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1、Developed by INCITS TR-34-2003 INCITS Technical Report for Information Technology Geographic Feature Cataloguing Methodology: An Overview of Current Practice Copyright American National Standards Institute Provided by IHS under license with ANSI Licensee=USN Ship Repair Facility Yokosuka/9961031100
2、Not for Resale, 05/08/2007 23:35:57 MDTNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS -,-,- Published by American National Standards Institute 25 West 43rd Street, New York, New York 10036 Copyright 2003 by Information Technology Industry Council (ITI) All rights reserved. No part
3、of this publication may be reproduced in any form, in an electronic retrieval system or otherwise, without prior written permission of the publisher. Printed in the United States of America INCITS Technical Report Series This Technical Report is one in a series produced by the International Committe
4、e for Information Technology Standards (INCITS). The secretariat for INCITS is held by the Information Technology Industry Council (ITI), 1250 Eye Street, NW, Suite 200, Washington, DC 2005. As a by-product of the standards development process and the resources of knowledge devoted to it, INCITS fro
5、m time to time produces Technical Reports. Such Technical Reports are not standards, nor are they intended to be used as such. INCITS Technical Reports are produced in some cases to disseminate the technical and logical concepts reflected in standards already published or under development. In other
6、 cases, they derive from studies in areas where it is found premature to develop a standard due to a still changing technology, or inappropriate to develop a rigorous standard due to the existence of a number of viable options, the choice of which depends on the users particular requirements. These
7、Technical Reports, thus, provide guidelines, the use of which can result in greater consistency and coherence of information processing systems. When the draft Technical Report is completed, the Technical Committee approval process is the same as for a draft standard. Processing by INCITS is also si
8、milar to that for a draft standard. Patent Statement CAUTION: The developers of this Technical Report have requested that holders of patents that may be required for the implementation of the standard, disclose such patents to the publisher. However, neither the developers nor the publisher have und
9、ertaken a patent search in order to identify which, if any, patents may apply to this Technical Report. As of the date of publication of this Technical Report and following calls for the identification of patents that may be required for the implementation of the Technical Report, no such claims hav
10、e been made. No further patent search is conducted by the developer or the publisher in respect to any Technical Report it processes. No representation is made or implied that licenses are not required to avoid infringement in the use of this Technical Report. Copyright American National Standards I
11、nstitute Provided by IHS under license with ANSI Licensee=USN Ship Repair Facility Yokosuka/9961031100 Not for Resale, 05/08/2007 23:35:57 MDTNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS -,-,- INCITS TR-34-2003 INCITS Technical Report for Information Technology Geographic Feature
12、 Cataloguing Methodology: An Overview of Current Practice Abstract This report was prepared by the Project Team for Cataloguing (Work Item 10) of the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) Technical Committee for Geographic Information/Geomatics (TC 211). It describes the references on
13、 cataloguing methodology submitted and, in some cases, authored by members of the Project Team. Existing methods were reviewed in relation to the General Feature Model developed by TC 211. Differences in current practice suggested issues that had to be resolved in order to achieve an international s
14、tandard, which now exists as ISO Final Draft International Standard 19110 Feature Cataloguing Methodology. Copyright American National Standards Institute Provided by IHS under license with ANSI Licensee=USN Ship Repair Facility Yokosuka/9961031100 Not for Resale, 05/08/2007 23:35:57 MDTNo reproduct
15、ion or networking permitted without license from IHS -,-,- INCITS TR-34-2003 1 1 Scope This document provides a useful framework for cataloguing methodology. It appears that existing feature catalogues are fully compatible with the framework, even if certain of the concepts provided in the General F
16、eature Model occur in existing standards only within unstructured natural language definitions. Differences may be found in the identification of feature and attribute domains, the variety of approaches to classification, inclusion of selection criteria, and in the extent to which the geometric repr
