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1、AS 2001.2.25.42006 ISO 12947-4:1998 and ISO 12947-4:1998/Cor. 1:2002 .au Australian Standard TM Methods of test for textiles Method 2.25.4: Physical testsDetermination of the abrasion resistance of fabrics by the Martindale methodAssessment of appearance change PREFACE This Standard was prepared by
2、the Standards Australian Committee TX-020, Testing of Textiles to supersede, in part, AS 2001.2.251990, Methods of test for textiles, Method 2.25: Physical tests Determination of flat abrasion of textile fabrics (Martindale abrasion method). The objective of this Standard is to provide manufacturers
3、 and testing bodies with a Standard for specifying the testing apparatus required for the determination of the abrasion resistance of fabrics. This Standard is identical with and has been reproduced from ISO 12947-4:1998, Textiles Determination of the abrasion resistance of fabrics by the Martindale
4、 methodPart 4: Assessment of appearance change and its Corrigendum 1:2002, which has been added after the main source text. As this Standard is reproduced from an International Standard, the following applies: (a) Its number appears on the cover and title page while the International Standard number
5、 appears only on the cover. (b) In the source text this part of ISO 12947 should read this Australian Standard. (c) A full point should be substituted for a comma when referring to a decimal marker. The reference to International Standard should be replaced by references to the following Australian
6、Standards: References to International Standards Australian Standards ISO AS 105 TextileTests for colour fastness 2001 Methods of test for textiles 105-A02 Part A02: Grey scale for assessing change in colour 2001.4.A02Method A02: Grey scale for assessing change in colour 139 TextilesStandard atmosph
7、eres for conditioning and testing 2001.1 Part 1: Conditioning procedures 2859 Sampling procedures for inspection by attributes 1199 Sampling procedures for inspection attributes. 2859-1 Part 1: Sampling plans indexed by acceptable quality level (AQL) for lot-by-lot inspection 1199.1 Part 1: Sampling
8、 schemes indexed by acceptance quality limit (AQL) for lot-by-lot inspection 12947 TextilesDetermination of the abrasion resistance of fabrics by the Martindale method 12947-1 Part 1: Martindale abrasion testing apparatus 2001.2.25.1Method 2.25.1: Physical tests Determination of the abrasion resista
9、nce of fabrics by the Martindale methodMartindale abrasion testing apparatus The term normative has been used in this Standard to define the application of the appendix to which it applies. A normative appendix is an integral part of a Standard. AS 2001.2.25.42006 i i Accessed by UNIVERSITY OF SOUTH
10、 AUSTRALIA on 18 Jul 2007 NOTES ii ii Accessed by UNIVERSITY OF SOUTH AUSTRALIA on 18 Jul 2007 1 Scope This part of ISO 12947 is applicable to the assessment of the appearance change of specimens covering all textile fabrics including nonwovens and fabrics where the specifier indicates the end perfo
11、rmance as having a low abrasion wear life. This method differs appreciably from those in ISO 12947-2 and 12947-3. NOTE Further introductory comments are given in ISO 12947-1. 2 Normative references The following normative documents contain provisions which, through reference in this text, constitute
12、 provisions of this part of ISO 12947. For dated references, subsequent amendments to, or revisions of, any of these publications do not apply. However, parties to agreements based on this part of ISO 12947 are encouraged to investigate the possibility of applying the most recent editions of the nor
13、mative documents indicated below. For undated references, the latest edition of the normative document referred to applies. Members of ISO and IEC maintain registers of currently valid International Standards. ISO 105-A02:1993, Textiles Tests for colour fastness Part A02: Grey scale for assessing ch
14、ange in colour. ISO 139:1973, Textiles Standard atmospheres for conditioning and testing. ISO 2859-1:1),Sampling procedures for inspection by attributes Part 1: Sampling plans indexed by acceptable quality level (AQL) for lot-by-lot inspection. ISO 12947-1:1998, Textiles Determination of the abrasio
15、n resistance of fabrics by the Martindale method Part 1: Martindale abrasion testing apparatus. 3 Definitions For the purposes of this part of ISO 12947 the definitions given in ISO 12947-1 apply. 4 Principle A circular specimen is subjected to a defined load and rubbed against an abrasive medium (s
16、tandard fabric) in a translational movement tracing a Lissajous figure. The specimen holder containing the abrasive medium is additionally freely rotatable around its own axis perpendicular to the plane of the specimen. The evaluation of the abrasion resistance of the textile fabric is determined fr
