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1、Copyright The Aluminum Association Inc. Provided by IHS under license with AA Licensee=IHS Employees/1111111001, User=Wing, Bernie Not for Resale, 04/18/2007 03:19:46 MDTNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS -,-,- TD-AA APBS-ENGL 1994 E Ob04500 OCIL8838 I T 4 E ALUMINUMS P
2、OTENTIAL: BRIDGE CONSTRUCT ON 1 HE PROCEEDINGS OF THE n n BRIDGE SESSION OF THE 1 9 9 4 ALUMITECH CONFERENCE OCTOBER 26-29, 1994 AMNA., GEORGIA The Aluminum Association I?OiPn.IM 900 19th Street, N.W., Washington, D.C. 20006 CopyrigMO1985 The Aluminum AuociPtbn, Inc. Copyright The Aluminum Associati
3、on Inc. Provided by IHS under license with AA Licensee=IHS Employees/1111111001, User=Wing, Bernie Not for Resale, 04/18/2007 03:19:46 MDTNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS -,-,- STDmAA APBS-ENGL 199Y Oh04500 0018837 I130 (ABLE OF LONTENTS ALUMINUM BRICGES-A HISTORICAL
4、PERSPECWE BY A. A. TRINIDAD. . i OVERVIEW OF ALUMINUM IN HIGHWAY BRIDGE CONSTRUCTION BY W. W. SANDERS AND R. E. A E I E N D R O T H . .7 BRIDGES AND BRIDGE DECKS IN ALUMINIUM BY TORSTEN HCGLUND .I 1 ALUMINIUM POTENTIAL IN BRIDGE CONSTRUCTION- MATERIALS AND DESIGN TOOLS BY DIMITRIS KOSTEAS . .19 Copy
5、right The Aluminum Association Inc. Provided by IHS under license with AA Licensee=IHS Employees/1111111001, User=Wing, Bernie Not for Resale, 04/18/2007 03:19:46 MDTNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS -,-,- STD. A A APBS-ENG IL 1 1 1 0604500 OOLB840 852 n October 1994,
6、the Aiumitech 1994 Conference was held on October 26-29 in Atlanta, Georgia. Among the technical marketing sessions conducted there was “Aluminums Potential: Bridge Construction.” This publication, of the same name, represents the proceedings of that session Special thanks are due to the session cha
7、imian, James Stine, CEO of Cressona Aluminum Compa- of the conference. ny, and to the authors for their quality presentations and permission to publish the information present- ed at the conference. The presentations are published in the form in which the materials w e r e provided to the conference
8、 management; no revision or editing of the information has been carried out except to remove some time-sensitive pricing information that would have datedthe content. I V Copyright The Aluminum Association Inc. Provided by IHS under license with AA Licensee=IHS Employees/1111111001, User=Wing, Berni
9、e Not for Resale, 04/18/2007 03:19:46 MDTNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS -,-,- STD A A APBS-ENGL Il994 Ob04500 INTRODUCTION his publication, “Aluminums Potential: Bridge Construction,” represents the proceedings of the session of the same title at the Alumitech 1994
10、Conference, held on October 26-29, 1994, at the Infonun in Atlanta, Georgia. The four papers that are included here provide a rather complete picture ranging h m the excellent historical experience with aluminum bridges to the latest design concepts and software. A. A. Trinidads paper provides the h
11、istorical perspective, highlighting the U.S. and overseas appii- cations and performance of aluminum bridges and bridge decks starting in 1933. Trinidad covers a number of the major attributes of aluminum for bridges, including superior corrosion resistance and at- tractive life-cycle cost compariso
12、ns to conventional bridge construction. Sanders and Abendmth focus on one aluminum bridge application, describing the erection, 30-year operating service, and the dismantling and evaluation of the Iowa State Turnpike bridge, noting its ex- cellent perfomiance throughout its life. Also included are r
13、eports on the excellent service performance and the results of field tests of the bridge sections following their dismantling at the end of the bridge service. Prof. Torsten Hoglund deals with the development, engineering and verification testing of the SvenssodSAPA extruded plank design of bridge d
14、eck widely used in Sweden, illustrating the advan- tages of aluminum for applications where rapid replacements of deteriorated concrete decks are need- ed and for movable spans. The work described herein led to full approval of aluminum bridge deck de- signs in Sweden, and led to more than 35 instal
15、lations over the past 10 years. The publication concludes with Prof. Dunitris Kosteas overview of the materials capabilities and of some valuable design tools available for aluminum structures. Of particular interest to readers will be the introductions to ALFABET, the aluminium data bank; the Europ
16、ean Design Recommendations, ERAAS, with its Aluminium Structural Design software program; and the AlBriDa, Aluminium Bridge Database, covering the worlds bridge installations (still in development). Ths outstanding summary of papers on aluminum bridges and bridge decks applications and de- sign is m
