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1、 - W - - - - - - 77- 7 777- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - W W D - w - - - - CEN/TS 1992-4-1:2009 (E) 2 Contents Page Foreword 4 1Scope 6 1.1General 6 1.2Type of fasteners and fastening groups .6 1.3Fastener dimensions and materials.8 1.4Fastener loading 9 1.4.1T
2、ype of loading 9 1.4.2Direction of loading .9 1.5Concrete strength 9 1.6Concrete member loading . 10 2Normative references . 10 3Definitions and symbols 11 3.1Definitions . 11 3.2Notations . 16 3.2.1Indices 16 3.2.2Actions and Resistances . 17 3.2.3Concrete and steel 18 3.2.4Units . 20 4Basis of des
3、ign . 21 4.1General . 21 4.2Required verifications 21 4.3Design format 22 4.4Verification by the partial factor method 23 4.4.1General . 23 4.4.2Partial factors for indirect and fatigue actions 23 4.4.3Partial factors for resistance . 23 4.5Project specification and installation of fasteners 25 5Det
4、ermination of concrete condition and action effects 26 5.1Non-cracked and cracked concrete 26 5.2Derivation of forces acting on fasteners 26 5.2.1General . 26 5.2.2Tension loads 27 5.2.3Shear loads 30 6Verification of ultimate limit state . 37 6.1General . 37 7Verification of fatigue limit state . 3
5、8 7.1General . 38 7.2Derivation of loads acting on fasteners . 39 7.3Resistance . 40 8Verification for seismic loading 42 8.1General . 42 8.2Requirements 42 8.3Actions . 42 8.4Resistance . 42 9Verification of serviceability limit state 45 Annex A (normative) Local transmission of fastener loads into
6、 the concrete member . 46 A.1General . 46 A.2Verification of the shear resistance of the concrete member 46 A.3Verification of the resistance to splitting forces . 47 CEN/TS 1992-4-1:2009 (E) 3 Annex B (normative) Plastic design approach, fastenings with headed fasteners and post- installed fastener
7、s . 48 B.1Field of application 48 B.2Loads on fastenings 50 B.3Design of fastenings . 52 B.3.1Partial factors . 52 B.3.2Resistance to tension load . 52 B.3.3Resistance to shear load 54 Annex C (informative) Durability . 56 C.1General . 56 C.2Fasteners in dry, internal conditions 56 C.3Fasteners in e
8、xternal atmospheric or in permanently damp internal exposure . 56 C.4Fasteners in high corrosion exposure by chloride and sulphur dioxide 56 Annex D (informative) Exposure to fire design method . 57 D.1General . 57 D.2Partial factors . 57 D.3Resistance under fire exposure . 57 D.3.1General . 57 D.3.
9、2Tension load 57 D.3.3Shear load 59 D.3.4Combined tension and shear load . 60 Annex E (informative) Recommended additions and alterations to EN 1998-1:2004, 4.3.5 (Design of structures for earthquake resistance) for the design of fastenings under seismic loading 61 E.1General . 61 E.2Additions to Se
10、ction 4.3.5.1 of EN 1998-1:2004 . 61 E.3Additions and alterations to EN 1998-1:2004, 4.3.5.2 61 E.4Additions to EN 1998-1:2004, 4.3.5.3 . 63 E.5Additions and alterations to EN 1998-1:2004, 4.3.5.4 63 CEN/TS 1992-4-1:2009 (E) 4 Foreword This document (CEN/TS 1992-4-1:2009) has been prepared by Techni
11、cal Committee CEN/TC 250 “Structural Eurocodes”, the secretariat of which is held by BSI. Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of patent rights. CEN and/or CENELEC shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent righ
12、ts. This Technical Specification CEN/TS 1992-4-1 General, describes the general principles and requirements for safety, serviceability and durability of fasteners for use in concrete, together with specific requirements for structures serving as base material for the fasteners. It is based on the li
13、mit state concept used in conjunction with a partial factor method. The numerical values for partial factors and other reliability parameters are recommended values and may be changed in a National Annex, if required. The recommended values apply when: a) the fasteners comply with the requirements o
14、f 1.2.2, and b) the installation complies with the requirements of 4.5. CEN/TS 1992-4 Design of fastenings for use in concrete is subdivided into the following parts: Part 1: General Part 2: Headed fasteners Part 3: Anchor channels Part 4: Post-installed fasteners Mechanical systems Part 5: Post-ins