17、om assessment of the appearance change. 1) To be published. (Revision of ISO 2859:1989) 1 1 Accessed by UNIVERSITY OF SOUTH AUSTRALIA on 18 Jul 2007 .au Standards Australia Tests are performed using the mass of the specimen holder and spindle alone at (198 2) g. The surface change of the test specim
18、en is assessed and compared with an untested specimen of the same fabric, with the option of using two methods: a) abrasion testing to an agreed number of rubs and assessing whether a surface change has occurred; b) abrasion testing to an agreed surface change and determination of the test interval
19、in which the surface change has been produced. 5 Apparatus and materials The test apparatus and auxiliary materials are specified in ISO 12947-1. 6 Conditioning and testing atmosphere The standard temperate atmosphere for conditioning and testing textiles as defined in ISO 139 shall be used, i.e a t
20、emperature of (20 2) C and a relative humidity of (65 5) %. 7 Sampling and preparation of test specimens 7.1 General Perform sampling in accordance with statistical rules (see ISO 2859-1). Ensure throughout sampling and specimen preparation that handling imposes the minimum possible tensile stress s
21、o as to prevent incorrect extension of the textile fabric. 7.2 Selection of the laboratory sample Select the laboratory sample from a test lot to be representative of properties of the textile fabric. Check the representative nature of sampling from the start or end of a textile fabric. Take the lab
22、oratory sample from across the full fabric width. 7.3 Sampling of the test specimens from the laboratory sample Before sampling the test specimens from the laboratory samples, condition the laboratory samples free from tension, for at least 18 h on a smooth horizontal surface with free access of air
23、 exposed to the standard atmosphere specified in clause 6. For woven fabrics, take the specimens so that they each contain different warp and weft threads. Take the test specimens at least 100 mm from the edge distributed across the entire laboratory sample. Take a sufficient number of test specimen
24、s (at least three) to be in accordance with statistical notes (see 7.1). For patterned fabrics or fabrics with textured surface, take care that the test specimens contain all characteristic parts of the pattern, ensuring that the parts of the pattern likely to be sensitive to abrasion are contained
25、in the test specimens. 7.4 Dimensions of specimens and auxiliary materials 7.4.1 Dimensions of the test specimens The dimensions of the test specimen shall be at least 140 mm in diameter or length and width. 2 2 Accessed by UNIVERSITY OF SOUTH AUSTRALIA on 18 Jul 2007 .au Standards Australia 7.4.2 D
26、imensions of abradant The diameter of the abradant shall be 38 0 + +5 mm. 7.4.3 Dimensions of the test specimen felt substrate The diameter of the test specimen felt substrate shall be 140 0 +5 mm. 7.4.4 Dimensions of the abradant foam backing The diameter of the abradant foam backing shall be 38 0
27、+ +5 mm. 7.5 Preparation and mounting of the test specimens and cutting-out and mounting of the auxiliary materials 7.5.1 Preparation Stamp or cut out the test specimens from the laboratory sample. Give particular attention to the clean status of the cut edges to prevent the occurrence of unwanted m
28、aterial loss in subsequent handling. Prepare the auxiliary materials in a similar fashion from the available pieces of woven fabric, felt or foam. NOTE The auxiliary materials may under some circumstances be obtained already prepared to the required dimensions. 7.5.2 Mounting of the specimen Move th
29、e specimen holder guide plate to ensure free access to the abrading tables. Place the felt on the abrading tables and place the test specimen over the felt. Compress the felt and test specimen on the abrading table with a pressing weight having a mass (2,5 0,5) kg and a diameter of (120 10) mm. Fit
30、the clamping ring and secure the felt and test specimen firmly. 7.5.3 Mounting of the abradant Place the specimen holder nut in the mounting device on the machine frame. Place the abradant in the specimen holder nut with wear side downward carefully and centrally. Place the foam backing on the abrad
31、ant. Place the specimen holder insert in the specimen holder nut, place the specimen holder body over the nut and screw down tightly. 7.6 Useful life of auxiliary materials Renew the abradant and foam backing for every test. Inspect the felt for soiling and wear after every abrasion test. If soiling
32、 or detectable wear occur replace the felt. Both sides of the felt may be used. 7.7 Preparation of the abrasion machine After mounting the test specimens and auxiliary materials place the specimen holder guide plate in position and correctly position the specimen holders and spindles at their respec
33、tive work stations. 3 3 Accessed by UNIVERSITY OF SOUTH AUSTRALIA on 18 Jul 2007 .au Standards Australia 8 Abrasion test procedure Start the abrasion tester after preselecting the number of rubs according to the relevant test series listed in table 1 and completing the preparations in accordance wit
