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1、IEEE Std 473-1985 IEEE Recommended Practice for an Electromagnetic Site Survey (10 kHz to 10 GHz) Sponsor Technical Committee 3 on Electromagnetic Environments of the IEEE Electromagnetic Compatibility Society Approved September 17, 1981 Reaffirmed September 26, 1991 IEEE Standards Board Approved De
2、cember 13, 1985 Reaffirmed May 6,1992 American National Standards Institute Copyright 1985 by The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc 345 East 47th Street, New York, NY 100017, USA No part of this publication may be reproduced in any form, in an electronic retrieval system or othe
3、rwise, without the prior written permission of the publisher. Authorized licensed use limited to: Peking University. Downloaded on December 26,2010 at 15:44:19 UTC from IEEE Xplore. Restrictions apply. ii IEEE Standards documents are developed within the Technical Committees of the IEEE Societies an
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12、SA Authorized licensed use limited to: Peking University. Downloaded on December 26,2010 at 15:44:19 UTC from IEEE Xplore. Restrictions apply. iii Foreword (This Foreword is not a part of IEEE Std 473-1985, IEEE Recommended Practice for an Electromagnetic Site Survey (10 kHz to 10 GHz).) In the fiel
13、d of radio engineering the need for practitioners to perform an electromagnetic site survey is common. The specific objectives of site surveying vary widely as do the details of the sites where they are executed. Thus, while surveys also have much in common, allowance for these variances must be pre
14、served in a standard practice. The objective of this recommended practice is to preserve necessary freedom of choice and to make due allowance for individuality in survey practice while carefully articulating those elements of radio-frequency surveying that can and should be common to all undertakin
15、gs. Only by standardizing the essential survey procedures and equipments can coherent representations of the radio-frequency environment emerge and become beneficial to the radio-engineering community. This recommended practice draws from a wealth of technical material, far too extensive to be addre
16、ssed except by reference. All users are urged to make generous use of the citations which have been carefully screened for relevance. The Committee is indebted to the many anonymous members of the IEEE and other technical societies who have unselfishly contributed to this effort. It is the hope and
17、request of the Committee that, as use is made of this recommended practice, its flaws will be brought to our attention so that it may be improved to better serve the engineering community. At the time this standard was approved, the members of Technical Committee 3 on Electromagnetic Environments of
18、 the IEEE Electromagnetic Compatibility Society were as follows: E. N. Skomal, Chair C. B. Christianson J. W. Engles R. R. Ford D. N. Heirman W. R. Lauber A. A. Smith, Jr R. A. Tell When the IEEE Standards Board approved this standard on September 17, 1981, it had the following membership: Irvin N.
19、Howell, Jr, Chair Irving Kolodny, Vice Chair Sava I. Sherr, Secretary G. Y. R. Allen J. J. Archambault James H. Beall John T. Boettger Edward Chelotti Edward J. Cohen Len S. Corey Jay Forster Kurt Greene Loering M. Johnson Joseph L. Koepfinger John E. May Donald T. Michael* John P. Riganati Frank L.
