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1、写作培养、检验 学生多种能力的课程,北京外国语大学 吴冰,I. 写作教学的重要性 II. 要教好写作课，师生都应有明确的目的和要 求，对评分标准应有共同的认识 III. 写作教师不仅是讲解范文、改作业，还应在 学生写作过程中给他们以帮助，提高他们的 兴趣，使他们感到有东西可写，并能不断增 强信心。 VI. 要教好写作课，老师要多想些办法 V. 批改作业，课堂讲解，个别辅导 VI.注意写作课和其他课程的配合 VII.学期末请学生不记名填写调查表，总结经验 教训。,I. 写作教学的重要性,1. 写作是应该具备的基本功之一 2. 从教育是培养国家建设人才角度看，写 作课有其特殊目的和任务 a.有助于
2、学生了解自己对知识和事物掌握的情况和程度; b.能培养学生多方面的能力: 独立思考能力， 综合、分析、批判的能力， 表达自己思想的能力， 使用工具书的能力， 释义、改错的能力等 c. 能促进学生关心中国的过去、现在和 将来。,A. 对学生,I. 写作教学的重要性,1.写作也是教师应该具备的基本能力之一。 2.对具有献身精神、把教书当作事业而不 是谋生手段的人来说，写作课是一门能 实现我们教学理想的课程。 3.写作课是最能了解学生的思想和思想方 法的一门课，因此更便于教师因材施教、 教书育人。 4.写作课不仅要求教师有较高的语言水平、 还要求有更多的奉献精神，更多的耐心、 关心和爱心。,B. 对
3、教师,两类教育工作者 Educational romantics advocate freedom, creativity, spontaneity, individuality and imaginativeness. Educational classicists advocate discipline, correctness, orderliness, and convention.,II. 要教好写作课，师生都应有 明确的目的和要求，对评分 标准应有共同的认识,能通过写作达到顺利地和外国读者交际的目的 1.在校的近期目的 2.长远目的 分思想内容、组织结构和语言表达,A.目的要求：,
4、B.评分标准：,. Content: Look at the essay/ composition as a whole. . Organization: Look at the arrangement of the material. . Sentences: . Diction: V. Mistakes in grammar, spelling, punctuation, and other mechanics.,Checklist,Checklist,. Content: Look at the essay/composition as a whole. A. What is the t
5、opic of the essay/composition? Does the draft fulfill the assignment (e.g. mode of development or type of composition)? B. Is the thesis clear? Is it supported by enough facts (details, examples, reasons, etc.)? C. Is there irrelevant material that should be removed? D. Is the logic sound? Are there
6、 gaps in the logic?,Checklist,. Organization: Look at the arrangement of the material. A. Does the introductory paragraph lead to the main point of the paper? B. Does each paragraph have a separate central idea? Does it relate to the essays main idea or to the previous paragraph? Are there proper tr
7、ansitions between sections? Are the paragraphs arranged in climactic order? C. Does the concluding paragraph give the reader a clear impression of what the paper intends to say?,Checklist,. Sentences: A. Is each sentence clearly related to the sentence that precedes it and to the sentence that follo
8、ws? B. Are there unnecessary sentences that may be removed? C. Are there structural mistakes? D. Are there wordy and redundant sentences? E. Is there variety in sentence type?,Checklist,. Diction: A. Are there words that are not appropriate for the topic or the style of the whole essay (e.g. too col
9、loquial or too formal)? B. Are there words or phrases which are directly translated from Chinese but which may mean something different in English? C. Are there collocations which may be incorrect because they are taken from Chinese (e.g. a big rain)? Mistakes in grammar, spelling, punctuation, and