34、h clause 7. Continue the test without interruption until the prescribed number of rubs is reached. Depending on the expected number of rubs to reach prescribed appearance change in the test specimen, use the test interval (rubs) listed in table 1, assessing the appearance of the specimen at each int
35、erval. To assess the appearance, carefully remove the specimen holders with the mounted abradant. Remove the test specimens mounted on the abrading table from the testing machine and assess for surface change. If the prescribed surface change has not yet been established, remount the test specimens
36、and specimen holders and continue testing to the next test interval. Ensure that test specimens and specimen holders are returned to the work stations from which they were taken. Continue this test and assessment sequence until the prescribed surface appearance is observed in the test specimens. The
37、 result, separately recorded for every test specimen, is the number of rubs at which the prescribed surface appearance had not yet been observed. The time interval is thereby determined in which the surface appearance occurs. In the event of all test specimens not exhibiting the prescribed effect si
38、multaneously, continue the abrasion test with the remaining test specimens until the last of the test specimens exhibits the prescribed effect. Because the surface appearance of different fabrics may vary, the viewing conditions and surface appearance to be assessed shall be agreed before the start
39、of testing and recorded in the test report. Table 1 Test intervals for surface appearance testing Test series Expected number of rubs to reach prescribed surface appearance Test interval (rubs) a b c ? 48 ? 48 ? 200 ? 200 16 then every 8 48 then every 16 100 then every 50 9 Results For each test spe
40、cimen determine the test interval in which the prescribed surface effect occurs (see clause 8). From the individual values calculate the mean and where necessary the confidence limits of the mean. If required assess shade change in accordance with ISO 105-A02. NOTE See ISO 5725 for literature on sta
41、tistical evaluation or visual examination of textiles using ordinal characteristics. 10 Test report The test report shall include the following information: a) reference to this part of ISO 12947, i.e. ISO 12947-4; b) specimen constitution, presentation and technical data for the test sample; c) det
42、ails and test series (see table 1) of the method used and a description or representation of basis of assessment (e.g. ordinal scale used, standard samples); 4 4 Accessed by UNIVERSITY OF SOUTH AUSTRALIA on 18 Jul 2007 .au Standards Australia d) test or assessment results: the confidence limits of t
43、he mean value if applicable; whether shade change has been assessed (see clause 9), if applicable; e) departures from the procedure (e.g. special agreements on the conditions of testing or assessment); f) date of test. 5 5 Accessed by UNIVERSITY OF SOUTH AUSTRALIA on 18 Jul 2007 .au Standards Austra
44、lia Annex A (normative) Specimen preparation for specific fabrics A.1 Stretch fabrics For elastane-containing fabrics prepare the test specimen as follows. Cut or stamp out test specimens of dimensions 60 mm ? 60 mm in square shapes, parallel with the stitches or threads. Condition and place them on
45、 the square table mount of the test bed, measuring 45 mm ? 45 mm, with the side to be abraded facing downwards. Place a clip of 30 mm edge length on each of the four sides of the test specimen hanging over the table, secure and hang a mass on each clip without stretching the specimen. Place the four
46、 mass pieces on the bracket that can be lowered. The mass of each weight with clamp shall be 100 g. Lower and raise the bracket (and consequently the mass too) three times in quick succession so that the test specimen is subjected to loading (extended) three times by the four mass pieces and release
47、 the load. Lower the bracket again with renewed loading (extension) of the test specimen. In this state press a square foil measuring about 50 mm ? 50 mm to which double-sided tape is attached and which has a 30 mm diameter hole in the centre, on to the extended test specimen and affix it by means o
48、f the adhesive tape. Raise the bracket again. Remove the weights from the specimen, remove the specimen from the mounting device and stamp the test specimen size of 38 mm for the abrasion test. Care should be taken that the hole of 30 mm diameter stamped in the foil is precisely centred so that the
49、stamped-out specimen is held in the lightly extended state by a foil circle 4 mm wide. To prevent the circular adhesion area loosening, mount the test specimen in the specimen holder immediately after stamping. See figure A.1. NOTE Polyvinylchloride clear foils of 0,2 mm thickness have proved successful. Before stamping to the square shape measuring about 50 mm ? 50 mm, attach double-sided tape (e.g. carpet fitting tape) to one sid