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1、IEEE Std 1133-1988 IEEE Application Guide for Evaluating Noncerarnic Materials for High-Voltage - Outdoor Applications Published by The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc 345 East 47th Street, New York, NY 10017, USA OebturJI. BE8 siu245 Authorized licensed use limited to: Peking
2、 University. Downloaded on December 26,2010 at 16:51:57 UTC from IEEE Xplore. Restrictions apply. Authorized licensed use limited to: Peking University. Downloaded on December 26,2010 at 16:51:57 UTC from IEEE Xplore. Restrictions apply. IEEE Std ll33-1988 IEEE Application Guide for Evaluating Nonce
3、ramic Materials for High-Voltage Outdoor Applications Sponsor Outdoor ServiceEhvironmentalcOmmittee of the lEEE Dielectrics and Electrical Insulation Society Approved June 9,1988 IExJ3staIldardsM 0 Copyright 1988 by The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc 345 East 47th Street, New
4、 York, NY 10017, USA No part of this publication may be reproduced in any form, in an electronic retrieval system or otherwise, without the prior written permission of the publisher. Authorized licensed use limited to: Peking University. Downloaded on December 26,2010 at 16:51:57 UTC from IEEE Xplor
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13、 requests for interpretations should be addressed to: Secretary, IEEE Standards Board 345 East 47th Street New York, NY 10017 USA IEEE Standards documents are adopted by the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers without regard to whether their adoption may involve patents on articles, ma
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15、. Restrictions apply. (This Foreword is not a part of IEEE Std 1133-1988, IEEE Guide For Evaluating Nonceramic Materials For High-Voltage Outdoor Applications.) This guide was prepared to assist users in evaluating nonceramic materials for high-voltage outdoor applications. Although various tests ar
16、e outlined for the screening selection of materials, judgment and experience are essential in the overall selection process. At the time of writing, the Outdoor Service Environment Committee had the following membership who contributed to the writing of this document: EA. Cherney, Chairman J. E. Age
17、e A. Arakawa J. Braditt D. Dumora R. W Harmon J. L. Nicholls T. Orbeck C. de Tourreil The following persons were on the balloting committee that approved this document for submission to the IEEE Standards Board: J. E. Agee A. Arakawa J. Braditt R. E. Brideweser E. A. Cherney T. C. Cheng C. de Tourre
18、il D. Dumora R. W. Harmon J. A. Kise J. L. Nicholls T. Orbeck S. Studnian Z. Szilagyi When the IEEE Standards Board approved this standard on June 9, 1988, it had the following - membership: Donald C. Fleckenstein, Chairman Marc0 Migliar0,Vice Chairman Andrew G. Salem, Secretary Arthur A. Blaisdell
19、Fletcher J. Buckley James M. Daly Stephen R. Dillon Eugene P. Fogarty Jay ForateP Thomas L . Hannan Kenneth D. Hendrix Theodore W. Hissey, Jr. John W. Horch Jack M. Kinn Frank D. Kirschner Frank C. Kitzantides Joseph L. Koepfinger* Irving Kolodny Edward Lohse John E. May, Jr. Lawrence V. McCall L. B
20、ruce McClung Don T. Michael* Richard E. Mosher L. John Rankine Gary S. Robinson Frank L. Rose Helen M. Wood Karl H. Zaininger Donald W. Zipse *Member Emeritus Authorized licensed use limited to: Peking University. Downloaded on December 26,2010 at 16:51:57 UTC from IEEE Xplore. Restrictions apply. S
21、ECTION PAGE 1 . Scope and References . 6 1 . 1 Scope 1.2 References 6 2 . Factors Influencing Long-Term Performance . 8 2.1 Moisture 8 2.2 Oxidation . 8 2.3 Chemical Attack . 8 2.4 Biological Attack 8 2 . 5 Outdoor Weathering 9 2 . 6 C o n t a m i n a n t s 9 2.7 Electrical Stress . 9 2.8 Mechanical
22、 Stress . 9 2.9 Thermal Stress 9 3 . 1 3.2 3 . 3 3 . Aging Processes and Aging Procedures 10 Surfaces 10 3.1.1 3.1.2 Weathering 10 3.1.3 3.1.4 Corona Discharge 11 Bulk 11 3.2.1 Depolymerization . 11 Tracking and Erosion . 10 Moisture and Heat 11 3.1.5 Fungi . 11 3.2.2 Fatigue . 11 3.2.3 Chemical Res
