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1、ACI 330R-08 Reported by ACI Committee 330 Guide for the Design and Construction of Concrete Parking Lots Guide for the Design and Construction of Concrete Parking Lots First Printing June 2008 ISBN 978-0-87031-279-3 American Concrete Institute Advancing concrete knowledge Copyright by the American C
2、oncrete Institute, Farmington Hills, MI. All rights reserved. This material may not be reproduced or copied, in whole or part, in any printed, mechanical, electronic, film, or other distribution and storage media, without the written consent of ACI. The technical committees responsible for ACI commi
3、ttee reports and standards strive to avoid ambiguities, omissions, and errors in these documents. In spite of these efforts, the users of ACI documents occasionally find information or requirements that may be subject to more than one interpretation or may be incomplete or incorrect. Users who have
4、suggestions for the improvement of ACI documents are requested to contact ACI. Proper use of this document includes periodically checking for errata at www.concrete.org/committees/errata.asp for the most up-to-date revisions. ACI committee documents are intended for the use of individuals who are co
5、mpetent to evaluate the significance and limitations of its content and recommendations and who will accept responsibility for the application of the material it contains. Individuals who use this publication in any way assume all risk and accept total responsibility for the application and use of t
6、his information. All information in this publication is provided “as is” without warranty of any kind, either express or implied, including but not limited to, the implied warranties of merchantability, fitness for a particular purpose or non-infringement. ACI and its members disclaim liability for
7、damages of any kind, including any special, indirect, incidental, or consequential damages, including without limitation, lost revenues or lost profits, which may result from the use of this publication. It is the responsibility of the user of this document to establish health and safety practices a
8、ppropriate to the specific circumstances involved with its use. ACI does not make any representations with regard to health and safety issues and the use of this document. The user must determine the applicability of all regulatory limitations before applying the document and must comply with all ap
9、plicable laws and regulations, including but not limited to, United States Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) health and safety standards. Order information: ACI documents are available in print, by download, on CD-ROM, through electronic subscription, or reprint and may be obtaine
10、d by contacting ACI. Most ACI standards and committee reports are gathered together in the annually revised ACI Manual of Concrete Practice (MCP). American Concrete Institute 38800 Country Club Drive Farmington Hills, MI 48331 U.S.A. Phone:248-848-3700 Fax:248-848-3701 www.concrete.org ACI 330R-08 s
11、upersedes ACI 330R-01 and was adopted and published June 2008. Copyright 2008, American Concrete Institute. All rights reserved including rights of reproduction and use in any form or by any means, including the making of copies by any photo process, or by electronic or mechanical device, printed, w
12、ritten, or oral, or recording for sound or visual reproduction or for use in any knowledge or retrieval system or device, unless permission in writing is obtained from the copyright proprietors. 330R-1 ACI Committee Reports, Guides, Manuals, Standard Practices, and Commentaries are intended for guid
13、ance in planning, designing, executing, and inspecting construction. This document is intended for the use of individuals who are competent to evaluate the significance and limitations of its content and recommendations and who will accept responsibility for the application of the material it contai
14、ns. The American Concrete Institute disclaims any and all responsibility for the stated principles. The Institute shall not be liable for any loss or damage arising therefrom. Reference to this document shall not be made in contract documents. If items found in this document are desired by the Archi
15、tect/Engineer to be a part of the contract documents, they shall be restated in mandatory language for incorporation by the Architect/Engineer. Guide for the Design and Construction of Concrete Parking Lots Reported by ACI Committee 330 ACI 330R-08 Concrete parking lots serve many kinds of public fa
16、cilities, commercial developments, businesses, and multifamily housing projects. They primarily accommodate parked vehicles, but may also provide maneuvering areas and access for delivery vehicles. The design and construction of concrete slabs for parking lots and outside storage areas share many si
17、milarities with the design and construction of streets and highways, but they also have some very distinct differences. A full appreciation of the differences and the modification of design and construction procedures to take these differences into account can result in economical concrete parking l
18、ots that will provide satisfactory service for many years with little maintenance. This guide includes information on site investigation, thickness determi- nation, design of joints and other details, durability considerations, paving operations, and quality-assurance procedures during construction.
