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1、1,中医内科护理,2,Goals of Studying,掌握各个病证的病情分析及护理。 掌握相关专业词汇。 熟悉各个病证的定义。 了解各个病证的健康指导。 能够灵活运用理论知识对个案进行有针对性的护理。,http:/ cold,4,Common cold,Definition Common cold 是感受触冒外邪所导致的常见外感疾病，临床表现以鼻塞，流涕，喷嚏，头痛，恶寒、发热、全身不适等为特征。四季均可发病，尤以冬春季节为多。,5,感冒一名，北宋仁斋直指方即有记载。而内经已指出感冒主要是外感风邪所致。元丹溪心法伤风明确指出病位属肺，根据辨证，分列辛温、辛凉两大治法。此后医家又对虚人感冒有
2、进一步的认识，提出扶正达邪的治疗要求。,Common cold,6,Cause of Disease and Pathomechanism 六淫( six exogenous pathogenic factors ) 时行病毒( seasonal virus ) 人体正气( health qi )不足 其病机关键在于邪实正虚(excess of evil and asthenia of health qi ) 。,Common cold,7,Analyses of pathological conditions 风寒感冒(common cold due to wind-cold) 风热感冒(c
3、ommon cold due to wind-heat) 暑湿感冒(common cold due to summer-dampness) 体虚感冒,气虚感冒 (common cold due to asthenia of qi) 阴虚感冒 (common cold due to asthenia of yin),Common cold,8,Analyses of pathological conditions Common cold due to wind-cold 恶寒重，发热轻，无汗头痛，肢体痰楚，鼻塞声重，时流清涕，咽痒咳嗽，痰稀薄色白，口不渴或喜热饮，苔薄白而润，脉浮或浮紧。,Com
4、mon cold,9,Analyses of pathological conditions Common cold due to wind-heat 身热较著，微恶风，汗泄不畅，头胀痛，鼻塞，流黄浊涕，口渴欲饮，咽喉红肿疼痛，咳嗽，痰黄粘稠，苔薄黄，脉浮数。,Common cold,10,Analyses of pathological conditions Common cold due to summer-dampness 身热，微恶风，汗少，肢体酸重或疼痛，头昏重胀痛，咳嗽痰粘，鼻流浊涕，心烦口渴，或口中粘腻，渴不多饮，胸闷，泛恶，小便短赤，舌苔薄黄而腻，脉濡数。,Common col
5、d,11,Analyses of pathological conditions Common cold due to asthenia of qi 经常感冒，反复不愈，恶寒重，发热，咳嗽，咳痰无力，气短，倦怠，舌淡苔白，脉浮无力。 Common cold due to asthenia of yin 头痛身热，微恶风寒，少汗，头昏，心烦，口干，于咳少痰，舌红少苔，脉细数。,Common cold,12,Problems of patients Nursing goals,Common cold,13,Nursing interventions Common cold due to wind-
6、cold Principle of nursing ：辛温解表 Entirety nursing：,Life care： Diet care： Drugs care： Acupuncture ： Tui na：,Common cold,14,Nursing interventions Common cold due to wind-heat Principle of nursing ：辛凉解表 Entirety nursing ：,Life care： Diet care： Drugs care： Acupuncture ： Tui na：,Common cold,15,Nursing int
7、erventions Common cold due to summer-dampness Principle of nursing ：驱湿解表 Entirety nursing ：,Life care： Diet care： Drugs care： Acupuncture ： Tui na：,Common cold,16,Nursing interventions Common cold due to asthenia of qi Principle of nursing ：益气解表 Entirety nursing ：,Life care： Diet care： Drugs care： A
8、cupuncture ： Tui na：,Common cold,17,Nursing interventions Common cold due to asthenia of yin Principle of nursing ：滋阴解表 Entirety nursing ：,Life care： Diet care： Drugs care： Acupuncture ： Tui na：,Common cold,18,Nursing evaluation Introduction on health 气候突变时要注意保暖，坐卧须防外邪。 保持室内空气流通，或选用食醋熏蒸法、消毒香熏法等做空气消毒