10、other mechanics.,The following is a letter from a reader published in China Daily. Write a letter in reply, explaining Chinas single-child policy. The letter is to be written in your own name and meant to be published in China Daily.,Editor: Im a womans liberationist. I read in a newspaper that wome
11、n in China are not allowed to decide how many children they want to have. There is a law forbidding all women to have more than one child, and any woman who gets into a second pregnancy is forced by law to undergo induced abortion followed by surgical sterilization. I dont see how a country calling
12、itself a socialist state could trample on this first and most sacred of womens rightsthe right to motherhoodin such a flagrant way. Boston, U.S.A. Ruth Hancock,III写作教师应在学生写作全过程 中给他们以帮助，提高他们的 兴趣，使他们感到有东西可 写，并能不断增强信心。,A. 选择好的范文 B. 讲解清楚作业目的、要求，出一些 能引起学生兴趣的题目 C. 允许学生自由命题，要求学生写自 己的真实思想 D. 注意中国学生写作的特殊问题与难
13、点,III写作教师不仅是讲解范文、改作业，还应在学生 写作全过程中给他们以帮助，提高他们的兴趣， 使他们感到有东西可写，并能不断增强信心。,D. 注意中国学生写作的特殊问题与难点 1. 要注意由于文化的差别，同样的文章，中英文写作的风 格不尽相同。 a. 同样内容的记叙文、描写文，中文用词要比英文用词 花哨。 b. 中国人好用四字成语，而英文的写作书总是教学生少 用 cliches。 c. 以英语为母语的人在写新闻、社论或者政论这类文章 时，用语不像我们中国人的用语那样富有战斗性。 d. 我们中国人和以英语为母语的人的思维方式、看问题 的出发点不尽相同，他们比较更加重视具体的个体、 细节，而我
14、们比较注重整体、综合、概括。 2. 中国人容易犯的错误：frag., inc comp, ll, ref, run-on, t； 词的搭配；同义词、近义词的区别与使用,同样内容的记叙文、描写文，中文用词要比英文用词花哨。,I walked joyfully along the park that was lit up by the golden rays of the morning sun. Beautiful flowers of many colors were blooming. How fragrant they smell! Little birds were singing in
15、 the trees as if they are greeting me, “Good morning! Good morning!“ My heart was bursting with happiness.,VI要教好写作课，老师要多想些办法,写作课完全可以教得让学生感到很有趣; B. Brainstorming, 打开学生思路，发挥学生的集体智慧; C. 集体讨论后要求学生整理思想，写提纲.,VI要教好写作课，老师要多想些办法,THE ROAD NOT TAKEN Robert Frost Two roads diverged in a yellow wood, And sorry I
16、 could not travel both And be one traveler, long I stood And looked down one as far as I could To where it bent in the undergrown. Then took the other, as just as fair, And having perhaps the better claim, Because it was grassy and wanted wear; Though as for that the passing there Had worn them real
17、ly about the same.,写作课完全可以教得让学生感到很有趣,And both that morning equally lay In leaves no step had trodden black Oh, I kept the first for another day! Yet knowing how way leads on to way, I doubted if I should even come back. I shall be telling this with a sigh Somewhere ages and ages hence: Two roads div
18、erged in a wood, and I- I took the one less traveled by, And that has made all the difference,V. 批改作业，课堂讲解，个别辅导,A. 批改和评语：教师最好给每个学生立一 个档案，记录每次作文内容、问题和评 语。 1. 改什幺，如何改 2.评语如何写 3.怎样打分 4.其他思想工作 B. 课堂讲解,批改和评语：教师最好给每个学生立一个档案，记录每次作文内容、问题和评语。,1. 改什幺，如何改 a. 用符号标出错误类型，要求学生自己改； b. 只改绝对是错误的词、句和估计学生自己 难以改正的错误； c.