17、esentation of features, through spatial primitives, is considered an integral part of a feature catalogue. 2 Cataloguing Methodology: reference list The following reference list contains provisions which, through reference below, constitute provisions of this report. Association of Finnish Local Aut
18、horities (AFLA, 1996). Classification of Geographic Data. Version 2.1 (February, 1996). Helsinki. (In Finnish) Association Franaise de Normalisation (AFNOR, 1992). changes de donnes informatises dans le domaine de linformatique gographique- EDIGO. Norme exprimentale franaise Z13-150. Section 6.2.2:
19、pages 128-135. ATKIS (1989). Part A, Part C1, Part D0. Australian Spatial Data Exchange Centre (AUSDEC, 1993). Guidelines for Creating a Spatial Feature Data Dictionary Suitable for the Spatial Data Transfer Standard. Technical Report No. 3. Australian Spatial Data Exchange Centre (AUSDEC, 1992). An
20、 Implementation Strategy for Creating an SDTS Data Dictionary. Technical Report No. 1. DABROWSKI, Christopher, and Henry TOM (1996). Towards an Analytical Tool for Harmonizing Geographic Feature Definitions. Unpublished research paper, August 13, 1996. Digital Geographic Information Working Group, D
21、IGEST Technical Committee. DIGEST/S-57 Harmonization Interface Control Document DRAFT Plan. European Committee for Standardisation, Technical Committee 278 (1995). Geographic Data Files. Draft European Standard (GDF 3.0). Part 4: General Data Model. Copyright reserved to CEN members. European Territ
22、orial Data Base (1991). Part C0. EVANGELATOS, Tim (1996). Creating a Feature Dictionary: the CHS experience. Submitted to the Project Team 1996-01-18. Copyright American National Standards Institute Provided by IHS under license with ANSI Licensee=USN Ship Repair Facility Yokosuka/9961031100 Not for
23、 Resale, 05/08/2007 23:35:57 MDTNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS -,-,- INCITS TR-34-2003 2 Federal Service of Geodesy and Cartography of Russia (1993). Classifier of Topographical Information of Digital Map at the Scale of 1:1 000 000. Roskartografia. Distribution res
24、tricted. Geomatics Canada (1997). Standards and Specifications of the National Topographic Data Base, Edition 3.1, May 1997. IAKOVLEVA, Raissa (1996). Suggestions on the Methodology for Developing the Catalogue of Geographical Objects. Moscow: Federal Service of Geodesy and Cartography, February 199
25、6. ILLERT, Andreas (1996). Report on ATKIS and ETDB. Submitted to the Project Team 1996-01-30. IHO/DGIWG Harmonization Committee (1995). The Consolidated DIGEST and S-57 Data Model. Information Paper to ISO/TC 211, November 1995. International Organization for Standardization, Technical Committee fo
26、r Geographic Information/Geomatics, Ad Hoc Working Group 3 (1995). Proposed Semantic Data Model for Geographic Data. ISO/IEC 11179 Information Technology- Specification and Standardization of Data Elements. Part 3, Basic Attributes of Data Elements; Part 4, Rules and Guidelines for the Formulation o
27、f Data Elements; Part 5, Naming and Identification Principles for Data Elements. JIANG Jingtong (n.d.). Technical Report in the Area of GIS Standardization in China. Beijing: National Remote Sensing Centre. JIANG Jingtong and LIU Ruomei (n.d.). Research on the Data Classifying and Coding for the Nat
28、ional Fundamental Geographic Information in China. Beijing: National Geomatics Center of China. JONES, Mark P. (1993). Gofer Functional Programming Environment. KUHN, Werner (1994). Defining Semantics for Spatial Data Transfers. Proceedings, Sixth International Symposium on Spatial Data Handling. Ed
29、inburgh: International Geographical Union. LAND, Nick (n.d.). The Classification of Spatial Data: a proposal for a national standard. MASSE, Franois (1997). Methodology Used in the Canadian National Topographic Data Base (NTDB). Submitted to the Project Team 1997-06-13. Copyright American National S
30、tandards Institute Provided by IHS under license with ANSI Licensee=USN Ship Repair Facility Yokosuka/9961031100 Not for Resale, 05/08/2007 23:35:57 MDTNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS -,-,- INCITS TR-34-2003 3 NUORA, Arto (1996). Classification of Geographic Informat
31、ion in Finland. Helsinki: the Association of Finnish Local Authorities. RUGG, Robert D. (1995a). Defining Standard Features for Land Use Applications. Cartography and Geographic Information Systems, 22:3. RUGG, Robert D. (1995b). Extending the SDTS Model of Features and Attributes. Presented to the
32、Association of American Geographers, Chicago, March 1995. RUGG, Robert D. (1994). SDTS, FACC, and S-57: towards an international standard for geographic features. Report prepared for the U.S. National Institute of Standards and Technology, September 7, 1994. RUGG, Robert D., Max J. EGENHOFER, and We
33、rner KUHN (1995). Formalizing Behavior of Geographic Feature Types. University of Maine, National Center for Geographic Information and Analysis, Report #95-7. Tri-Service Spatial Data Standard. (no author, no date). U.S. Department of Commerce (1992). The Spatial Data Transfer Standard (SDTS). Fede
