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1、lEEE Std 211-1990 (Revision of IEEE Std 211-1977) IEEE Standard Definitions of Terms for Radio Wave Propagation Sponsor Wave Propagation Standards sUbc0“ittee of the IEEEAntennas and Propagation Society Approved December 26,1990 IEZXStandardsM Abstract: IEEE Std 211-1990, IEEE Standard Definitions o
2、f Terms for Radio Wave Propagation, identifies terms currently in use in the field of radio wave propagation. Standard definitions for those terms are established. Keywords: Radio wave propagation; glossary; terminology; definitions; dictionary ISBN 1-55937-0874 0 Copyright 1990 by The Institute of
3、Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc. 345 East 47th Street, New York, NY 10017-2394, U.S.A. No part of this publication may be reproduced in any form, in an electronic retrieval system or otherwise, without the prior written permission of the publisher. Authorized licensed use limited to: Tsing
4、hua University Library. Downloaded on December 25,2010 at 10:52:15 UTC from IEEE Xplore. Restrictions apply. IEEE Standards documents are developed within the Technical Committees of the IEEE Societies and the Standards Coordinating Committees of the IEEE Standards Board. Members of the committees s
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14、 use limited to: Tsinghua University Library. Downloaded on December 25,2010 at 10:52:15 UTC from IEEE Xplore. Restrictions apply. Foreword (This Foreword is not part of IEEE Std 211-1990, IEEE Standard Definitions of Terms for Radio Wave Propagation.) This constitutes the second revision to the ori
15、ginal ANSYIEEE Std 211-1969. The early history of ANSI/IEEE Std 211 was described in a Foreword to the first (1977) revision. The work on this second revision started on “tabled” definitions almost as soon as the 1977 version went to press. Chairmen of the Wave Propagation Standards Committee Subcom
16、mittee on Definitions have included Kurt Toman, C. H. Liu, John M. Kelso, and George H. Hagn, the current chairman. The primary developers of this second revision are listed in the acknowledgements along with others who materially assisted the work. Within the IEEE, the work has been coordinated wit
17、h the APS Antenna Standards Committee and the following societies: EMC, COM, and Instrumentation and Measurements. It has also been coordinated with the IEEE Dictionary (SCClO). The current version has been coordinated with the CCIR (International Radio Consultative Committee), the IEC (Internationa
18、l Electrotechnical Commission), and with US. and Canadian officials of URSI (International Union of Radio Science). The fields covered include the following where pertinent to electromagnetic wave propagation: radio astronomy, optical waves, gravity waves, plasma waves, ionosphere, magnetosphere, an
19、d magneto-hydrodynamic, acoustic, and electrostatic waves. S.I. (rationalized MKS) units have been used throughout. As aptly noted in the Foreword to the first revision, “The need for revising a definitions standard transcends its publication date and is essentially continuous.” The current revision
20、 is one step in the continuous flow of this process. This standard was prepared by a Wave Propagation Standards Committee (WPSC) Subcommittee on Definitions consisting of: Gary S. Brown Walter A. Flood George H. Ham, Chairman Ray J. King Major contributions were made by: Richard K. Moore Useful comm
21、ents were made by: Sidney A. Bowhill John F. Cavanagh Thomas A. Croft Philip L. Rice Felix K. Schwering Kenneth Davis Warren L. Flock Edward V. Jull C. H. Liu Warren L. Stutzman Ernest K. Smith Charles L. Rino K. C. Yeh Wolfhard J. Vogel At the time of approval of this document, the IEEE Antennas an
22、d Propagation Society (IEEE- APS) Wave Propagation Standards Committee (WPSC), which balloted this document for submission to the IEEE Standards Board, consisted of: Walter A. Flood, Chairman George H. Hagn, Secretary Sidney A. Bowhill Gary S. Brown John F. Cavanagh Thomas J. Carmll Robert K. Crane
23、Thomas A. Croft Kenneth Davies *Immediate Past Chairman Warren L. Flock William E. Frazier George A. Hufford Motohisa Kanda Ray J. King* Cho H. Liu George H. Millman Richard K. Moore Philip L. Rice Ervin R. Schmerling Ernest K. Smith Glen S. Smith Warren L. Stutzman Carson K. H. Tsao Wolfhard J. Vog
