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1、Copyright The Aluminum Association Inc. Provided by IHS under license with AA Licensee=IHS Employees/1111111001, User=Wing, Bernie Not for Resale, 04/18/2007 03:19:53 MDTNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS -,-,- A A 95 = Oh04500 O033653 208 . . .About the Cover The cover
2、 of this brochure is a montage of elements of the 20-foot long, 500-pound aluminum wall sculpture that hangs in the upper lobby of the Aluminum Association headquarters in Washington, D.C. Created by the noted American sculptor, Robert C. Koepnick, the sculpture depicts the 1 O product divisions of
3、the Association. The montage of the sculpture for the cover is especially appropriate. Forty thousand recycled all-aluminum beverage cans were used in making the sculpture. The cans were donated and smelted into ingot by Edwin A. Bergman, US. Reduction Company East Chicago, Indiana. The finished ing
4、ot was then transported to Ross Aluminum Foundries, Sidney, Ohio, where the finished piece was cast under the direction of William A. Ross, Jr. in accordance with Mr. Koepnicks concept. Copyright The Aluminum Association Inc. Provided by IHS under license with AA Licensee=IHS Employees/1111111001, U
5、ser=Wing, Bernie Not for Resale, 04/18/2007 03:19:53 MDTNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS -,-,- AA 95 = Ob04500 OOIIIIb54 II44 ALUMINUM RECYCLING CASEBOOK the Aluminum Association Inccfwtaied 818Connecticut Avenue, N.W., Washington, D.C. 2MM6 Any data and suggestions i
6、n this book are based on information believed to be reliable and are offered in good faith but without guarantee. The Aluminum Assmation and its member companies assume I W responsibility or liability for the use of information conlained in this bwk. No warranty, express o r implied, is made of this
7、 information by lhe Aluminum Association or by any of its member companies. 1 Copyright The Aluminum Association Inc. Provided by IHS under license with AA Licensee=IHS Employees/1111111001, User=Wing, Bernie Not for Resale, 04/18/2007 03:19:53 MDTNo reproduction or networking permitted without lice
8、nse from IHS -,-,- 2 AA 95 m Ob04500 OOLLh55 080 = PREFACE Aluminum is a recyclable material of significant economic importance. Energy savings are impressive. About 5% of the energy required to produce aluminum ingot from its ore is needed to produce a recycled ingot of this unique metal. This Case
9、book is designed to encourage recycling aluminum. Technical and marketing information applying to the principal phases of aluminum recycling is included to aid both business and municipalities in selecting and implementing the most appropriate programs for specific situations. Aluminum is recoverabl
10、e from many different sources. Categories included herein are source-separated consumer scrap; mixed municipal refuse; automobile scrap: industrial metal scrap; and certain commercial streams of refuse. Significant commercial aspects of aluminum recycling also are identified and discussed for each p
11、articular aluminum-containing stream. Various applicable processing operations are described, and scrap marketing channels and practices are introduced. Both real and potential opportunities concerning recovered metal composition and applications also are discussed. certain chapters, as appropriate.