34、ral Information Processing Standard (FIPS PUB) 173. Part 1, Annex A The Model of Spatial Features; Annex B Attribute Encoding Example; Part 2, Spatial Features. U.S. Geological Survey (1990). An Enhanced DLG Design. Methodology portion. XIONG, Demin (1997). GDF Cataloguing. Oak Ridge National Labora
35、tory, Center for Transportation Analysis. 3 Definitions A common vocabulary is needed in order to discuss cataloguing methodology in a consistent way. The following terms have been defined by the Project Team. 3.1 feature type: set resulting from the classification, within an abstract universe, of p
36、henomena located relative to the Earths surface. For example, the phenomenon Tower Bridge may be classified with other similar phenomena into a feature type bridge. Note: in a feature catalogue, the basic level of classification is the feature type. 3.2 feature type function: behaviour common to all
37、 instances of a feature type. For example, a function of the feature type bridge is to carry traffic across a watercourse. Another function might be to block vessels from navigating along the watercourse. Copyright American National Standards Institute Provided by IHS under license with ANSI License
38、e=USN Ship Repair Facility Yokosuka/9961031100 Not for Resale, 05/08/2007 23:35:57 MDTNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS -,-,- INCITS TR-34-2003 4 Note: functions provide a basis for feature type definition. 3.3 feature type attribute: characteristic of a feature type (
39、see 3.1 of ISO 11179-3). 3.4 feature type relationship: characteristic or behaviour that creates a link between instances of one feature type and one or more instances of the same or a different feature type (see 5.2.2 of ISO 11179-3). 3.5 feature catalogue: definition and description of the feature
40、 types, feature type functions, feature type attributes, and feature type relationships occurring in one or more sets of geographic data. 4 Review of Methodology References The following review considers how the submitted references relate to the General Feature Model. It should be noted that the fe
41、ature type functions aspect is the newest and, therefore, the least standardized, of the aspects of the model. As stated in Kuhn (1994), All set members are . entirely characterized by the operations which are applicable to them (p. 979). If this is true, then the functions of feature types can be c
42、losely binded with (or, ultimately, constitute) the definitions of the feature types, themselves; and the more conventional entity-relationship model of features, incorporated in many of the reference documents, can remain intact. There would be an important nuance to this conventional view, however
43、: the feature type relationships are subject to, and entirely derived from, the interactions inherent in their functions, and how the functions of one particular feature can affect the attributes, relationships, and perhaps even the existence of another feature. 4.1 Existing and Proposed Standards M
44、any of the reference documents describe either standards that are already in use, or those (such as DLG-E) that have been developed by an agency with official responsibility for collecting and distributing geographical data. Other references reflect individual research initiatives and agency reports
45、 of a more general nature. The following is a review of the cataloguing methodology portions of official standards of which complete copies or summaries have been presented to the Project Team. 4.1.1 Amtliches Topographisch Kartographisches Informationssystem (ATKIS) and European Territorial DataBas
46、e (ETDB) The methodology for both ATKIS and ETDB is described by Illert in his contributed paper. The Authoritative Topographic Cartographic Information System (ATKIS) is a national German standard, closely related to the European standard ETDB. Both standards seek to characterize the topographic fe
47、atures of the landscape and provide the modeling rules required for the creation of a digital landscape model, or DLM. ATKIS contains a feature type catalogue (ATKIS-OK) and so does ETDB (ETDB-FCC). Copyright American National Standards Institute Provided by IHS under license with ANSI Licensee=USN
48、Ship Repair Facility Yokosuka/9961031100 Not for Resale, 05/08/2007 23:35:57 MDTNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS -,-,- INCITS TR-34-2003 5 Illert presents a full description of the models used in ATKIS-OK and FCC, and illustrates them with the examples of the ATKIS feature class 5101 (river, brook) and the corresponding ETDB feature class BH 140 (water course). The ATKIS feature class fits within a hierarchical classification with the entire Digital Land Model (DLM) at the top level, followed by a feature domain (5000- hyd