20、 Rosa Robert W. Seelbach Jay A. Stewart W. E. Vannah Virginius N. Vaughan, Jr Art Wall Robert E. Weiler *Member emeritus Letter Symbols for Quantities Aantenna aperture area AFantenna factor AFcantenna factor of a calibrated reference antenna Authorized licensed use limited to: Peking University. Do
21、wnloaded on December 26,2010 at 15:44:19 UTC from IEEE Xplore. Restrictions apply. iv Bnoise bandwidth D1lower decile value of a random variable D deflection of a trace Dsdimension of a radiating source Duupper decile value of a random variable d antenna dimension (usually diameter) d(N) confidence
22、bound for sample size N d confidence bound Eelectric field strength (V/m) EdBelectric field strength, decibels (ref 1 V/m) F10 log f, noise figure for a receiving system Faexternal (antenna) noise figure, F = 10 log fa Fammedian value of Fa Fo(x)theoretical cumulative distribution of the random vari
23、able x foperating noise factor for a receiving systems faexternal noise factor fpimpulse repetition rate frreceiver noise factor fscan frequency interval f6dB6 dB bandwidth fimpimpulse bandwidth Gantenna gain expressed in decibels gantenna gain hphysical length of a linear antenna Hmagnetic field st
24、rength in amperes per meter kBoltzmanns constant, 1.3810-23 J/K Lulargest dimension of an antenna ladded receiver circuit attenuation factor lcantenna circuit loss factor lttransmission line loss factor MRcoutput voltage of a calibrated reference antenna expressed in decibels relative to 1 W MRtoutp
25、ut voltage of a test antenna expressed in decibels relative to 1 W Nsample size Ntnumber of threshold levels Pnnoise power in decibels ralative to 1 W pnnoise power Ppower per megahertz in decibels relative to 1 W po(vi) probability the ith threshold voltage will be exceeded po(vi ) incremental prob
26、ability prdetected power in watts p()probability Rfrequency scanning rate in hertz per second Rccharging time constant resistance Rddischarging time constant resistance rresistance in ohms Snoise power flux density, dB (W/m2) Hz SN(x)observed cumulative distribution of a sample size, N, of random va
27、riable x Srslew rate of a recorder Tmeasurement time interval Taantenna temperature Teeffective noise temperature of a receiver Toreference temperature, 288 K tmminimum frequency scan time Authorized licensed use limited to: Peking University. Downloaded on December 26,2010 at 15:44:19 UTC from IEEE
28、 Xplore. Restrictions apply. v V10 log v, v in volts Vavmean value of v Vdvoltage deviation Viincremental value of vi Vpeakpeak voltage vrmsroot mean square voltage v1,2envelope voltage values viith threshold voltage value vdifference between the ith and the (i+1) threshold voltage wpower density, i
29、n watts per centimeters squared x _ median of true population, x xiith value of the random variable x xmmedian value of a subset of random variable x Zoimpedance of free space, 377 circuit parameter: see 27 statistical significance level slope or the cumulative distribution of a random variable in t
30、he vicinity of the median value antenna efficiency allowable fractional increase in system noise temperature radio signal wavelength in a vacuum mfree space wavelength of the lowest measurement frequency s _ median vlaue of the root-variance of building attenuation Ttime Unit Symbols KKelvin msmilli
31、seconds dBwdB (ref 1 w) Vvolts dB(V/MHz)spectral intensity expressed in decibels kHzkilohertz Abbreviations ACRaverage crossing rate of the envelope voltage APDamplitude probability distribution.See D(v) BFObeat frequency oscillator BLKblack cwcontinuous wave cmcommon mode crtcathode ray tube dmdiff
32、erential mode EMCelectromagnetic compatibility FSKfrequency shift keying GRNgreen ifintermediate frequency PDDpulse duration distribution PSDpulse spacing distribution rfradio frequency RTTradio teletype WHTwhite ISMinstrument, scientific, and medical NCFSK noncoherent frequency shift keying Authori
33、zed licensed use limited to: Peking University. Downloaded on December 26,2010 at 15:44:19 UTC from IEEE Xplore. Restrictions apply. vi CLAUSEPAGE 1. Introduction.1 2. Definitions.2 3. References.3 4. Test Planning.6 4.1 Site Electromagnetic Environment 6 4.2 Data Sampling 10 4.3 Documentation of Si
34、te Characteristics. 12 5. Site Survey Procedures .13 5.1 General. 13 5.2 Exterior Location Considerations 15 5.3 Interior Location Considerations . 17 5.4 Power-Density Surveys, Interior and Exterior Locations 20 5.5 Surveys of Power-Distribution Systems 21 6. Antennas22 6.1 Introduction 22 6.2 Grou