19、 在边线提启发性的问题, 指导学生去查 参考书或工具书; d. 用铅笔改 2. 评语如何写 3. 怎样打分：综合分与开放分 4. 其他思想工作,Correction Symbols/Error Chart,Correction Symbols,ab faulty abbreviation agr error in agreement awk awkward cap capitalization CE Chinese English col error in collocation d error in diction div incorrect word division dm danglin
20、g modifier f comp faulty comparison frag sentence fragment gr error in grammar id unidiomatic expression inc comparison incomplete comparison ital italicize (underline) ll faulty parallel structure log faulty logic,mm misplaced modifier mng meaning unclear no cap unnecessary capital letter nsw no su
21、ch word num error in use of numbers p error in punctuation red redundant ref error in pronoun reference rep unnecessary repetition run-on run-on sentence sl slang sp misspelled word t error in verb tense vb error in verb form vo error in voice w wordy ww wrong word,V. 批改作业，课堂讲解，个别辅导,B.课堂讲解 1. 堂上宣读、墙
22、报展出精彩作文； 2.堂上集体讨论典型的错误 3. 介绍如何使用工具书及其他学习方法。 a. 推荐词典 b. 学习方法,3. 介绍如何使用工具书及其他学习方法,推荐词典 Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English Oxford Advanced Learners Dictionary Collins Cobuild English Dictionary The Kenkyusha Dictionary of English Collocations 英语搭配大词典 Dictionary of Contemporary English Collocati
23、ons 当代英语搭配大词典 Oxford Collocations Dictionary for Students of English Websters Dictionary of Synonyms Rogets International Thesaurus b. 学习方法,1.,2.,3.,5.,推荐词典,4.,Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English,Oxford Advanced Learners Dictionary,Collins Cobuild English Dictionary,The Kenkyusha Dictionary o
24、f English Collocations 英语搭配大词典,Dictionary of Contemporary English Collocations 当代英语搭配大词典,6.,7.,8.,Oxford Collocations Dictionary for Students of English,Websters Dictionary of Synonyms,Rogets International Thesaurus,Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English, 3rd Edition (1995) （1）Symbols （2）Charts
25、（3）Usage Note （4）Colored pictures,1.,（1）Symbols:,live v. S1,W1 live adj. S3, W3 advantage S1, W1 admit S2, W1 advance n. S3, W2 adore not marked,1.,Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English,To show the 1000, 2000, 3000 most frequent words in spoken and written English as well as frequency graphs of
26、 some verbs.,（1）symbols：,（2）Charts,1.,Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English,Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English,1.,(3) Usage note:,to show WORD CHOICE to show COLLOCATIONS To show WORD FOCUS,WORD CHOICE: big, large, great big and large have the same meaning, but large is slightly more fo
27、rmal and more likely to be used in written than spoken English: a big lunch a large house large is used with quantity words such as number and amount: large amounts of money a large proportion of the students great is not usually used to talk about size but it can be used in literary writing to desc
28、ribe very large and impressive things: Before them stood a great palace. great is used with length , height , and age , and in the expression a great deal (=a lot): The grass had reached a great height. a great deal of money WORD CHOICE: big, tall, high big is not used just to describe a persons hei
29、ght. It is used to describe a child who is growing, or a person who is heavy, with a lot of fat or muscle on their body. tall is used to describe a persons height. It can also be used to describe trees, buildings, or other things that are narrow and measure a long distance from bottom to top: She is
30、 tall and thin. the tallest building in London high is used to describe things or places that are a long way from the ground: a high shelf the highest mountain in the world,1.,Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English,WORD CHOICE,sbs attention is on sb/sth pay attention (to sb/sth) turn your attent
31、ion to sb/sth (=start listening to, looking at, or thinking about something) give (your) attention to sb/sth (=listen to, look at, or think about something, so that you can deal with a problem) sbs full/complete/ undivided attention keep sbs attention close/careful attention attention to detail sbs
32、attention wanders may/could I have your attention? (=used when asking a group of people to listen carefully to you) My attention wasnt really on the game. She tried to pay attention to what he was saying. If you paid more attention in class, you might actually learn something! Scott sat down at his
33、desk and turned his attention to the file he had in front of him. As a society we need to give more attention to the needs of older people. Now hes gone, I can give you my undivided attention. This game is fun and is sure to keep the attention of any young student. They listened to the speech with c