15、talled fasteners Chemical systems Part 1 is applicable to all products. Special rules applicable to particular products are given in Parts 2 to 5 of the series CEN/TS 1992-4. These Parts should be used only in conjunction with Part 1. According to the CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulations, the national s
16、tandards organizations of the following countries are bound to announce this Technical Specification: Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, P
17、oland, Portugal, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland and the United Kingdom. National Annex for CEN/TS 1992-4-1 This CEN/TS gives values with notes indicating where national choices may have to be made. When this CEN/TS is made available at national level it may be followed by a
18、National Annex containing all Nationally Determined Parameters to be used for the design of fastenings according to this CEN/TS for use in the relevant country. National choice of the partial factors and reliability parameters is allowed in design according to this CEN/TS in the following clauses: 4
19、.4.2; 4.4.3.1.1; CEN/TS 1992-4-1:2009 (E) 5 4.4.3.1.2; 4.4.3.1.3; 4.4.3.2; 4.4.3.3; 5.1.2; B.3.1; D.2. CEN/TS 1992-4-1:2009 (E) 6 1 Scope 1.1 General 1.1.1 This CEN/TS provides a design method for fasteners for structural purposes, which are used to transmit actions to the concrete. Inserts embedded
20、 in precast concrete elements during production, under FPC conditions and with the due reinforcement, intended for use only during transient situations for lifting and handling, are covered by the CEN/TR “Design and Use of Inserts for Lifting and Handling Precast Concrete Elements”, by CEN TC 229. 1
21、.1.2 This CEN/TS is intended for applications in which the failure of fastenings will: 1) result in collapse or partial collapse of the structure, or 2) cause risk to human life, or 3) lead to significant economic loss. 1.1.3 The support of the fixture may be either statically determinate or statica
22、lly indeterminate, defined as multiple anchor use in some European Technical Approvals (ETAs). Each support may consist of one fastener or a group of fasteners. 1.1.4 This CEN/TS is valid for applications which fall within the scope of the series EN 1992. In applications where special considerations
23、 apply, e.g. nuclear power plants or civil defence structures, modifications may be necessary. 1.1.5 This CEN/TS does not cover the design of the fixture. The design of the fixture shall be carried out to comply with the appropriate Standards. Requirements for stiffness and ductility of the fixture
24、are given in clauses 5 and 8. 1.2 Type of fasteners and fastening groups 1.2.1 This CEN/TS applies to: a) cast-in fasteners such as headed fasteners, anchor channels with rigid connection between fastener and channel; b) post-installed anchors such as expansion anchors, undercut anchors, concrete sc
25、rews, bonded anchors, bonded expansion anchors and bonded undercut anchors. For other types of fasteners modifications of the design provisions may be necessary. 1.2.2 This CEN/TS applies to fasteners with established suitability for the specified application in concrete covered by provisions, which
26、 refer to this CEN/TS and provide data required by this CEN/TS. The necessary data are listed in Parts 2 to 5. NOTE Where there is no European Standard for a particular fastener which refers specifically to the use of this fastener or where the fastener deviates significantly from the European Stand
27、ard, the establishment of suitability may result from: a) European Technical Approval (ETA) which refers specifically to the use of the fastener in concrete; b) relevant national standard or provision which refers specifically to the use of the fastener in concrete; c) documentation of the fastener
28、should include the characteristic resistance of the fastener and consider effects influencing the reliability of fasteners both during installation and in service life under sustained and variable loads, as well as the sensitivity to possible deviations on any of the factors of importance. CEN/TS 19
29、92-4-1:2009 (E) 7 d) Factors to be addressed are: 1) Installation conditions in concrete on site. 2) Drilling method and drill bit diameter in case of post-installed fasteners. 3) Bore hole cleaning. 4) Installation tools. 5) Sustained (long term) and variable loads on the fastener. 6) Variable load