19、 Maintenance and repair are also discussed. Keywords: concrete pavement; curing; dowels; finishing; joints; load transfer; parking lot; subgrade; thickness; traffic loads. CONTENTS Chapter 1Introduction and scope, p. 330R-2 1.1Introduction 1.2Scope 1.3Background Chapter 2Notation and definitions, p.
20、 330R-3 2.1Notation 2.2Definitions Chapter 3Pavement design, p. 330R-4 3.1Introduction 3.2Pavement stresses 3.3Traffic loads 3.4Subgrade support 3.5Concrete properties 3.6Thickness design 3.7Jointing 3.8Steel reinforcement in parking lot pavements 3.9Joint filling and sealing 3.10Pavement grades 3.1
21、1Other design features Chapter 4Materials, p. 330R-12 4.1Introduction 4.2Strength 4.3Durability 4.4Economy 4.5Workability 4.6Material specifications Chapter 5Construction, p. 330R-13 5.1Introduction 5.2Subgrade preparation David J. AkersDouglas W. DenoFrank LennoxDavid N. Richardson Richard O. Albri
22、ghtEdwin H. GebauerRobert V. LopezDavid M. Suchorski J. Howard AllredNader GhafooriJohn R. Love, IIIScott M. Tarr William L. ArentOmer HeracklisRichard E. MillerDiep T. Tu Joseph P. BergmaierJerry A. HollandJon I. MullarkyRobert L. Varner Bryan M. BirdwellJames W. HoolehanScott M. PalottaDon J. Wade
23、 Michael W. CookKenneth G. KazanisNigel ParkesRichard L. Warren Norbert J. DelatteFrank A. Kozeliski V. Tim Cost Chair Matthew A. Offenberg Secretary 330R-2ACI COMMITTEE REPORT 5.3Layout for construction 5.4Paving equipment 5.5Placing, finishing, and texturing 5.6Curing and protection 5.7Jointing 5.
24、8Pavement markings 5.9Opening to traffic Chapter 6Inspection and testing, p. 330R-16 6.1Introduction 6.2Subgrade preparation 6.3Concrete quality 6.4Construction operations Chapter 7Maintenance and repair, p. 330R-17 7.1Introduction 7.2Surface sealing 7.3Joint and crack sealing 7.4Full-depth repair 7
25、.5Undersealing and leveling 7.6Overlays 7.7Parking lot cleaning Chapter 8References, p. 330R-20 8.1Referenced standards and reports 8.2Cited references Appendix AProcedures for concrete pavement design, p. 330R-24 A.1Pavement stress determination and fatigue consumption A.2Source of thickness tables
26、 A.3AASHTO procedure Appendix BSubgrade, p. 330R-29 B.1Introduction B.2Soil classification B.3Problem soils B.4Expansive soils B.5Frost action B.6Mud-pumping B.7Support uniformity Appendix CSuggested details, p. 330R-31 C.1Pavement jointing and design feature details Appendix DParking lot geometrics
27、, p. 330R-34 D.1Parking requirements D.2Entrances and exits D.3Truck-parking facilities D.4Additional information CHAPTER 1INTRODUCTION AND SCOPE 1.1Introduction Concrete parking lots have many similarities to other types of concrete pavement. On the other hand, parking lots differ from other paveme
28、nts in that most of the area is intended for storage of vehicles and other goods rather than for movement of vehicles. The design of concrete parking lots should follow generally accepted procedures for concrete pavements as outlined in this guide. Load-bearing capacity, drainage, crack control, lif
29、e-cycle cost, constructibility, and maintainability are other characteristics that are important in the design and construction of concrete pavements, including parking lots. Typically, concrete parking lots do not serve the same broad spectrum of traffic loading, from light vehicles to heavy trucks
30、, as highways and arterial streets. Facilities designed to accommodate both light vehicles and heavier delivery trucks may employ traffic controls to separate and channel the heavier trucks away from areas designed for automobiles and light trucks. Facilities designed for heavier vehicles are likely
31、 those facilities where relatively accurate predictions of vehicle sizes and numbers are possible. Facilities intended to serve only light vehicles may have concrete parking lot slabs with thicknesses influenced by the practical limitations of the material and environmental effects rather than by th
32、e pavement stress created by vehicle loads. Durability-related distress is often the most critical maintenance concern for lightly loaded concrete parking lot pavements, which are subject to the effects of fuels and lubricants leaked from vehicles as well as environmental influences. Vehicles in par
33、king areas usually travel at low speeds, diminishing the importance of smoothness tolerances. Because parking lots must also accommodate pedestrians, designs and geometrics should reflect pedestrian safety considerations including crosswalks, a slip-resistant surface texture, and nighttime illuminat
34、ion. Concrete parking lots range in size from small, such as at corner convenience stores, to medium, such as at multi-unit housing projects, to large, such as those for shopping centers and office or commercial developments. Most parking areas include driveways, some of which need to accommodate re