34、lose attention. Attention to detail is essential in this job. During the lecture Sarahs attention began to wander.,COLLOCATIONS,WORD FOCUS: AIRPORT what you do at the airport: When you arrive at the airport, you go into the terminal building. You check in for your flight at the check-in desk . You s
35、how your passport at passport control and then go through security, where they check that you are not carrying any weapons. If you have time you can wait for your flight in the departure lounge. When your flight is called, you go through the departure gate in order to get onto the plane. The plane t
36、hen takes off from the runway. After your plane has landed, you go to the baggage reclaim to collect your bags, then go through customs and immigration, where they check your passport and your bags. You then go out into the arrivals area of the airport.,1.,Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English,
37、WORD FOCUS,Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English, 3rd Edition (1995),1.,Colored picture,to show physical contact (p.1259) to show adjectives (p.1258) to show pieces (p. 416),Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English, 3rd Edition (1995),1.,(4) Colored picture:,to show physical contact (p.1259)
38、punch, pinch, tap, tickle, slap, squeeze, flick, thump, elbow, push, hug, stroke, push/shove, pull/drag, pat,to show adjectives (p.1258) broken windowpane; chipped cup; tattered curtains; threadbare rug;,1.,Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English, 3rd Edition (1995),to show pieces (p.416) a bar o
39、f soap/chocolate; a slice of bread/cake; a cube of sugar; a sheet of paper; a pane of glass; a block of ice;,1.,Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English, 3rd Edition (1995),Oxford Advanced Learners Dictionary 4th Ed. (2000) (英汉双解）,2.,Oxford Advanced Learners Dictionary Appendices:,2.,Punctuation (
40、p.1803),Numerical expressions (p. 1811-1822),Geographical names (p. 1827-1834),Common forenames (p.1835-1842),Family relationships (p.1843),3.,Collins Cobuild English Dictionary (1995),Frequency bands Definitions given in complete sentences Style and Usage Pragmatics,Collins Cobuild English Dictiona
41、ry (1995),Frequency bands: The most frequent words have five black diamonds, the next most frequent four and so on.,5 diamonds: 700 words 4 diamonds: 1200 words 3 diamonds: 1500 words 2 diamonds: 3200 words 1 diamond: 8100 words,3.,Definitions: Given in complete sentences instead of words and phrase
42、s.,play (p.1258-59),Collins Cobuild English Dictionary (1995),3.,Play,When children, animal, or perhaps adults play, they spend time doing enjoyable things, such as using toys and taking part in games.,When you play a sport, game, or match, you take part in it.,When one person or team plays another
43、or plays against them, they compete against them in a sport or game.,When you play a ball or play a shot or a stroke in a game or sport, you kick or hit the ball.,If you play a joke or a trick on someone, you deceive them or give them a surprise in a way that you think is funny, but that often cause
44、s problems for them or annoys them.,If you play with an object or with your hair, you keep moving it or touching it with your fingers, perhaps because you are bored or nervous.,Style and Usage,British/American English Formal/informal word used in journalism or in written/spoken English a medical/leg
45、al/technical term an old-fashioned/offensive word in British English,3.,Collins Cobuild English Dictionary,3.,Collins Cobuild English Dictionary (1995,British/American English,shop (p.1535) 1 In British English, a shop is a building or part of a building where things are sold. The more usual America
46、n word is store health food shops. a record shop Its not available in the shops.,Collins Cobuild English Dictionary (1995) Style and Usuage,formal/informal word ABC (pp.2-3) 2 Children who have learned their ABC or their ABCs have learned to recognize, write, or say the alphabet; an informal use. en
47、couraging him to learn his ABC. abnormal Someone or something that is abnormal is unusual, especially in a way that is worrying; a formal word. abnormal heart rhythms and high anxiety levels. a child with an abnormal fear of strangers. damn fool. Damn fool is a mild swear word meaning very stupid; a
48、n old-fashioned expression. What a damn fool thing to do!,3.,Pragmatics,suppose (p.1679),3.,Collins Cobuild English Dictionary (1995),4.,The Kenkyusha Dictionary of English Collocations 英语搭配大词典 外研社， 2005年,Change (pp.273-274) change n.（1）改变；变化；转变；变革；更改；更换；替换物；换车（或船等）ring the s 用种种方式重复同一意见 ：Momentous changes have been ac