17、ust reading for those interested in innovative and cost-effective solutions to bridge design, re- pair and replacement, and life-cycle performance issues. VI1 Copyright The Aluminum Association Inc. Provided by IHS under license with AA Licensee=IHS Employees/1111111001, User=Wing, Bernie Not for Re
18、sale, 04/18/2007 03:19:46 MDTNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS -,-,- STD-AA APBS-ENGL 3994 I 0604500 0038842 b25 D USE OFTHE INFORMATION Information contained in this publication was compiled by The Aluminum Association, Inc. In view of the variety of conditions and me
19、thods of use to which such data may be applied, The Aluminum Association and its member companies assume no responsibility or liability for the use of information contained herein. Neither The Aluminum Association nor any of its mem- ber companies give any warranties, express or implied, with respec
20、t to this information. Copyright The Aluminum Association Inc. Provided by IHS under license with AA Licensee=IHS Employees/1111111001, User=Wing, Bernie Not for Resale, 04/18/2007 03:19:46 MDTNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS -,-,- ALUMINUM BRIDGES A HISTORICAL PERSPE
21、CTIVE By A. A. Tnnidad, Jc, Bettigole An- drews seven highway bridges were completed in that time. Steel prices were in- creasing during the construction - . - - - - - . - HISTORY able 1 presents available da- ta on some of the aluminum rope, and Table 2 those construct- $ “ bridges constructed in E
22、u- the welded Iowa bridge used alloy 5083-Hl 13. 6061-T6 is still the primary struc- tural alloy available for riveted or bolted structures. 5083-H 1 13 is still used for welded structures and an alternative, 5456-H321, IS also available. Alloy 2014, used for the Saguenay River arch and the Massena
23、railroad bridge, is a high strength alloy which does not have the corrosion resistance of the other alloys. cost today will be influ- enced by costs of material, fabrication, transportation and erection at specific locations. The spread in first cost between aluminum alloy and steel bridges will be
24、least in urban areas where the saving in time for traffic main- tenance, transportation of girders, and erection will favor alu- minums lighter weight. After reaching a peak aluminum ingot price in 1988 of $ I .65 per pound, the price today is under $0.50 per pound. 1993 for a welded aluminum bridge
25、 of 80-foot span comparing total costs with a painted high strength low alloy steel bridge . A limited investigation in LONGEVIT/ ight of the nine bridges list- ed in Table 2 exist today. The Iowa bridge has been re- moved to make way for an inter- ALUMIFUMC POTENAL: BRIDGE c o “ * ALUMINUM BRIDGES-
26、A Hisrmicps PERSPE Route 32 over River Road, Patapsco River and milmad, Sykesville, Maryland L- - Route 36 over Appomattox River, Petersburg, Virginia CTIVE 5 Copyright The Aluminum Association Inc. Provided by IHS under license with AA Licensee=IHS Employees/1111111001, User=Wing, Bernie Not for Re
27、sale, 04/18/2007 03:19:46 MDTNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS -,-,- change. The two Long Island Ex- pressway bridges over Jericho Turnpike are considered to be ex- cellent examples of the viability of aluminum alloys as a bridge material. These bridges have been under
28、 heavy trafic for 34 years, carrying an average of 140,000 vehicles per and Robert . Aben- droth, Associate Professor; De- partment of Civil and Construc- tion Engineering, Iowa State Universis, Ames, Iowa 11111 rom 1958 to 1963, the avail- ability of structural steel was limited and delays in steel
29、 fabrication were significant. As a result, aluminum was considered as a viable alternative for bridges. During these years, seven alu- I 1 mission-ISHC) considered steel In the early 1990s, the Iowa or concrete girder construction for Department of Transportation, in this bridge. However, at the ur
30、ging cooperation with the Department of the aluminum industry, a con- of Defense, decided to construct a tinuous four-span welded alu- full interchange at the Clive Road minum (5083-H 1 13) girder bridge overpass to provide better access (the only one of the seven bridges to a major National Guard f
31、acility to involve welded construction) that is located north of the site. As with a composite concrete deck a result of the new interchange, was designed and constructed for new safety requirements, and the an HS-20 loading. To help finance increased traffic volume, the orig- the construction of th
32、e Clive Road inal 220-ft long by 364 wide alu- Bridge, the three major aluminum minum girder bridge was replaced companies (Alcoa, Kaiser and by a 2754 long by 8 7 4 wide Reynolds) underwrote approxi- prestressed concrete girder bridge. mately 20% of the additional cost The new bridge has an 84- roa