35、latively heavy loads. Special consideration may be needed if access to dumpsters is to be included. Accordingly, concrete parking lots are constructed with a wide variety of construction equipment, ranging from hand tools and vibratory screeds to large highway paving equipment or laser screeds. Beca
36、use of the relatively high stiffness of concrete pavements, loads are spread over larger areas of the subgrade compared with asphaltic pavements. As a result, thinner concrete pavements can be used for the same subgrade material. Additional benefits of using concrete to construct parking lots includ
37、e the following: Concrete surfaces resist deformation from maneuvering vehicles; Concrete surfaces drain well with only minimal slopes; Concrete has relatively simple maintenance requirements; Traffic lane and parking stall markings can be incorpo- rated into the jointing pattern; Concrete is minima
38、lly affected by leaking petroleum products; The light-reflective surface of concrete can be efficiently illuminated with minimal energy requirements; and Concrete parking lots reduce the impacts of the urban heat island effect relative to those of asphalt parking lots by producing lower surface temp
39、eratures, thus providing a cooler urban environment and reducing ozone production. DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION OF CONCRETE PARKING LOTS330R-3 The sustainable construction benefits of concrete are considerable as compared with other pavement materials. Concrete parking lots typically have service lives o
40、f 30 years or more, requiring no additional use of aggregates and other nonrenewable materials resources through the period. In addition to opportunities for the use of sustainable concrete component materials such as recycled aggregates and supple- mentary cementitious materials derived from indust
41、rial by- products, concretes light-colored surface helps reduce reflected solar radiation, and its higher reflectivity can reduce illumination requirements considerably. Lower resulting energy requirements are realized throughout the facilitys life cycle. Pervious concrete may be useful in reducing
42、storm water runoff from the site (ACI 522R). At the end of the service life, concrete can be recycled into aggregates and pavement subbase materials. These and other attributes of concrete can be useful in obtaining LEED Green Building certification for a project (Portland Cement Association 2005).
43、1.2Scope This guide is based on the current knowledge and practices for the design, construction, and maintenance of concrete parking lots. It emphasizes the aspects of concrete pavement technology that are different from procedures used to design and construct other types of slabs-on-ground, such a
44、s streets, highways, and floors. This guide is not a standard or a specification, and it is not intended to be included by reference in construction contract documents. ACI 330.1 can be used for these purposes. Parking lots have most loads imposed on interior slabs surrounded by other pavement, prov
45、iding some edge support on all sides. Highway and street pavements carry heavy loads along and across free edges, and are subjected to greater deflections and stresses. Streets and pavements are usually designed to drain toward an edge where the water can be carried away from the pavement. Parking l
46、ots are usually designed so some of the water is collected internally and is conveyed away through underground systems. In urban areas where rainfall runoff from large impervious surfaces is regulated, parking lots often serve as detention basins (not addressed in this guide). This means that the pa
47、vement should store water for a period of time without incurring any damage due to loss of support from a saturated subgrade. Parking lots often accommodate appurtenances, such as lighting standards, drainage structures, traffic islands, and landscaped planting areas. Provisions for these appurtenan
48、ces should be considered in the design of the jointing system and the layout for construction. 1.3Background Design methods for concrete parking lot pavements are somewhat empirical, and are based on the methods developed for the design of highway pavements such as the Portland Cement Association (1
49、984a,b) method and the AASHTO (1993) design method. These methods are primarily concerned with limiting both the stresses in the slab and the reductions in serviceability caused by mixed traffic, including heavy trucks, whereas parking lots usually serve fewer vehicles either parked or traveling at slow speeds. For many parking lots that will serve only light traffic loads, the need for an extensive design process may be less critical. For such projects, a designer can rely on personal experience to select