23、istance . 11 3.2.4 Tree Growth . 11 Interfaces 12 3.3.1 Bonded Interface 12 - 3.3.2 Unbonded Interface 12 4 . Functional Outdoor Evaluation 12 4.1 Field Site 12 4.3 Test Supply 13 4.4 Electrical Stress 13 4.5 Monitoring 13 Analysis of Results 14 4.2 Material S a m p l e s 13 4.6 5 . Diagnostic Tests
24、 to Measure Aging 14 Electrical Properties Tests 14 5.1.1 Dielectric Strength . 14 5.1.2 Dissipation Factor 14 5.1.3 Arc Resistance 15 5.1.4 Insulation Resistance 15 5.1.5 Erosion and Tracking Resistance . 15 Mechanical Properties Tests 16 5.2.1 Compression . 1 6 5.2.2 Tension 16 5.2.3 Flexure . 16
25、5.1 5 . 2 - Authorized licensed use limited to: Peking University. Downloaded on December 26,2010 at 16:51:57 UTC from IEEE Xplore. Restrictions apply. . SECTION PAGE Shear . 16 Hardness 16 Impact Resistance 17 Fatigue . 17 Tear 17 Creep 17 5.3 5.4 5.2.4 5.2.5 5.2.6 5.2.7 5.2.8 5.2.9 Physical Proper
26、ties Tests 17 5.3.1 Water Absorption . 17 5.3.3 Surface Properties 18 5.3.4 Thermal Expansion 18 5.3.5 Flammability . 18 Chemical and Environmental Tests 18 5.4.1 Chemical Resistance . 19 5.4.2 Ozone Resistance . 19 5.4.3 Natural Aging 19 5.4.4 Weathering and Sunlight . 19 5.3.2 Thermal Resistance .
27、 17 5.4.5 Corona Resistance . 20 5.4.6 Fungi Resistance . 20 6 . Bibliography . 20 . Authorized licensed use limited to: Peking University. Downloaded on December 26,2010 at 16:51:57 UTC from IEEE Xplore. Restrictions apply. lEEE std 1133-1988 IEEE APPLICATION GUIDE FOR EVALUATING NONCERAMIC IEEE Ap
28、plication Guide for Evaluating Nonceramic Materials for High-Voltage Outdoor Applications LscOpeandReferences 1.1 Scope. This guide is based on the knowledge and experience of manufacturers, researchers, and end users of nonceramic insulating products that are electrically stressed in outdoor enviro
29、nments. The guide discusses the characteristics of nonceramic materials that are needed for long-term reliability in these applications. The guide makes recommendations for principles of evaluation and tests used in the screening and selection of materials. The ju- dicious use of this guide will sig
30、nificantly improve the probability of success in the appli- cations selected. However, it should be recog- nized that the application on nonceramics to outdoor electrical insulation is an extremely demanding and complex problem. In any specific application, judgment and experience is required to ana
31、lyze and balance the many tests and characteristics which are discussed to obtain satisfactory performance and relia- bility. Since the primary objective of accelerated aging is the prediction of material perfor- mance prior to its application and the devel- opment of an actual service history, acce
32、ler- ated aging tests should, within a short time, attempt to duplicate the effects of long-term exposure in the field. Extreme reductions in the time to failure are accomplished by in- creasing the intensity of one or more of the destructive forces of normal operation. For example, increased electr
33、ical stress, higher temperature, water immersion, or intense ultraviolet rays, are often used. The accelera- tion in the time base depends on the type of accelerated aging performed and can vary from a factor of 10 to 350 (1000 h vs 40 y r ) . As in all accelerated tests, care should be exercised to
34、 ensure that the degradation mode under study is preserved. Often a major increase in the intensity of an environmental effect will alter the response of the material to a different degradation mode. For the reasons outlined, judgment and experience are required to make lifetime predictions from a s
35、eries of tests, which, by their very definition, are unrealistic. Often, this is done using a battery of accelerated aging tests against the background of an unfolding service record of various applica- tions. Thus, the passage of time tends to assist in the development of more realistic tests and i
36、nterpretations by revealing the errors of previous conclusions. - 1 . 2 References. The following references are listed in the order they first appear. ll ASTM D 149, Standard Test Method for Dielectric Breakdown Voltage and Dielectric Strength of Solid electrical Insulating Ma- terials at Commercia