33、d- of the aluminum construction way width. This replacement pro- above the costs associated with a vided an unusual opportunity for more conventional bridge girder engineers to inspect and field test material. As a result of this partic- a bridge that has been in service ipation and the unique featu
34、res of for 35 years and to obtain alu- the bridge, it was designed and minum girders for future testing. built as the subject of a research With the cooperation of the Polk project (HR-5 1) under the direc- County Engineering District and tion of the Iowa Highway Re- the Iowa Department of Trans- se
35、arch Board (IHRB). As part of portation (Iowa DOT), Iowa State another research study (HR-67, University (ISU) began a research IHRB) the Clive Road Bridge was project that was funded by the one of four interstate bridges test- Iowa DOT with partial support ed under static and dynamic load- from the
36、 Federal Highway Admin- ing conditions. Since this bridge istration to conduct an investiga- was studied during two research tion of the bridge. To assist in the projects, extensive records on the research, the Center for Advanced bridge fabrication, construction Technology for Large Structuial and
37、behavior are available. Systems (ATLSS Center) at The bridge was inspected on a Lehigh University in Bethlchcm. regular basis with the most recent PA, is participating in the investi- one performed in October of gat i ons . 199 1. The inspection reports re- The last inspection, field tcst- vealed th
38、at in 1978 the east girder ing, and demolition of the bridge of the bridge over the westbound occurred in September of 1993. route of I-80/3S was struck by an During the demolition, the eight over-height truck, causing a two- 42-fi long end span girders were inch notch in the bottom flange. recovere
39、d. After new aluminum The damage to the flange was plate attachments are welded to ground smooth; however, some the girders, fatigue testing of %ur slight misalignment of the bottom of the aluminum girders under flange remained. constant amplitude cyclic loading The bridge at Interstate were constru
40、cted in the U.S.A. 80135, Dm Moines, Iowa One of these bridges was con- structed as a continuous four-span welded aluminum plate girder bridge over Interstate 80/3S just northwest of Des Moines, Iowa.“ The bridge, which was 220 ft in length with a 304 roadway and 3- fi safety curb on each side, carr
41、ied Clive Road (Northwest 86th Street) traffic over the interstate. The trafic on the bridge consisted primarily of passenger cars and light trucks. Initially, the state highway department (then known as the Iowa State Highway Com- ALUMINUMS POTENTIAL: BRIDGE CONSTRVCTION * GVEFMEW (x ALUMINUM IN HI
42、GHWAY BRIDGE CONSTAUCTION 7 Copyright The Aluminum Association Inc. Provided by IHS under license with AA Licensee=IHS Employees/1111111001, User=Wing, Bernie Not for Resale, 04/18/2007 03:19:46 MDTNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS -,-,- 1 I bration of continuous highw
43、ay i bridges and static and dynamic : load distribution in these bridges. 1 The results of the load distribution tests will be used as part of the : ciirrent study of the aluminum I girder bridge. i INSPECTION AND RECENT b . . l 13Ri.j RED TESTS ver the 35 years since the bridge was constructed, man
44、y inspections have been I made. A small number of small fatigue cracks, generally at the welded diaphragm to girder con- nections, were found over the years. These cracks were moni- tored and no significant propaga- will begin this fall. Lehigh Uni- to be composite with the girders. Another view d t
45、he bridge at Intantits 80/35, es Moines, iowa versity has proposed conducting variable amplitude cyclic loading fatigue tests on the four remaining beams. Since fatigue tests results for full-scale welded aluminum beams are extremely limited, these tests, which will be conducted at load levels that
46、produce failures after a large number of load cy- cles, will provide valuable infor- mation on the long-term behavior of aluminum structures. The following paragraphs sum- make the construction of the bridge, the initial testing, behavior of the bridge, and the current re- search projects. Additiona
47、l details on the construction and initial testing are given in Ref. 1-5. The girders were fabricated in pairs with welded diaphragms be- tween them. Four pairs of girder sections were fabricated. Two sec- tions were 125-8 long and two sections were 954 long. The ba- sic aluminum skeleton was erect-
48、ed in four lifts-two weighing about 2 1,000 Ibs and the other two weighing about 16,000 lbs. The light weight for erection is one of the significant advantages of alu- minum. After erecting the individ- ual sections, the staggered field splices were bolted to form con- tinuous girders. Each of the girder pairs was fastened transversely with bolted diaphragms. CONSTRUCTION OF ME ORIGINAL CUVE ROAD BRIDGE he aluminum girder bridge, which was built in 1958, was fabricated from 5083- H113 aluminum plates and con- sis