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1、英语语法教学方法的思考,,一、英语语法的基本概念,二、语法与语言的关系,三、语法与母语学习,四、语法与外语教学,五、语法教学与语言能力的培养,六、语法知识的检测与语言能力 的测试,一、英语语法的基本概念,Oxford Advanced Learners dictionary Of Current English says: Grammar is the study of science of or rules for the combination of words into sentences (syntax), and the forms of words (morphology),Lon
2、gman Dictionary of Contemporary English says: Grammar is the study or use of the rules by which words change their forms and are combined into sentences.,The Random House College Dictionary says: the study of the formal features of a language, as the sounds, words, or sentences,现代汉语词典：语言的结构方式， 包括词的构
3、成和变化、词组和句子 的组织。 词海：语言的结构规律，包括词法 和句法。语法是人类思维长期抽象 化的工作成果，是思维的巨大成就 的标志。,二、语法与语言的关系,1、语法是研究语言结构的规律。研究 词形变化的部分叫做词法(morphology)， 名词的性、数、格和动词的时态、语态、 语气等；研究句子结构的部分叫做句法 (syntax)，如句子的成分、语序以及句子 的种类等。,2、语法是具体语言事实的概括。语法 家认为，语法最重要的性质就是概括性， 所有的语法规则都是从大量的具体语言 事实中抽象地概括而来的。,三、语法与母语学习,就母语而言，语法规则是在语言的 运用中习得而成的。即使不懂语法，
4、也不学语法，英美人都能说出标准 的英语句子来, 而不犯语法错误；我 们中国人也是如此。（这里说的不 懂语法, 指的是不会用语法术语去解 释语言现象。）,1、习得(acquisition)与学得(learning) 习得是指幼儿在非教学条件下主动 地获得母语的过程。学得是人习得母 语之后有意识、通常是在教学环境里 学得的第二外语的过程。,2、母语的习得不需要语法的支撑。,1）有研究资料料表明，在美国出生的 幼儿到了五岁习得了全部的英语发 音，掌握了基本的语法，用于交际 的词汇量也多达2200多个；还能分 辨常用词语的歧义并能进行得体地 交际。到了5-10岁，他们的语音和 语法已无多大进展。,不断
5、地观察、试探、修正，接近完整， 最终说出正确的表达。,No want some food.,I no want some food.,I dont want no food.,I dont want any food.,Child: Nobody dont like me. Mother: No, say “Nobody likes me.” Child: Nobody dont like me. Mother: Now listen carefully, say “Nobody likes me.” Child: Oh, nobody dont likes me.,幼儿会按照自己的认识过程来
6、习得 语言的正确表达，表层的纠错是不 起作用的。,2） 19世纪末，一位法国语言教师FGuoin 到德国汉堡学德语。他以为学习德语的 捷径无过于掌握语法。于是，他花了10 天的时间，强记了大量的语法规则和不 规则动词，然后到学校去听课，结果一 句话也听不懂。,Practice makes perfect.,Helen Keller and her teacher Ann Sullivan,Helen Keller: (18801968),The Story of My Life,Ann Sullivan: (18861936),3）海伦凯勒（Helen Keller）的奇迹,1. She wa
7、s born healthy.,2. When she was only 19 months old, she became blind and deaf.,3. She lived in a world of darkness and silence.,4. She was like a wild animal when Ann Sullivan came.,7. She began a new life-she was able to communicate with other people by writing into her hand,8. She was able to fini
8、sh her college education with her teacher.,9. She even learnt to speak English and gave speeches to college students.,1) What were the first words you learned to say?,2) What were the first sentences you learned to say?,3) How old were you when you wrote your first composition?,4）我们学习汉语的基本过程,4) How
9、many Chinese textbooks have you ever read/learned?,newspapers,magazines,novels,poems,5) How many Chinese films/TV plays have you ever seen?,6) When did you first learn Chinese grammar?,7) Do you often think of grammar when you speak Chinese and write in Chinese?,8) Do you often pay attention to your
10、 grammar when you communicate with other people?,9) Will you be understood when you make a grammar mistake?,10) What do you think of grammar very important or not so important?,Conclusion: English grammar is not always very important.,四、语法与外语教学,英语作为一门外语是一种交际工具， 为了交际而掌握运用英语的能力才 是我们英语教学的最基本的目的。,1、习得与学
11、得的比较：,习得: 潜意识 无正规讲授 无计划 无教材 自然环境,学得: 有意识 有讲授 有计划 有教材 无自然环境,2）学得与否决定于学生的需要和动机。 幼儿习得母语的主动性和积极性来自 说话的需要，这是一种本能的需要。 学习外语的中学生却难于具有同等的 主动性和积极性，即使有较高的学习 英语的主动性和积极性也不容易持久。 所以在教英语课时，特别是在讲授英 语语法的时候，我们应该多种不同的 教学方法来激发、培养和保护学生学 习英语的主动性和积极性。,3）学得与否取定于是由教学决定的。 幼儿的母语习得是直接的认识过 程，它来自生活的语言环境。而 我们学生的英语学得来自于英语 的教学过程，其中包
12、括教材的质 量、教学思想、教师的教学水平、 教学方式、教学手段等因素，当 然，语法教学也包含在内。,4）学得的质量取决于语言环境。 幼儿习得母语有着理想的语言 环境，而外语的学得则是在非 目的的语言环中进行的。,2、“习得+学得”是英语教学的关键所在。,1）有计划地学得与无计划的习得相结合。,2）使英语的课堂教学交际化,3）重视感情投入，建立师生之间的平等合 作关系，提高学生的主体意识，寓乐于 学，以增强他们学习英语的目的性和主 动性。,3、在英语教学中，一些值得 我们思考的现象：,把英语当作一门知识学科来讲授。,在教学研讨中回避英语语法。,学生把语法知识的学习当作学习 英语的最重要的环节,交
