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1、IEEE Standard Definitions of Terms for SOLAR CELLS INTRODUCTION The purpose of this publication is to provide uniform and acceptable terms for use in the application of solar cells to power systems. The terms shoiild be useful in unifying expressions used in engineering writing and in the preparatio
2、n of specifications arid procurement documents. It is expected that this Standard will be found most useful by persons not expert in the solar cell field as opposed to the scientific use of such terminology. Users of the terms are urged to refer to the IEEE Dictionary for more general definitions. h
3、 ACKNOWLEDGMENT The Institute wishes to acknowledge its indebtedness to those who have so freely given of their time and knowl- This publication was prepared by the Applications Subcommittee of the Aerospace Energy Conversion Com- edge and have conducted experimental work on which many of the IEEE p
4、ublications are based. mittee of the IEEE Aerospace and Electronic Systems Group, whose membership was: K. A. Ray, Chairman P. Fono Copyright 1969 by The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc. This publication may be reproduced, without change, in part or in its entirety, provided t
5、hat notice of its copyright by the IEEE is included. IEEE Standard Definitions of Terms for SOLAR CELLS Active Area The illuminated area normal to light incidence, usually the face area less the contact area. For the purpose of determining efficiency, the area covered by collector grids is considere
6、d a part of the active area. Air Mass The mass of air between a surface and the sun that affects the spectral distribution and intensity of sunlight. Air Mass One A term that specifies the spectral dis- tribution and intensity of sunlight on earth at sea level with the sun directly overhead and pass
7、ing through a standard atmosphere. Air Mass Zero A term that specifies the spectral dis- tribution and intensity of sunlight in near-earth space without atmospheric attenuation. Note: The air maw must be specified when reporting the efficiency of solar cells; for example, 10 percent efficient at a i
8、 r maw zero, 60 degrees Celsius. Array A combination of solar-cell panels or paddles coordinated in structure and function. Base Resistivity The electrical resistivity of the material composing the base of a semiconductor device. Cell Cover The transparent medium (glass, quartz, etc.) that protects
9、the solar cells from space particulate rad- iation. Collection Efficiency (Quantum Yield) The number of carriers crossing the p-n junction per incident photon. Collector Grid A pattern of conducting material making ohmic contact to the active surface of a solar cell to reduce the series resistance o
10、f the device by reducing the mean path of the current carriers within the semi- conductor. Contact Area That area of ohmic contact provided on either the p or n surface of a solar cell for electric circuit connections. Conversion Efficiency The ratio of the solar cells available power output (at a s
11、pecified voltage) to the total incident radiant power. The cell active area shall be used in this calculation; that is, ohmic contact (but not grid lines) areas on the irradiated side shall be de- ducted from the total irradiated cell area to determine active area. The spectral distribution of the s
12、ource and the junction temperature must be specified. Current Carrier In a semiconductor, a mobile conduction electron or hole. Defect A localized deviation of any type from the regular structure of the atomic lattice of a single crystal. Electron (Proton) Damage Coefficient The change in a stated q
13、uantity (such as minority carrier inverse squared diffusion length) of a given material per unit particle fluence of a stated energy spectrum. Energy Distribution The distribution of the flux or fluence of particles with respect to particle energy. Equivalent 1-Megaelectronvolt Electron Flux The flu
14、x of electrons of 1-megaelectronvolt energy that changes a stated physical quantity (such as minority carrier diffusion length) of a given material or device to the same value as would the flux of penetrating particles of another stated energy spectrum. Extrapolated Range for Electrons The distance
15、of travel in a material by electrons of a given energy, at which the flux of primary electrons extrapolates to zero. Fluence The total time-integrated number of particles that cross a plane unit area from either side. Flux The number of particles that cross a plane unit area per unit time from eithe
16、r side. Frenkel Defect A defect consisting of the displacement of a single atom from its place in the atomic lattice of a crystal, the atom then occupying an interstitial position. Intermediate Layer The material on the solar cell surface that provides improved spectral match between the cell and th
17、e medium in contact with this surface. Junction Depth The distance from the illuminated surface to the center line of the junction in a solar cell. Panel The largest unit combination of solar cells or subpanels that is mechanically designed to facilitate manufacture and handling and that will establ
18、ish a basis for electrical performance by test. Panel Efficiency The ratio of available electric power output to total incident radiant power intercepted by the area of a panel composed of solar cells. Note: This depends on the spectral distribution of the radiant power source and junction temperatu
19、re(s), requires uniform normal illumination on the intercepting area, and results in an efficiency less than the efficiency of the individual solar cells became of area not covered by solar cells, incident energy heating, solar cell mismatch, optical losses, and wiring losses. Proton Range The maxim
20、um distance traversed through a material by a proton of a given energy. Recombination Center A defect having electrical properties so as to facilitate the recombination of mobile charge carriers (electrons or holes) with one each of the opposite polarity. Recombination Rate, Volume The rate at which
21、 free 1 electrons and holes recombine within the volume of B semiconductor. Shingle A combination of solar cells in series in a shingle- type structure. A shingle may be considered a special type of submodule. tration changes. Subpanel A combination of solar cells in serieslparallel matrix to provide current at array (bus) voltage. Transition Region The region, between two homogeneous semiconductor regions, in which the impurity concen- a