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1、ACI 330R-01 supersedes ACI 330R-92 (reapproved 1997) and became effective October 1, 2001. Copyright 2001, American Concrete Institute. All rights reserved including rights of reproduction and use in any form or by any means, including the making of copies by any photo process, or by electronic or m
2、echanical device, printed, written, or oral, or recording for sound or visual reproduc- tion or for use in any knowledge or retrieval system or device, unless permission in writing is obtained from the copyright proprietors. ACI Committee Reports, Guides, Standard Practices, and Commentaries are int
3、ended for guidance in planning, designing, executing, and inspecting construction. This document is intended for the use of individuals who are competent to evaluate the significance and limitations of its content and recommendations and who will accept re- sponsibility for the application of the ma
4、terial it contains. The American Concrete Institute disclaims any and all re- sponsibility for the stated principles. The Institute shall not be liable for any loss or damage arising therefrom. Reference to this document shall not be made in con- tract documents. If items found in this document are
5、de- sired by the Architect/Engineer to be a part of the contract documents, they shall be restated in mandatory language for incorporation by the Architect/Engineer. 330R-1 Guide for Design and Construction of Concrete Parking Lots ACI 330R-01 Concrete parking lots serve many transportation faciliti
6、es, industrial plants, commercial developments, and multifamily housing projects. They are used for storing vehicles and goods, and provide maneuvering areas and access for delivery vehicles. The design and construction of concrete slabs for parking lots and outside storage areas share many similari
7、ties with the design and construction of streets and highways, but they also have some very distinct differences. A full appreciation of the differences and the modi- fication of design and construction procedures to take these differences into account can result in economical concrete parking lots
8、that will provide sat- isfactory service for many years with minimum maintenance. This guide includes information on site investigation, thickness deter- mination, design of joints and other details, paving operations, and qual- ity-assurance procedures during construction. Maintenance and repair ar
9、e also discussed. Keywords: air entrainment; coatings; compacting; concrete construction; concrete durability; concrete pavements; concrete slabs; curing; dowels; drainage; economics; finishing; joints; joint sealants; loads (forces); load transfer; maintenance; parking facilities; quality control;
10、reinforcing steels; repairs; resurfacing; soils; specifications; structural design; subbases; sub- grades; thickness; tolerances; welded-wire fabric; workability. CONTENTS Chapter 1General, p. 330R-2 1.1Introduction 1.2Scope 1.3Background 1.4Definitions Chapter 2Pavement design, p. 330R-4 2.1Introdu
11、ction 2.2Pavement stresses 2.3Traffic loads 2.4Subgrade support 2.5Concrete properties 2.6Thickness design 2.7Jointing 2.8Steel reinforcement in parking lot pavements 2.9Joint filling and sealing 2.10Pavement grades 2.11Curbs and islands Chapter 3Materials, p. 330R-10 3.1Introduction 3.2Strength 3.3
12、Durability 3.4Economy 3.5Workability 3.6Material specifications Reported by ACI Committee 330 William R. Hook Chairman Kenneth G. Kazanis Vice Chairman Russell W. Collins Secretary Richard O. AlbrightD. Gene DanielRobert V. Lopez J. H. AllredDale H. DiulusRichard E. Miller William L. ArentEdwin H. G
13、ebauerJon I. Mullarky Don A. ClemNader GhafooriDiep Tu Lawrence W. ColeFrank A. KozeliskiPhil Weiss V. Tim CostFrank Lennox The committee acknowledges the valuable assistance of David G. Pearson in carrying out the finite-element analyses to obtain the curves to determine stresses in parking lot sla
14、bs. Copyright American Concrete Institute Provided by IHS under license with ACI Licensee=IHS Employees/1111111001, User=listmgr, listmgr Not for Resale, 03/05/2007 01:37:57 MSTNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS -,-,- 330R-2ACI COMMITTEE REPORT Chapter 4Construction, p.