9、。 时行感冒流行期间，可用板蓝根冲剂预防给药。 积极参加体育锻炼，以增强体质。,Common cold,19,20,Cough,咳嗽,21,Teaching objectives,熟悉咳嗽的病因病机 了解其诊断与鉴别诊断 熟悉外感咳嗽及内伤咳嗽的护治原则 掌握常见七种类型咳嗽的辨证施护 了解预防与调养。,22,What is cough ?,23,Definition,Cough 是指肺气上逆做声，咯吐痰涎而言，为肺系疾病的主要证候之一。分别言之，有声无痰为咳，有痰无声为嗽，一般多痰、声并见，故以咳嗽并称。,24,Evolution History,内经对咳嗽已有论述，素问咳论明确指出“五脏六
10、腑皆令人咳，非独肺也。” 明代张景岳将咳嗽归纳为外感、内伤两大类，为咳嗽的辨证奠定了基础。,25,What is its cause ?,26,Cause of Disease & Pathomechanism,咳嗽的病因有外感与内伤两大类，外感咳嗽为六淫外邪人侵肺系；内伤咳嗽为脏腑功能失调，内邪干肺。病机关键在于肺失宣肃，肺气上逆而作咳。 外感咳嗽( exogenous cough ) 内伤咳嗽( cough due to internal injury ),27,Analyses of pathological conditions,exogenous cough cough due to
11、 internal injury,风寒袭肺 风热犯肺 风燥伤肺,痰湿犯肺 痰热郁肺 肝火犯肺 肺阴亏耗,28,Exogenous cough 风寒袭肺( wind-cold attacking lung ) 咳嗽声重，气急，咽痒，咳痰稀薄色白，常伴有鼻塞、流清涕、头痛、肢体酸楚、恶寒发热、无汗等表证，苔薄白，脉浮或浮紧。,Analyses of pathological conditions,29,Exogenous cough 风热犯肺( wind-heat attacking lung ) 咳嗽频剧，气粗，或咳声嘶哑，喉痒咽痛，咳痰不爽，痰粘稠或色黄，咳时汗出，常伴有鼻流黄涕、口渴、身热等
12、表证，舌苔薄黄，脉浮数。,Analyses of pathological conditions,30,Exogenous cough 风燥伤肺( wind-dryness attacking lung ) 干咳频作，连声作呛，咽喉干痛，唇鼻干燥，无痰，或痰少而粘连成丝，不易咳出，痰中带血丝，口干，初起可伴有鼻塞、头痛、微寒身热等表证，苔薄白或薄黄，质红，干而少津，脉浮数。,Analyses of pathological conditions,31,Cough due to internal injury 痰湿犯肺 ( phlegm-dampness obstructing lung ) 咳
13、嗽反复发作，咳声重浊，痰多，因痰而咳，痰出咳平，痰粘腻或稠厚成块，色白或黄灰色，胸闷，脘痞，呕恶，食少，体倦，大便时溏，苔白腻，脉濡滑。,Analyses of pathological conditions,32,Cough due to internal injury 痰热郁肺 ( stagnation of phlegm-dampness in lung ) 咳嗽气息粗促，或喉间有痰声，痰多质粘或稠黄，咯吐不爽，或吐血痰，胸胁胀满，咳时引痛，面赤，或有身热，口干欲饮，舌红，苔薄黄腻，脉滑数。,Analyses of pathological conditions,33,Cough due
14、 to internal injury 肝火犯肺( liver-fire attacking lung ) 上气咳逆阵作，咳时面赤，咽干，常感痰滞咽喉，咯之难出，量少质粘，胸胁胀痛，咳时引痛，口干苦，可随情绪波动而增减，舌苔薄黄少津，脉弦数。,Analyses of pathological conditions,34,Cough due to internal injury 肺阴亏耗( lack of lung-yin ) 干咳，咳声短促，痰少粘白，或痰中夹血，或声音逐渐嘶哑，口干咽燥，或午后潮热颧红，手足心热，盗汗，神疲，舌质红，少苔，脉细数。,Analyses of pathologic
15、al conditions,35,诊断 Diagnosis,鉴别诊断 Differential diagnosis,&,36,诊断 Diagnosis,咳逆有声，或伴咽痒咯痰。 外感咳嗽，起病急，可伴有寒热等表证；内伤咳嗽，每因外感反复发作，病程较长，咳而伴喘。 急性期，血白细胞总数和中性粒细胞增高。 听诊可闻及两肺野呼吸音增粗，或伴散在干湿性罗音。 肺部线摄片检查，正常或肺纹理增粗。,37,Problems of patients Nursing goals,38,Exogenous cough wind-cold attacking lung Principle of nursing ：疏
16、风散寒，宣肺止咳 Entirety nursing ：,Life care： Diet care： Drugs care： Acupuncture ： Tui na： ：,Nursing interventions,39,Exogenous cough wind-heat attacking lung Principle of nursing ：疏风清热，宣肺化痰 Entirety nursing ：,Life care： Diet care： Drugs care： Acupuncture ： Tui na：,Nursing interventions,40,Exogenous cough