12、 In addition, a General Appendix is provided at the back of the book as a guide for contacting consultants, contractors, system operators, equipment suppliers, and potential marketing organizations. Also included in the General Appendix are a suggested reading list, names of trade organizations and
13、government agencies that could serve as sources of additional information. included at the end of the book. Individual Appendices are placed at the end of A Glossary of recycling and related terms is This publication was prepared by a special task force under the direction of the Recycling Committee
14、. Recycling Committee Ronald Glah F. Lewis Shirley Chairman Robert L. Pickens Morris E. Johnson John S. Steel Task Group on Recycling Casebook Gilbert F. Bourcier Joseph Tessandori John Dickinson David A. Schiffer Copyright The Aluminum Association Inc. Provided by IHS under license with AA Licensee
15、=IHS Employees/1111111001, User=Wing, Bernie Not for Resale, 04/18/2007 03:19:53 MDTNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS -,-,- . - A A 95 m obouoo O O L L L TLJ m i . . TABLE OF CONTENTS Page Preface 2 1 Introduction 5 “New“ and “Old“ Purchased Aluminum Scrap 5 Consumer R
16、ecycling . 6 Two Basic Approaches 6 Controlling Aluminum Content of Scrap Metal . 6 History and Structure of the Aluminum Recycling Industry . 7 Development of the Secondary Industry 8 World War II Expansion 8 OldAutomobiles 8 Solid Wastes . 9 Dealer Scrap Marketing and Processing Practices 9 Contra
17、ct Conversion of Aluminum Scrap by Primary Producers . 10 Use of Aluminum Scrap By Secondary Producers . 10 Aluminum Beverage Can Recycling . 11 Effects of Deposit Legislation on Aluminum Recycling . 12 3 InpuVOutput Factors of Aluminum Recovery . 14 Prospective Recovery of Old Aluminum Scrap 15 Oth
18、er Studies . 16 4 Technology of Aluminurn Recycling Systems 19 Review of Aluminum Recovery Potential . 19 RecyclingSystems 20 Recycling Consumer Scrap . 21 Consumer Aluminum Recycling Facilities . 21 Automated Container Recycling . 23 Municipal Refuse Processing . 23 SeparationProcess 24 Front End S
19、eparation 24 Back End Separation 27 Additional Sources of Recyclable Metals . Capital and Operating Costs for Equipment 5 Chemistry and Specifications of Recycled Aluminum 43 2 Automobile Shredding (Non-Magnetic Residue Processing) 27 28 29 Melt Compositional Factors . 44 Used Beverage Containers .
20、44 Automotive Scrap . 45 Municipal Waste 45 6 Overcoming Barriers. Enabling Greater Reliance on Recycling Aluminum . Barrier Identification . Identiying Aluminum Alloys Consumer Involvement Municipal Refuse Streams Automobile or Transportation Refuse Non-Automotive Transportation . Building and Cons
21、truction Industrial. Agricultural and Military Equipment . Summary of Barriers to Recycling Aluminum Scrap . Selected Reading List . Glossary . Materials and Energy Recovery Facilities . GeneralAppendix . 50 50 51 51 52 52 52 52 53 53 55 59 61 64 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
22、 - ._. _- . . = . “. ._. . : . - , - * -:-* F - 3 Copyright The Aluminum Association Inc. Provided by IHS under license with AA Licensee=IHS Employees/1111111001, User=Wing, Bernie Not for Resale, 04/18/2007 03:19:53 MDTNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS -,-,- A A 95 m
23、ob04500 001157 953 m Chapter 1 INTRODUCTION Aluminum recycling is both economically sound and ecologically advantageous. Recovered aluminum is readily marketable to scrap processors and users. In addition to the important energy savings cited in the Preface, recycling aluminum has lower capital requ
24、irements for a given output of ingot. Also, the time savings in the conversion of raw material to finished product are significant. Saving of foreign exchange is another important by-product of recycling, since a large part of the raw materials currently employed for virgin aluminum production are i
25、mported. Reserves of bauxite, the ore of aluminum, also are conserved by recycling. Aluminum scrap enters the supply stream of industry through two major, broadly classified sources: purchased scrap and “run-around“ or “home” scrap. Run-around scrap is that which is generated by producers of mill pr
26、oducts, or by foundries, and is recovered or recycled by these same producers. Scrap classified in this category never leaves the company generating it and, hence, is never marketed as scrap. Aluminum scrap consumption and recovery statistics, such as those published by the U.S. Bureau of Mines, do
27、not include a measurement of run-around scrap. “New” and “Old” Purchased Aluminum Scrap Purchased scrap, therefore, as the “raw” material of the aluminum recycling industry, is the general topic of this casebook, and is further classified as “new” or “old” scrap. from aluminum wrought and cast produ
28、cts as they are processed by fabricators into consumer or industrial products. “New” scrap includes classifications such as solids, clippings and cuttings; borings and turnings (from machinery operations); residues (e.g., drosses, skimmings, spillings, and sweepings); obsolete and surplus products (
