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1、IEEE Std 1221-1993 IEEE Guide for Fire Hazard Assessment of Electrical I nsu lat i ng Materials in Electrical Power Systems Sponsor Fire Hazard Assessment Technical Committee of the IEEE Dielectrics and Electrical Insulation Society Approved September 15,1993 IEEE Standards Board Abstract: Fire haza
2、rds from electrical distribution and utilization systems installed in industrial, residential, and public buildingdareas are covered. A method for practical fire hazard assessment for electrical equipment containing insulating materials, based on relevant fire or failure scenarios drawn from service
3、 experience and engineering analysis, is established. The relationship between small-scale material tests and large-scale fire hazard tests is discussed. Written for the electrical engineer responsible for the safety of electrical systems and equipment, this guide provides guidelines for design of i
4、nsulation systems and selection of insulating materials and aids in the use of codes, regulations, standards, product listings, and testing to improve safety. Keywords: combustion, corrosive combustion products, critical heat flux, electrical systems, fire hazard, fire point, fire propagation, flamm
5、able, flash point, heat release rate, insulating materials, National Electric Code (NEC), pyrolysis, risk assessment, smoke, toxic combustion products The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc. 345 East 47th Street, New York, NY 1001 7-2394, USA Copyright 0 1994 by the Institute of
6、Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc. All rights reserved. Published 1994. Printed in the United States of America ISBN 1-55937-377-6 No part of this publication may be reproduced in any form, in an electronic retrieval system or otherwise, without the prior written permission of the publisher.
7、 Authorized licensed use limited to: Peking University. Downloaded on December 26,2010 at 16:54:34 UTC from IEEE Xplore. Restrictions apply. IEEE Standards documents are developed within the Technical Committees of the IEEE Societies and the Standards Coordinating Committees of the IEEE Standards Bo
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16、se of patented technology. Their approval by the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc. does not mean that using such technology for the purpose of conforming to such standards is autho- rized by the patent owner. It is the obligation of the user of such technology to obtain all nec
17、essary permissions. Authorized licensed use limited to: Peking University. Downloaded on December 26,2010 at 16:54:34 UTC from IEEE Xplore. Restrictions apply. Introduction (This introduction is not a part of IEEE Std 1221-1993, IEEE Guide for Fire Hazard Assessment of Electrical Insulating Material
18、s in Electrical Power Systems.) This guide was prepared by the Dielectrics and Electrical Insulation Society (DEIS) Technical Committee S-32- 12: Fire Hazard Assessment Technical Committee. The work was sponsored by the IEEE Dielectrics and Electrical Insulation Society S-32, with ongoing coor- dina
19、tion with IEEE SCC-18 (NFPA Standards). A first draft of this document was discussed during the inaugural meeting of this technical committee held in Los Angeles on May 18, 1988. At the time this guide was completed, the Dielectrics and Electrical Insulation Society (DEIS) Fire Hazard Assessment Tec
20、hnical Committee Working Group had the following membership: Tor Orbeck, Chair Vytenis Babrauskas Robert 0. Bremner Robert M. Eichhom Pravinray Gandhi James P. Kinney, Jr. L. Bruce McClung Bill Page Naren Patel Leon Przybyla John Punderson The following persons were on the balloting committee: Vyten
21、is Babrauskas Robert 0. Bremner Robert M. Eichhorn James P. Kinney, Jr. L. Bruce McClung Tor Orbeck Bill Page Naren Patel John hnderson Walter D. Smith Donald Stonkus David Sundin Archie Tewarson Bernard W. Whittington Walter D. Smith Donald Stonkus David Sundin Archie Tewarson Bernard W. Whittingto
22、n . 111 Authorized licensed use limited to: Peking University. Downloaded on December 26,2010 at 16:54:34 UTC from IEEE Xplore. Restrictions apply. When the IEEE Standards Board approved this guide on September 15, 1993, it had the following membership: Wallace S . Read, Chair Donald C. Loughry, Vic