37、l Power Frequencies1 21 ASTM D 150, Standard Test Methods for A-C Loss Characteristics and Permittivity (Dielectric Constant) of Solid Electrical Insu- lating Materials. 131 ASTM D 495, Standard Test Method for High-Voltage, Low-Current, Dry Arc Resis- tance of Solid Electrical Insulation. ASTM publ
38、ications are available from The American Society for Testing and Materials, 1916 Race Street, Philadelphia, PA 19103. 6 Authorized licensed use limited to: Peking University. Downloaded on December 26,2010 at 16:51:57 UTC from IEEE Xplore. Restrictions apply. MATERIALS FOR HIGH-VOLTAGE OUTDOOR APPLI
39、CATIONS IEEE Std 1133-1988 ,- 4 1 ASTM D 257, Standard Test Methods for D-C Resistance or Conductance of Insulating Materials. 5 1 ASTM D 2132, Standard Test Method for Dust-and-Fog ,Tracking and Erosion Resis- tance of Electrical Insulating Materials. S I ASTM D 2303, Standard Test Methods for Liqu
40、id-Contaminant, Inclined-Plane Track- ing and Erosion of Insulating Materials. 7 1 ASTM D 695, Standard Test Method for Compressive Properties of Rigid Plastics. 8 1 ASTM D 621, Standard Test Methods for Deformation of Plastics under Load. 9 1 ASTM D 575, Standard Test Methods for Rubber Properties
41、in Compression lo ASTM D 638, Standard Test Method for Tensile Properties of Plastics. lll ASTM D 412, Standard Test Methods for - Rubber Properties in Tension. 121 ASTM D 790, Standard Test Methods for Flexural Properties of Unreinforced and Re- inforced Plastics and Electrical Insulating Materials
42、. 131 ASTM D 732, Standard Test Method for Shear Strength of Plastics by Punch Tool. 141 ASTM D 945, Standard Test Methods for Rubber Properties in Compression or Shear (Mechanical Oscillograph). 151 ASTM D 2240, Standard Test Method for Rubber Property-Durometer Hardness. 161 ASTM D 2583, Standard
43、Test Method for Indentation Hardness of Rigid Plastics by means of a Barcol Impressor. C 1 7 1 ASTM D 785, Standard Test Method for Rockwell Hardness of Plastics and Electrical Insulating Materials. 181 ASTM D 256, Standard Test Methods for Impact Resistance of Plastics and Electrical Insulating Mat
44、erials. 1 1 1 9 3 ASTM D 671, Standard Test Method for Flexural Fatigue of Plastics by Constant- Amplitude-of-Force. 201 ASTM D 623, Standard Test Methods for Rubber Property-Heat Generation and Flex- ing Fatigue in Compression. 213 ASTM D 813, Standard Test Method for Rubber Deterioration-crack Gro
45、wth. 221 ASTM D 2990, Standard Test Methods for Tensile, Compressive, and Flexural Creep and Creep-Rupture of Plastics. 231 ASTM D 624, Standard Test Method for Rubber Property-Tear Resistance. 241 ASTM D 570, Standard Test Method for Water Absorption of Plastics. 251 ASTM D 765, Standard Practice f
46、or De- termination of Weight and Shape Changes of Plastics Under Accelerated Service Condi- tions. 261 ASTM D 746, Standard Test Method for Brittleness Temperature of Plastics and Elastomers by Impact. 271 ASTM D 648, Standard Test Method for Deflection Temperature of Plastics Under Flexural Load. 2
47、81 ASTM D 696, Standard Test Method for Coefficient of Linear Thermal Expansion of Plastics. 291 ASTM D 864, Standard Test Method for Coefficient of Cubical Thermal Expansion of Plastics. 1 3 0 1 ASTM D 229, Standard Method of Testing Rigid Sheet and Plate Materials used for Electrical Insulation. 3
48、11 ASTM D 471, Standard Test Method for Rubber Property-Effects of Liquids. 321 ASTM D 1149, Standard Test Method for Rubber Deterioration-Surface Ozone Crack- ing in a Chamber. 7 Authorized licensed use limited to: Peking University. Downloaded on December 26,2010 at 16:51:57 UTC from IEEE Xplore.
49、Restrictions apply. IEEE std 1133-1988 IEEE APPLICATION GUIDE FOR EVALUATING NONCERAMIC 331 ASTM D 470, Standard Methods of Testing Crosslinked Insulations and Jackets for Wire and Cable. C341 ASTM D 573, Standard Test Method for Rubber-Deterioration in an Air Oven. 351 ASTM D 865, Standard Test Method for Rubber-Deterioration by Heating in Air (Test Tube Enclosure). C36l ASTM D 518, Standard Test Method for Rubber Deterioration-Surface Cracking. 1373 ASTM D 1171, Standard Test Method for Rubber Deterioration-Surface Ozone Crack- ing Outdoors or Ch