24、el The subcommittee, the WPSC, and the APS appreciate the assistance of all those who contributed to this standard. Authorized licensed use limited to: Tsinghua University Library. Downloaded on December 25,2010 at 10:52:15 UTC from IEEE Xplore. Restrictions apply. When the IEEE Standards Board appr
25、oved this standard on December 26, 1990, it had the following membership: W. Migliaro, Chairman Dennis Bodson, Past Chairman Andrew G. Salem, Secretary Paul L. Bonill Fletcher J. Buckley Allen L. Clapp James M. Daly Stephen R. Dillon Donald C. Fleckenstein Jay Forster* Thomas L. Hannan Kenneth D. He
26、ndrix John W. Horch Joseph L. Koepfinger* Michael A. Lawler Donald J. Lnughry John E. May, Jr. Lawrence V. McCall *Member Emeritus L. Bruce McClung Donald T. Michael* Stig Nilsson Roy T. O i s h i Gary S. Robinson Terrance R. Whittemore Donald W. Zipse Authorized licensed use limited to: Tsinghua Un
27、iversity Library. Downloaded on December 25,2010 at 10:52:15 UTC from IEEE Xplore. Restrictions apply. IEEE Standard Definitions of Terms for Radio Wave Propagation absorption. The irreversible conversion of the Alfvh velocity (Val. The characteristic energy of an electromagnetic wave into velocity
28、of an Alfven wave; given by: another form of energy as a result of wave interaction with matter. V, = H, E“ absorption (frequency) band. A band of frequencies for which a medium is considered to be an absorbing medium. absorption, deviative. Ionospheric absorption that occurs when the refractive ind
29、ex is appreciably less than unity. absorption, ionospheric. The loss of energy from an electromagnetic wave caused by col- lisions in the ionosphere, primarily between electrons and neutral species and electrons and ions. absorption, non-deviative. Ionospheric absorp- tion that occurs when the refra
30、ctive index remains close to unity. absorption, polar cap. The intense absorption of radio waves in polar regions caused by the arrival of high energy solar protons, concen- trated in this region by the lines of force of the Earths magnetic field. acoustic-gravity wave. In the atmosphere, a low-freq
31、uency wave whose restoring forces are compressional, gravitational and buoy- ant. albedo. (1) In astronomy (where the sizes of objects/surfaces are extremely large in com- parison to a wavelength), the ratio of the total radiation reflected (scattered) from an object to the total incident power. 2)
32、In transport theory or particle scattering (where the size of the object is not extremely large), the ratio of the total scattering cross- section to the sum of the scattering and absorption cross-sections. where p is the permeability, H , is the static magnetic field strength, and p is the mass den
33、sity of the conducting fluid. Alfvkn wave. In a homogeneous magneto- ionic medium, the magneto-hydrodynamic wave that propagates in the direction of the static magnetic field, with associated electric and magnetic fields and fluid particle veloci- ties oriented perpendicular to the direction of prop
34、agation. amplitude. Of a sinusoidally varying quan- tity, the maximum value of this quantity. Note: Sometimes the rms value, rather than the peak value, is used to characterize the amplitude of a sinusoidal oscillation. angle of arrival. Of a wave, the angle between the negative of the propagation v
35、ector and a reference direction. angle of incidence. At a point on a surface, the acute angle between the normal to this surface and the direction of propagation of an incident wave. angular frequency (U). Of a sinusoidal wave, 2rc times the frequency. The angular frequency is also called the radian
36、 frequency. antenna temperature. The temperature of a black body that, when placed around a matched antenna that is similar to the actual antenna but loss-free, produces from this antenna the same available noise power, in a specified frequency range, as the actual antenna in its normal electromagne
37、tic environment. 5 Authorized licensed use limited to: Tsinghua University Library. Downloaded on December 25,2010 at 10:52:15 UTC from IEEE Xplore. Restrictions apply. lEEE std 211-1990 antipodal focusing. Ionospheric focusing observed in the vicinity of the antipodal point. atmospheric radio duct.