13、替使用汉语和英语进行英语教学,五、语法教学与语言能力的培养,语法教学应与英语的实际运用相结合。 在英语语法教学中我们应该尽可能地营 造比较真实而又生动的语言环境和情景， 让学生在语言的交际活动中来提高语言 能力，从而更好地理解和掌握语法规则。 孤立地给学生讲授繁杂多变的语法规则， 只能提高他们解题的能力，而不能提高 他们学习英语的兴趣和积极性，也达不 到提高他们语言能力的目的。,1、关于特殊疑问句,Whats this/that?,Whose pen is this?,Get your students to think and say.,2、关于被动语态,This morning after
14、 waking up at 6:30,my clothes were put on.,In the washroom, my teeth were brushed,and my face was washed.,At 7:00, my breakfast was eaten.,This morning after waking up at 6:30,I put on my clothes. In the washroom I brushed my teeth,and washed my face.,At 7:00, I ate my breakfast.,3、关于虚拟语气,I wish I w
15、ere a bird.,I would certainly go if I had the time.,Do I have time now?,Can I go now?,I would very much to go but I dont have the time.,Hed have caught the train if he had left home a bit earlier.,Did he catch the train?,Why didnt he catch the train?,He missed the train because he left home too late
16、.,If it had not been for Peter, we would have lost the game.,Did we win the game? Why?,What does this sentence mean?,Peter played a very important role in the match.,Peter played very well in the match.,4、关于定语从句,Who is the boy that is the tallest in our class?,Who is the student that has a twin sist
17、er?,Who is the teacher that wears thick glasses?,What is a teacher? A teacher is a person that/who teaches.,What is a math/physics teacher?,What is a driver?,A driver is a person that/who drives.,What is a bus-driver/taxi?,A bus-driver is a person that/who drives a bus/taxi.,What is a school? A scho
18、ol is a place where students study.,What is a library?,A library is a building where people can borrow or read books.,What is a super-market?,A super-market is a place/shop where people can buy all kinds or things.,5、关于词语和短语,1）no+比较级,Tom is a very tall boy and his brother is no shorter.,Some people
19、think Mr. Bush is a bad guy, but Sadam is no better.,“My English is no better than yours.”,2）used to do sth.,Lin Fen used to be a good boy.,Mr. Huang used to be very thin.,Did you use to get up early last year?,I didnt use to get up early last year.,Mrs. Jones used to be very beautiful.,3）Eating gra
20、ss, I saw some cows.,Do you eat grass, anyway?,How can you make the sentence correct?,Being a good girl, her father sent her to school.,Being a good girl, she was sent to school by her father.,She being a good girl, her father sent her to school.,4）send .doing,One blow would send you flying.,Do you
21、know Mike Tyson? He is one most powerful boxers in the USA.,What would happen if he had a match with Mike Tyson?,Who is the strongest in your class?,One blow would send you to hospital.,六、语法知识的检测与语言能力的测试,1、关于单项填空,2、关于完形填空,3、关于口语能力与高考写作能力,1、关于单项填空,高考中多数的单项填空题都是考察 学生运用英语的能力，而不是单独 考察学生的语法规则。,例一： -Im ta
22、king my driving test tomorrow. -_! (2002NMET) A. Cheers B. Good luck C. Come on D. Congratulations,B,例二： John shut everybody out of the kitchen _ he could prepare his grand surprise for the party. (2002NMET) A. which B. when C. so that C. as if,Why did John shut everybody out of the kitchen?,He want
23、ed to give people a big surprise.,C,例三： The taxi driver often reminds passengers to _ their belongings when they leave the car. (2002NMET) A. keep B. catch C. hold D. take,You are leaving for work and find its raining. What will you do ?,Do you think youll take some money with you if you go shopping?,D,七、结论,语法规则来自语言的运用和交流，语法 知识的获得也是来自语言的实践。我们 英语语法的教学必须与英语的运用紧密 结合。我们应该培养更多的具有运用英 语能力的人才，而不是研究英语语法的 学者。,