15、 330R-12 4.1Introduction 4.2Subgrade preparation 4.3Layout for construction 4.4Paving equipment 4.5Placing, finishing, and texturing 4.6Curing and protection 4.7Jointing 4.8Striping 4.9Opening to traffic Chapter 5Inspection and testing, p. 330R-14 5.1Introduction 5.2Subgrade preparation 5.3Concrete
16、quality 5.4Construction operations Chapter 6Maintenance and repair, p. 330R-15 6.1Introduction 6.2Surface sealing 6.3Joint and crack sealing 6.4Full-depth repair 6.5Undersealing and leveling 6.6Overlay 6.7Parking lot cleaning Chapter 7References, p. 330R-19 7.1Referenced standards and reports 7.2Cit
17、ed references Appendix AProcedures for concrete pavement design, p. 330R-21 A.1Source of thickness tables Appendix BSubgrade, p. 330R-24 B.1Introduction B.2Soil classification B.3Problem soils B.4Expansive soils B.5Frost action B.6Mud-pumping B.7Support uniformity Appendix CSuggested joint details,
18、p. 330R-27 C.1Pavement joint details Appendix DParking lot geometrics, p. 330R-27 D.1Parking requirements D.2Entrances and exits D.3Truck-parking facilities D.4Additional information Appendix ESI (metric) tables, p. 330R-31 CHAPTER 1GENERAL 1.1Introduction Concrete parking lots have many similaritie
19、s to other types of concrete pavement. On the other hand, parking lots differ from other pavements in that most of the area is in- tended for storage of vehicles and other goods rather than for movement of vehicles. The design of concrete parking lots should follow generally accepted procedures for
20、con- crete pavements as outlined in this guide. Load-bearing ca- pacity, drainage, crack control, life-cycle cost, constructibility, and maintainability are other characteristics that are important in the design and construction of concrete pavements, including parking lots. Concrete parking lot pav
21、ements provide a hard surface for vehicle maneuvering and storage areas. Concrete parking lots also provide a surface that protects the underlying soil and reduces pressures imposed by design loadings to a level that the subgrade soils can support. Additionally, concrete parking lots, driveways, and
22、 access lanes are often constructed to serve specific types of traffic, such as cars and light trucks only or predominantly heavy delivery vehicles. Typically, concrete parking lots do not serve the same broad spectrum of traffic loading, from light vehicles to heavy trucks, as are highways and arte
23、rial streets. Facilities designed to accommodate both light vehicles and heavier de- livery trucks usually employ traffic controls to separate and channelize the heavier trucks away from areas designed for automobiles and light trucks. Facilities designed for heavier vehicles are likely those facili
24、ties where relatively accurate predictions of vehicle sizes and numbers are possible. Facil- ities intended to serve only light vehicles may have concrete parking lot slabs with thicknesses influenced by the practical limitations of the material and environmental effects rather than by the pavement
25、stress created by vehicle loads. Dura- bility-related distress is often the most critical maintenance concern for lightly loaded concrete parking lot pavements. Vehicles leak fuel and lubricants in parking lots. Vehicles in parking areas usually travel at low speeds, diminishing the importance of sm
26、oothness tolerances. Parking lots should also be designed to serve pedestrians. Concrete parking lots range in size from small, such as at corner convenience stores and small multiple housing projects, to large, such as those for shopping centers and truck terminals. Accordingly, concrete parking lo
27、ts are constructed with a wide variety of construction equipment, ranging from hand tools and vibratory screeds to large highway paving equipment. Because of the relatively high stiffness of concrete pave- ments, loads are spread over larger areas of the subgrade compared with asphaltic pavements. A
28、s a result, thinner con- crete pavements can be used for the same subgrade material. Additional benefits of using concrete to construct parking lots are: Concrete surfaces resist deformation from maneuvering vehicles; Concrete surfaces drain well on relatively flat slopes; Concrete has relatively si
29、mple maintenance requirements; Traffic-lane and parking-stall markings can be incorpo- rated into the jointing pattern; Concrete is not adversely affected by leaking petroleum products; The light-reflective surface of concrete can be efficiently illuminated with minimal energy requirements and can h
30、elp reduce summertime surface temperatures; and Copyright American Concrete Institute Provided by IHS under license with ACI Licensee=IHS Employees/1111111001, User=listmgr, listmgr Not for Resale, 03/05/2007 01:37:57 MSTNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS -,-,- GUIDE FO
31、R DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION OF CONCRETE PARKING LOTS330R-3 Concrete parking lots reduce the impacts of the urban heat island effect by providing a cooler urban environ- ment and reducing ozone production. 1.2Scope This guide is based on the current knowledge and practices for the design, construction,
32、 and maintenance of concrete parking lots placed on the ground. It emphasizes the aspects of concrete pavement technology that are different from pro- cedures used to design and construct slab-on-grade such as streets, highways, and floors. This guide is not a standard nor a specification, and it is