17、wind-dryness attacking lung Principle of nursing ：疏风清肺，润燥止咳 Entirety nursing ：,Life care： Diet care： Drugs care： Acupuncture ： Tui na：,Nursing interventions,41,Cough due to internal injury phlegm-dampness obstructing lung Principle of nursing ：健脾燥湿，化痰止咳 Entirety nursing ：,Life care： Diet care： Drugs
18、 care： Acupuncture ： Tui na：,Nursing interventions,42,Cough due to internal injury stagnation of phlegm-dampness in lung Principle of nursing ：清热化痰肃肺 Entirety nursing ：,Life care： Diet care： Drugs care： Acupuncture ： Tui na：,Nursing interventions,43,Cough due to internal injury Liver-fire attacking
19、lung Principle of nursing ：清肺平肝，顺气降火 Entirety nursing ：,Life care： Diet care： Drugs care： Acupuncture ： Tui na：,Nursing interventions,44,Cough due to internal injury Lack of lung-yin Principle of nursing ：滋阴润肺，止咳化痰 Entirety nursing ：,Life care： Diet care： Drugs care： Acupuncture ： Tui na：,Nursing in
20、terventions,45,Nursing evaluation Introduction on health 防寒保暖，避免外邪侵袭。若已有感冒迹象者，可服用姜糖水或解表药以驱邪外出。 锻炼身体，增强体质，配合气功或呼吸操 戒烟，忌食辛辣油腻之品。,46,哮证,Wheezing syndrome,47,Wheezing syndrome,definition Wheezing syndrome 是一种发作性的痰鸣气喘疾患。发作时喉中哮鸣有声，呼吸气促困难，甚则喘息不能平卧。,48,哮证发作期的基本病理变化为“伏痰（latent phlegm)”遇感饮触，痰随气升，气因痰阻，相互搏结，壅塞气
21、道，肺气宣降失常，引动停积之痰，而致痰鸣如吼，气息喘促。,Cause of Disease & Pathomechanism,49,Analyses of pathological conditions 寒哮(cold wheezing)：呼吸急促，喉中哮鸣有声，胸膈满闷如塞，咳不甚，痰少咯吐不爽，面色晦滞，口不渴；或渴喜热饮，天冷或受寒易发，形寒肢冷，舌苔白滑，脉弦紧或浮紧。 热哮(hot wheezing)：气喘息涌，喉中痰鸣如吼，胸高胁胀，呛咳阵作，咳痰色黄或白，粘浊稠厚，排吐不利，烦闷不安，汗出，面赤，口苦，口渴喜饮，舌红，苔黄腻，脉弦滑或滑数。,Wheezing syndrome,5
22、0,Problems of patients Nursing goals,Wheezing syndrome,51,Nursing interventions Cold wheezing Principle of nursing ：温肺散寒，化痰平喘 Entirety nursing,Life care： Diet care： Drugs care： Acupuncture ： Other methods:,Wheezing syndrome,52,Nursing interventions Hot wheezing Principle of nursing ：清热宣肺，化痰平喘 Entire
23、ty nursing :,Life care： Diet care： Drugs care： Acupuncture ： Other methods：,Wheezing syndrome,53,Nursing evaluation Introduction on health 可视身体情况进行跑步、太极拳、冷水浴等锻炼。 避免接触刺激性的气体、灰尘、花粉等，忌吸烟。 饮食宜清淡，忌食肥甘、腥膻、辛辣、生冷等。,Wheezing syndrome,54,喘证,Asthma syndrome / dyspnea syndrome,55,了解喘证的概念，范围 熟悉喘证的病因病机 掌握实喘与虚喘的鉴别
24、诊断和各证型的辨证施护 熟悉喘脱的护治措施 了解预防与调养。,Teaching objectives,56,Definition,Asthma syndrome 是以呼吸困难，甚至张口抬肩，鼻翼煽动，不能平卧为特征。严重者可持续不解，发生喘脱。,57,Evolution History,内经认为喘证以肺为主病之脏，并且描述了喘证的临床特点。 金匮要略肺痿肺痈咳嗽上气病中，“上气”即指喘息不能平卧的症候。 明张景岳把喘证归纳为虚实两类，指出喘证的辨证纲领。 清叶天士进一步指出喘证“在肺为实，在肾为虚”，为喘证的病机重点。,58,Cause of Disease & Pathomechanism,
25、总之，喘证病因有外感与内伤，病性有虚实不同，病位主要在肺肾两脏，实喘(sthenia dyspnea / excess dyspnea)在肺，为外邪、痰浊、肝郁气逆等，邪壅肺气，宣降不利；虚喘(asthenia-asthma / deficiency-asthma )责之于肺肾两脏，因精气不足，气阴亏耗而致肺肾出纳失常，重点在肾，且以气虚为主。,59,Analyses of pathological conditions,Excess dyspnea Asthenia asthma,风寒袭肺 表寒里热 痰浊阻肺 肺气郁痹,肺虚 肾虚,60,Excess dyspnea Wind-cold at