38、 A layer in the atmo- sphere within which radio waves propagate with low attenuation. atmospherics. Transient bursts of electro- magnetic radiation arising from natural electrical disturbances in the lower atmo- sphere. Note: In the past, the term “static” was used to include atmospherics and other
39、radio noise. The term “sferics” is in current use. attenuation, of an electromagnetic wave. The decrease in amplitude of a field with distance or with changes in the propagation path in excess of the decrease due to a geomet- rical spreading factor. See also: spreading factor. attenuation constant.
40、The magnitude of the attenuation vector. attenuation vector (a). The real part of the propagation vector (7). The attenuation vector points in the direction of maximum decrease in amplitude. aurora. Collective name of optical, electrical and magnetic phenomena, generally at high latitudes, resulting
41、 from direct excita- tion of the upper atmosphere by energetic particles. auroral attenuation. The attenuation of radio waves propagating through the D and E regions of the ionosphere when additional ionization is produced by an aurora. auroral hiss. Audio-frequency electromag- netic noise associate
42、d with auroras. auroral zone, auroral oval. An annular region situated between approximately 60 degrees and 70 degrees geomagnetic latitude, north or south, in which auroras are fre- quently present. backscatter. The scattering of waves back toward the source. bandwidth, coherent; dispersive bandwid
43、th. Same us: fkequency selective bandwidth. 6 IEEE STANDARD DEFINITIONS OF bandwidth, frequency selective. The inverse of the product 2xa, where a , is the time delay spread. Brewster angle. The angle of incidence of a wave on the planar bounding surface of a lossless medium for which the reflection
44、 coefficient for parallel polarization is zero. Note: For a lossy medium, the pseudo- Brewster angle is that angle at which the modulus of the reflection coefficient is a minimum. brightness of surface. The power radiated per unit area, per unit bandwidth, per unit solid angle. brightness temperatur
45、e. Of a region on an extended source at a given wavelength, the temperature of a black-body radiator that has the same brightness. characteristic impedance. Of a transmission line, the ratio of the complex voltage between the conductors to the complex current on the conductors, taken at a common ref
46、erence plane. These voltages and currents must be associated with waves traveling in the same direction. characteristic wave. A wave that propagates in a homogeneous anisotropic medium with un- changing polarization. See: ordinary wave and extraordinary wave. circularly polarized wave. An electromag
47、- netic wave for which the locus of the tip of the electric field vector is a circle in a plane orthogonal to the wave normal, This circle is traced at a rate equal to the angular frequency of the wave. See also: left-handed polarized wave and right-handed polarized wave. coherence. The correlation
48、between electro- magnetic fields at points separated in space or in time or both. coherence function R( however, electromagnetic pulses can arise from other sources, such as lightning. electromagnetic spectrum. The spectrum of electromagnetic radiation, consisting of: gam- Authorized licensed use li
49、mited to: Tsinghua University Library. Downloaded on December 25,2010 at 10:52:15 UTC from IEEE Xplore. Restrictions apply. TERMS FOR RADIO-WAVE PROPOGATION EEE std 211-1990 ma rays, wavelengths shorter than 0.006 nm; X rays, 0.006 to 5 nm; ultraviolet rays, 5 nm to 0 . 4 pm; visible light, 0.4 to 0.7 pm; infrared, 0.7 pm to 1 mm; radio, greater than 0.1 mm. See also: radio spectrum. electromagnetic waves. Waves characterized by temporal and spatial variations of electric and magnetic fields. Electromagnetic waves are known as radio waves, infrared waves, light waves, etc., depending on