33、 not intended to be included by refer- ence in construction contract documents; ACI 330.1 can be used for these purposes. Parking lots have most loads imposed on interior slabs sur- rounded by other pavement, providing some edge support on all sides. Highway and street pavements carry heavy loads al
34、ong and across free edges and are subjected to greater de- flections and stresses. Streets and pavements are usually de- signed to drain towards an edge where the water can be carried away from the pavement. Parking lots are usually de- signed so some of the water is collected internally and is con-
35、 veyed away through underground systems. In urban areas where rainfall runoff from large impervious surfaces is reg- ulated, parking lots often serve as detention basins (not ad- dressed in this guide). This means that the pavement should store water for a period of time without incurring any dam- a
36、ge due to loss of support from a saturated subgrade. Park- ing lots often accommodate appurtenances, such as lighting standards, drainage structures, traffic islands, and land- scaped planting areas. Provisions for these appurtenances should be considered in the design of the jointing system and the
37、 layout for construction. 1.3Background Design methods for concrete parking lot pavements are somewhat empirical and are based on the methods developed for the design of highway pavements (that is, the Portland Ce- ment Association method Thickness 1984 and the AASHTO design method AASHTO 1993). The
38、se methods are prima- rily concerned with limiting both the stresses in the slab and the reductions in serviceability caused by mixed traffic, in- cluding heavy trucks, while parking lots usually serve fewer vehicles either parked or traveling at slow speeds. Many parking lot projects are not large
39、enough to justify lengthy and detailed design calculations. For small parking lots, a de- signer can rely on personal experience to select conservative values for the design criteria of subgrade soil support and im- posed vehicle loads. In these cases, a conservative selection of pavement thickness
40、is prudent practice. Determining and specifying practical thickness tolerances for pavements are critical. Reduction of the pavement thick- ness beyond recommendations can significantly increase pavement stresses, reduce pavement structural capacity, and potentially reduce pavement life. Although co
41、nstruction smoothness tolerances are not critical for parking areas for low-speed traffic, smoothness is important where concrete surfaces are expected to drain well and carry water long dis- tances across pavements with minimal slope. Aesthetic considerations of surface texture and crack control in
42、 parking lots can be important because of close scrutiny from pedestrians and the owners desire to project a quality image. In large parking lots it is important to direct traffic into desig- nated driving lanes and deter heavy vehicles from crossing thin pavements. The future expansion of a parking
43、 lot and the facil- ity it serves should also be considered during initial design so light-vehicle pavements are not required to accommodate fu- ture heavy loads. Industries and shopping centers served by public transportation and schools served by buses are exam- ples where expansion can transform
44、auto parking areas into more robust truck or bus driveways. 1.4Definitions California bearing ratio (CBR)A bearing value for a soil that compares the load required to force a standard piston into a prepared sample of the soil, to the load required to force the standard piston into a well-graded crus
45、hed stone. (See ASTM D 1883) (The bearing value is usually expressed with the percentage omitted.) Distributed steel reinforcementWelded-wire fabric or bar mats used in pavement to hold the concrete together. This type of reinforcement does not contribute to the structural capacity of slabs on grade
46、. Dowelled jointA joint that uses smooth parallel bars for load transfer, allowing for in-plane movement. Expansive soilsSoils that exhibit significant volume changes caused by loss or gain of moisture. FaultingThe differential vertical displacement of slabs adjacent to a joint or crack. Frost-susce
47、ptible soilMaterial in which significant det- rimental ice aggregation will occur because of capillaries that permit the movement of moisture to the freezing zone when requisite moisture and freezing conditions are present. Modulus of subgrade reaction kThe stress per 1 in. (25 mm) penetration of a
48、circular plate into the subgrade and determined generally from the stress required to cause 0.05 in. (1.3 mm) penetration of a 30 in. (760 mm) diameter plate. PanelAn individual concrete slab bordered by joints or slab edges. Plain pavement Unreinforced concrete pavement. Plasticity index (PI) (also
49、 referred to as plasticity)The range in the water content in which a soil remains plastic, which is also the numerical difference between liquid limit and plastic limit, as calculated according to ASTM D 4318. RavelingThe tendency for aggregate to dislodge and break away from the concrete along the joint that is being sawed. Resistance value RThe stability of a soil, as determined by the Hveem Stabilometer, wh