23、e Chair Andrew G. Salem, Secretary Gilles A. Baril JosC A. Berrios de la Paz Clyde R. Camp Donald C. Fleckenstein Jay Forster* David E Franklin Ramiro Garcia Donald N. Heirman Jim Isaak Ben C. Johnson Walter J. Karplus Lorraine C. Kevra E. G. “Al” Kiener Ivor N. Knight Joseph L. Koepfinger* D. N. “J
24、im” Logothetis *Member Emeritus Also included are the following nonvoting IEEE Standards Board liaisons: Satish K. Aggarwal James Beall Richard B. Engelman David E. Soffrin Stanley I. Warshaw Don T. Michael* Marco W. Migliaro L. John Rankine Arthur K. Reilly Ronald H. Reimer Gary S. Robinson Leonard
25、 L. Tripp Donald W. Zipse Valerie E. Zelenty IEEE Standards Project Editor _- I Authorized licensed use limited to: Peking University. Downloaded on December 26,2010 at 16:54:34 UTC from IEEE Xplore. Restrictions apply. Contents CLAUSE PAGE 1 . Overview 1 2 . References 1 3 . Definitions 2 3.1 Risk
26、assessment . 2 3.2 Fire hazards 2 4 . Assessment of hazards associated with fires involving electrical systems 5 4.1 General . 5 4.2 Hazards from insulating materials in electrical systems 6 4.3 Large-scale testing . . 5 . Bibliography 12 5.1 IEEE documents . 12 5.2 National Electrical Safety Code (
27、NESC) . 5.3 ANSI/NFPA documents . 12 5.4 ASTM documents . . . 13 5.5 CSA documents . 14 5.6 Factory Mutual documents . 14 5.7 IEC documents . 14 5.8 IS0 documents . 14 5.9 UL documents . . 15 5.10 Other documents . ANNEX A NEC and product listings . 16 B Regulations and safety codes-How to obtain in
28、formation on hazard assessment and electrical engineering . 19 C NEC sections addressing fire hazards of electrical systems 22 V Authorized licensed use limited to: Peking University. Downloaded on December 26,2010 at 16:54:34 UTC from IEEE Xplore. Restrictions apply. THIS PAGE WAS BLANK IN THE ORIG
29、INAL Authorized licensed use limited to: Peking University. Downloaded on December 26,2010 at 16:54:34 UTC from IEEE Xplore. Restrictions apply. IEEE Guide for Fire Hazard Assessment of Electrical Insulating Materials in Electrical Power Systems 1. Overview This guide covers fire hazards from electr
30、ical distribution and utilization systems installed in industrial, residential, and public buildingdareas. This guide also describes how a practical fire hazard assessment can be established for electrical equipment containing insulating materials. The hazard assessment should be based on relevant f
31、ire or failure scenarios based on service experience and engineering analysis. The relationship between small-scale material tests and large-scale fire hazard tests is discussed. This guide is written for the electrical engineer responsible for the safety of electrical systems and equipment. It prov
32、ides guidelines for the design of insulation systems and the selection of insulating materials. This guide aids the engineer in the use of codes, regulations, standards, product listings, and testing to improve safety. The key fire hazard parameters are as follows: a) Ease of ignition b) Hame propag
33、ation (spread) c) Heat release rate d) e) Corrosive combustion products f) Toxic combustion products Light obscuration (smoke production rate) 2. References This guide shall be used in conjunction with the following standards. When the following standards are superseded by an approved revision, the
34、revision shall apply. ANSI/NFPA 70-1993. National Electrical Code. ANSI/NFPA 263- 1986, Heat and Visible Smoke Release Rates for Materials and Products. from materials and products when exposed to different levels of radiant heat. ASTM E176-91d, Terminology Relating to Fire Standards.2 This document
35、 specifies a testing method for the determination of release rates of heat and visible smoke ANSVNFPA publications are available from the Sales Department, American National Standards Institute, 11 West 42nd Street, 13th Floor, New York, NY 10036, USA, and also from Publications Sales, National Fire
36、 Protection Association, Batterymarch Park, Quincy, MA 02269, USA. *ASTM publications are available from the Customer Service Department, American Society for Testing and Materials, 1916 Race Street, Philadelphia, PA 19103, USA. 1 Authorized licensed use limited to: Peking University. Downloaded on