35、nd Plane and Monopole Counterpoise. 23 6.3 Antenna Calibration Procedures 23 6.4 Types of Antennas . 24 7. Measuring Equipment and Receivers .28 7.1 Introduction 28 7.2 Attenuators. 28 7.3 Preselector Filters. 29 7.4 Preamplifiers 29 7.5 Tuning Range. 30 7.6 Bandwidth 30 7.7 Linear Dynamic Range 30
36、7.8 Image and Spurious Signal Rejection 30 7.9 Receiver Noise Figure 30 7.10 Antenna Transmission Line and Receiver Calibration 31 8. Detector Functions32 8.1 Introduction 32 8.2 Detector Types. 33 8.3 Detector Accuracy 35 8.4 Associated Output Devices 35 8.5 Comparison of Detector Functions 36 8.6
37、Amplitude Probability Distribution (APD), and ACR, PSD, and PDD. 36 9. Data Handling.37 9.1 Data Recording 37 Authorized licensed use limited to: Peking University. Downloaded on December 26,2010 at 15:44:19 UTC from IEEE Xplore. Restrictions apply. vii CLAUSEPAGE 9.2 Data Processing 44 9.3 Examples
38、 of Data Usage 44 10. Exterior Test Measurement Platforms 47 10.1 Ground Based Measurements 47 10.2 Marine Measurements 48 10.3 Airborne Measurements. 48 Annex A (informative) Derivation of the External Noise Figure Fa, for Several Antennas.49 Annex B Bibliography.54 Authorized licensed use limited
39、to: Peking University. Downloaded on December 26,2010 at 15:44:19 UTC from IEEE Xplore. Restrictions apply. Authorized licensed use limited to: Peking University. Downloaded on December 26,2010 at 15:44:19 UTC from IEEE Xplore. Restrictions apply. This page is intentionally blank. Copyright 1985 IEE
40、E All Rights Reserved1 IEEE Recommended Practice for an Electromagnetic Site Survey (10 kHz to 10 GHz) 1. Introduction An electromagnetic (em) site survey is a systematic, documented investigation of the amplitudes of radio-frequency (rf) em fields found at one or more locations with respect to freq
41、uency, time, and position. Although these ambient em fields may have intrinsic interest, more commonly they will be regarded as radio noise or simply as interference. This noise level establishes the minimum useable signal strength for satisfactory service. Furthermore, it often dictates equipment d
42、esign decisions intended to reduce any adverse effects of this interference on system performance. Survey sites of interest may be at virtually any indoor or outdoor location. Radio-frequency sampling may involve either airborne or surface platforms. Electromagnetic nonionizing radiation studies are
43、 generally initiated for one of two reasons 1)To characterize the performance of an existing or planned electronic system 2)To examine the potential contribution to short- and long-term biological effects Recognizing the potentially diverse uses of survey results, a systematic approach has been deve
44、loped allowing accurate cross-comparison of data collected at different times and locations. This practice addresses periodic and random radiated electric and magnetic fields and conducted interference within the frequency range of 10 kHz to 10 GHz. Several aspects of radioemission investigations ar
45、e not addressed directly in this text including signal identification and discrimination, field emission from regularly occurring, low-frequency, pulses sources, and test enclosure fields. However, much information pertinent to these areas is provided here. Throughout this recommended practice lette
46、r symbols for quantities are in accordance with ANSI/IEEE Std 280-1985 101 and letter symbols for units of measurement are in accordance with ANSI/IEEE Std 260-1978 9. See ANSI Y1.1-1972 (R 1984) 6 for abbrevitions. 1The numbers in brackets correspond to those of the references in Section 3. Authori
47、zed licensed use limited to: Peking University. Downloaded on December 26,2010 at 15:44:19 UTC from IEEE Xplore. Restrictions apply. 2Copyright 1985 IEEE All Rights Reserved IEEE Std 473-1985IEEE RECOMMENDED PRACTICE FOR AN 2. Definitions Specialized terms and expressions used throughout this recomm
48、ended practice and not found in ANSI/IEEE Std 100- 1984 7 are listed here. average crossing rate (ACR). The average number of crossings in the positive direction of a given level vi per unit time. (See Fig 1.) amplitude probability distribution (APD). A distribution showing the probability (commonly
49、 a percentage of time) that an amplitude is exceeded as a function of amplitude v1. decile, D1. The ratio of the lower decile value (the value of x exceeded 90% of the time) of the random variable x to its median value, expressed in decibels. decile, Du. The ratio of the upper decile value (the value of x exceeded 10% of the time) of the random variable x to its median value, expressed in decibels. envelope voltage or voltage envelope. The magnitude of the complex representation of the observed instantaneous voltage. NOTE