 格萊德轟炸事件, 間諜飛機事件.) Government has accommodated in Kosovo, Afghanistan, N. Korea, Iraq 中國政府在科索沃, 阿富汗,北朝鮮和伊拉科戰爭 題上都表現出迁就的態度.,16 Nov 2005,11,Some Chinese intellectuals think China has not gained
13、 from accommodation: US demonizes and “contains” China no matter what China does 一些中國知識份子認為,中國並沒有在一味迁就美國 霸權行為中得到好處:無論中國怎麼做,美國妖魔化與” 止”中國的政策都不會改變. Chinese government will allow some popular response where Chinas basic interests involved, but continued US hegemony means continued conflict. 當涉及國家的一些基本利益的時候,中國政府將會做出 些受到大眾認同的回應,但是只要美國的霸權繼續存在, 中美之間的衝突就不會結束,