30、s on the concrete structure (crack cycling). 7) Crack width in the concrete structure. 8) Environmental conditions such as air pollution, alkalinity, aggressive environment, humidity, concrete- installation temperature, service temperature 9) Location of fasteners in the concrete component. 10) Mini
31、mum dimensions of the structural component. In addition to the assumptions of EN 1992-1-1 it is assumed that both the design and execution of fastening systems in concrete structures is carried out by personnel having the appropriate skill and experience. 1.2.3 This CEN/TS applies to single fastener
32、s and groups of fasteners. In a fastening group the loads are applied to the individual fasteners of the group by means of a common fixture. In this CEN/TS it is assumed that in a fastening group only fasteners of the same type and size are used. The configurations of fasteners (cast-in place headed
33、 fasteners and post-installed fasteners) covered by this CEN/TS are shown in Figure 1. Distinction is to be made between fastenings with and without hole clearance. The following applications may be considered to have no hole clearance: a) bolts are welded to the fixture or screwed into the fixture,
34、 or b) any gap between the fastener and the fixture is filled with mortar of sufficient compression strength or eliminated by other suitable means; For anchor channels the number of fasteners is not limited. CEN/TS 1992-4-1:2009 (E) 8 Key 1 Fastener 2 Steel plate a) Fastenings without hole clearance
35、, all edge distances b) Fastenings with hole clearance situated far from edges c) Fastenings with hole clearance situated near to an edge a c1 0,5 hn or t 0,2 hn c) with a small anchor plate in each direction, b1 0,5 hn or t d/2, is present, see Figure 16 d diameter of the bolt or thread diameter, s
36、ee Figure 17 The design moment acting on the fastening is calculated according to Equation (14) M EdEd l VM (14) The value M depends on the degree of restraint of the fastening at the side of the fixture of the application in question and should be determined according to good engineering practice.
37、No restraint ( M = 1,0) should be assumed if the fixture can rotate freely (see Figure 19a). Full restraint ( M = 2,0) may be assumed only if the fixture cannot rotate (see Figure 19b) and the fixture is clamped to the fastening by a nut and washer and cannot rotate. NOTE If restraint of the fasteni
38、ng is assumed, the fixture and/or the fastened element must be able to take up the restraint moment. CEN/TS 1992-4-1:2009 (E) 36 Key 1 fastener 2 concrete 3 fixture Figure 18 Definition of the lever arm Key 1 fixture 2 concrete Figure 19 Examples of fasteners without and with full restraint of the f
39、astener at the side of the fixture CEN/TS 1992-4-1:2009 (E) 37 6 Verification of ultimate limit state 6.1 General 6.1.1 It shall be demonstrated that Equation (1) is fulfilled for all loading directions (tension, shear, combined tension and shear) as well as all failure modes (see Figures 20 and 21)
40、. When using plastic analysis additional checks are required (see Annex B). 6.1.2 Verifications and the series CEN/TS 1992-4 required for the different fastener types are given in the product-specific Parts 2 to 5 of this CEN/TS. 6.1.3 Special reinforcement may be provided to take up tension loads,
41、shear loads or combined tension and shear loads. The corresponding design methods are given in the product-specific Parts of this CEN/TS. 6.1.4 Both minimum edge distance and spacing should only be specified with positive tolerances. If this requirement cannot be met, then the influence of negative
42、tolerances on the design resistance shall be taken into account in the design. Key a1) pull-out failure a2) pull-out failure (bond failure) b1), b2), b3) concrete cone failures b4) concrete blow-out failure c) splitting failure d) steel failure Figure 20 Failure modes under tensile loading CEN/TS 19
43、92-4-1:2009 (E) 38 Key a) steel failure b) concrete edge failure c) concrete pry-out failure Figure 21 Failure modes under shear loading 7 Verification of fatigue limit state 7.1 General 7.1.1 This CEN/TS covers applications under pulsating tension or shear load (Figure 22) and alternating shear load (Figure 23) and combinations thereof. Key 1 1 cycle Figure 22 Definition of pulsating actions CEN/TS 1992-4-1:2009 (E) 39 Key 1 1 cycle Figure 23 Definition of alter