26、tacking lung 喘咳气急，胸部胀闷，痰多稀薄色白，兼有头痛，恶寒，或伴发热，口不渴，无汗，苔薄白而滑，脉浮紧。,Analyses of pathological conditions,61,Excess dyspnea 表寒里热( exterior cold and interior heat ) 喘逆上气，胸胀或痛，鼻煽，咳而不爽，咳痰稠粘，伴有形寒，身热，烦闷，身痛，有汗或无汗，口渴，舌质红，苔薄白或黄，脉浮数或滑。,Analyses of pathological conditions,62,Excess dyspnea 痰浊阻肺(turbid phlegm obstructi
27、ng lung) 喘而胸满窒闷，甚则胸盈仰息，咳嗽痰多粘腻色白，咯吐不利，兼有呕恶，纳呆，口粘不渴，苔白厚腻，脉滑。,Analyses of pathological conditions,63,Excess dyspnea 肺气郁痹( obstruction of pulmonary qi ) 每遇情志刺激而诱发，发时突然呼吸短促，但喉中痰声不著，气憋，胸闷胸痛，咽中如窒，失眠，心悸，苔薄，脉弦。,Analyses of pathological conditions,64,Asthenia-asthma 肺虚(lung-asthenia) 喘促短气，气怯声低，喉有鼾声，咳声低弱，痰吐稀薄，
28、自汗恶风，或咳呛痰少，质粘，烦热口干，咽喉不利，舌质淡红或舌红苔剥，脉软弱或细数。,Analyses of pathological conditions,65,Asthenia-asthma 肾虚( kidney-asthenia ) 喘促日久，动则喘甚，呼多吸少，气不得续，形瘦神惫，汗出肢冷，面青唇紫，舌苔淡白，脉微细或沉弱。或喘咳，面红烦躁，足冷，汗出如油，舌红少津，脉细数。,Analyses of pathological conditions,66,诊断 Diagnosis,鉴别诊断 Differential diagnosis,&,67,诊断 Diagnosis,以气短喘促，呼吸困
29、难，甚至张口抬肩，鼻翼煽动，不能平卧，口唇发绀为特征 多有慢性咳嗽，哮病，肺痿，心悸等病史，每遇外感及劳累而诱发。 呈桶状胸，叩诊胸部呈过清音，心浊音界缩小或消失，肝浊音界下移，肺呼吸音减低。,68,诊断 Diagnosis,可闻及干、湿性罗音或哮鸣音。或肝肿大，下肢浮肿，颈静脉怒张。 合并感染者，白细胞总数及中性粒细胞可增高。必要时查血钾、钠，二氧化碳结合力及X线胸部摄片，心电图，心、肺功能测定，血气分析等。,69,Problems of patients Nursing goals,70,Excess dyspnea Wind-cold attacking lung Principle o
30、f nursing ：宣肺散寒平喘 Entirety nursing :,Life care： Diet care： Drugs care： Acupuncture ： Other methods：,Nursing interventions,71,Excess dyspnea Exterior cold and interior heat Principle of nursing ：宣肺泄热 Entirety nursing :,Life care： Diet care： Drugs care： Acupuncture ： Other methods：,Nursing interventio
31、ns,72,Excess dyspnea Turbid phlegm obstructing lung Principle of nursing ：化痰降气 Entirety nursing :,Life care： Diet care： Drugs care： Acupuncture ： Other methods：,Nursing interventions,73,Excess dyspnea Obstruction of pulmonary qi Principle of nursing ：开郁降气平喘 Entirety nursing :,Life care： Diet care： D
32、rugs care： Acupuncture ： Other methods：,Nursing interventions,74,Asthenia-asthma Lung-asthenia Principle of nursing ：补肺益气养阴 Entirety nursing :,Life care： Diet care： Drugs care： Acupuncture ： Other methods：,Nursing interventions,75,Asthenia-asthma Kidney-asthenia Principle of nursing ：补肾纳气 Entirety nursing :,Life care： Diet care： Drugs care： Acupuncture ： Other methods：,Nursing interventions,76,Nursing evaluation Introduction on health 慎风寒，节饮食，薄滋味，积极参加体育锻炼以增强体质。 积极治疗感冒，咳嗽等肺系病证，防止演变成本证 戒烟，避免各种有害的气体及烟尘刺激。 注意情志调畅，保持良好的心情；要节制房事。,77,