37、December 26,2010 at 16:54:34 UTC from IEEE Xplore. Restrictions apply. I IEEE Std 1221 -1 993 IEEE GUIDE FOR FIRE HAZARD ASSESSMENT OF ELECTRICAL ASTM E535-92, Practice for Preparation of Fire Test Standards. ASTM E662-92, Test Method for Specific Optical Density of Smoke Generated by Solid Material
38、s. ASTM E906-83, Test Method for Heat and Visible Smoke Release Rates for Materials and Products. IEC Guide 104 (1984), Guide to the drafting of safety standards, and the role of Committees with safety pilot functions and safety group functions, 2d ed., and Amendment No. 1 (1989).3 IEC 695-1-1 (1982
39、), Fire hazard testing-Part 1: Guidance for the preparation of requirements and test specifications for assessing fire hazard of electrotechnical products-General guidance, 1 st ed. IEEE Std 383-1974 (Reaff 1992), IEEE Standard for Type Test of Class 1E Electric Cables, Field Splices, and Connection
40、s for Nuclear Power Generating Stations (ANSI).4 IS0 3261-1975, Fire tests-Vocabulary. NOTE: Additional relevant national and international standards are listed in the bibliography in clause 5. 3 . Definitions 3.1 Risk assessment 3.1.1 hazard: An intrinsic property or condition that has the potentia
41、l to cause harm or damage. 3.1.2 risk: The combination of the probability of an abnormal event or failure and the consequence(s) of that event or failure to a systems components, operators, users, or environment. 3.1.3 risk analysis: A procedure to develop probability estimates of occurrence of each
42、 specific hazard. 3.1.4 risk assessment: The process and procedures of identifying, characterizing, quantifying, and evaluating risks and their significance. 3.2 Fire hazards Listings of standard terms can be found in ASTM E176-91d6 and IS0 3261-1975. 3.2.1 active fire protection: The minimizing of
43、fire hazards in electrical systems by the use of fuses, circuit breakers, and other devices. 3.2.2 approved (NEC): Acceptable to the authority having jurisdiction. 3.2.3 auto ignition: Ignition without a pilot source. 3.2.4 combustible: Capable of undergoing combustion in air, at pressures and tempe
44、ratures that might occur during a fire in a building, or in a more severe environment when specified. 31EC publications are available from IEC Sales Department, Case Postale 131, 3 rue de VaremM, CH-1211, Genkve 20, Switzerland/ Suisse. IEC publications are also available in the United States from t
45、he Sales Department, American National Standards Institute, 11 West 42nd Street, 13th Floor, New York, NY 10036, USA. 41EEE publications are available from the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, 445 Hoes Lane, P.O. Box 1331. Piscataway, IS0 publications are available from the IS0 Cen
46、tral Secretariat, Case Postale 56, 1 rue de VaremM, CH-1211, Gentve 20, Switzer- land/Suisse. IS0 publications are also available in the United States from the Sales Department, American National Standards Institute, 11 West 42nd Street, 13th Floor, New York, NY 10036, USA. 61nformation on reference
47、s can be found in clause 2. NJ 08855-1331, USA. Authorized licensed use limited to: Peking University. Downloaded on December 26,2010 at 16:54:34 UTC from IEEE Xplore. Restrictions apply. INSULATING MATERIALS IN ELECTRICAL POWER SYSTEMS IEEE Std 1221 -1 993 3.2.5 combustion: A chemical process of ox
48、idation that occurs at a rate fast enough to produce heat and usually light, either as a glow or flame. 3.2.6 conductive heat release: The energy released from a burning material to whatever is in direct contact with it. 3.2.7 convective heat release: The heat contained in the hot gases produced in
49、a tire. 3.2.8 corrosion: A process of gradual weakening or destruction, usually by a chemical action. 3.2.9 critical heat flux: The heat flux below which ignition is not possible. 3.2.10 endothermic: Characterized by or formed with the absorption of heat. 3.2.11 exothermic: Characterized by or formed with the release of heat. 3.2.12 fire endurance: A measure of the elapsed time during which a material or assembly continues to exhibit fire resistance under specified conditions of test and performance. 3.2.13 fire exposure: The heat flux of a fire, with or without direct flame impingement,