29、mill products and castings). “Old” scrap is the aluminum content retrieved from “post-consumer” wastes of all types, such as automobiles, beverage cans, cooking utensils, etc. Old scrap includes discarded or obsolete products, such as old transmission cables, aircraft, and other items. In 1984, recy
30、cled aluminum amounted to over 23% of the total supply available to the industry. Of this, “new” scrap represented about 53% of the recycled total, with nearly 100% of the available new “New” or “prompt” industrial scrap is generated 5 Copyright The Aluminum Association Inc. Provided by IHS under li
31、cense with AA Licensee=IHS Employees/1111111001, User=Wing, Bernie Not for Resale, 04/18/2007 03:19:53 MDTNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS -,-,- A5 W Oh04500 OOLLb58 89T INTRODUCTION scrap generated being returned to the system. “Old” scrap comprised the balance (47%)
32、 of the available recycled aluminum supply. Consumer Recycling generated is currently being recycled. Pinpointing the general areas in which the greatest potential for scrap recovery exists, and reporting on the state-of- the-art of reclaiming “old” scrap are principal concerns of this text. recover
33、y of valuable raw materials from post- consumer waste. This is similar to the earliest recycling industries, which began with the neighborhood collector. Post-consumer discards and mixed wastes containing aluminum obviously represent a very significant potential volume source of aluminum. Some earli
34、er studies of aluminum scrap recovery have attributed the low level of secondary recovery (from “old” scrap) to the fact that aluminum is one of mans newer metals, relative to other structural metals. However, the rapid growth of aluminum shipments during the past twenty years has provided a relativ
35、ely untapped valuable resource. Packaging, automotive and consumer applications of aluminum in products having life cycles of about ten years and less have resulted in a significant and growing volume of “old” scrap. With aluminum old scraps 1979 average value on the open market in excess of $600 a
36、ton, the estimated 2.65 million tons of aluminum discarded in 1979 would have been worth about $1.6 billion if recovered, processed and sold. In 1979, a year in which an estimated two billion pounds of can scrap was not recycled, an additional two billion pounds of other scrap was also lost. The hig
37、hly valued can scrap and the other unrecovered aluminum, only somewhat less valuable, would be worth about $1 billion if recovered, processed, and sold. Two Basic Approaches At least two complementary approaches are currently in use to recover aluminum from consumer solid wastes. One is the collecti
38、on by individuals and/or organizations of a single product or type of product. This is best illustrated by the recovery of the aluminum beverage can. This program, a relative newcomer to the recycling scene, grew from a modest start in 1968 to 1.23 billion pounds in 1984. It is estimated that over 2
39、5% of the “old” scrap Consumer recycling is one approach to the (1) Metal Statistics 1984 (American Metal Market) aluminum scrap prices page 30. This was over 52% of all of the aluminum beverage cans produced in 1984. The second approach involves the potential recovery of old aluminum scrap as one b
40、y-product from a stream of processed wastes. Such selective separation processes are now in operation, under construction, or being planned in some of the cities included in the appended Resource Recovery Activities Status Report. Other municipalities whose resource recovery projects are not far eno
41、ugh along to be included in this table have indicated a strong interest in aluminum recovery in their plans. Additional old scrap aluminum is commercially recovered from the nonmagnetic residues from about 200 operational automobile shredders and from shredded white goods (major applicances) that ar
42、e also processed in these shredders in about 20 specialized residue processing facilities in this country. Many auto body processors also have stripping operations where not only usable parts but easily identified high-value scrap such as copper radiators, batteries, tires, and cast iron engine bloc
43、ks are removed and segregated for later sale. These emerging sources are good examples of how scrap materials become available in the marketplace as a result of the process and equipment developments by the scrap industry. Controlling Aluminum Content of Scrap Metal the technical and metallurgical a
44、spects of aluminum recycling. Descriptions of scrap classifications and the need for specifications to define the chemical composition of aluminum returning to the processing stream are discussed in Chapter 5. Predicting and controlling chemical composition of recycled aluminum naturally must begin
45、with adequate identification of the aluminum alloys found in the scrap resource. Not only is the origin of the scrap a vital key to alloy identity, but knowledge of aluminum specifications for various markets also helps to identify the scrap commodity. Emerging sophisticated reclamation and collecti
46、on techniques and sorting equipment are helping simpliy identification. A discussion of current barriers to increased recycling of aluminum, and some approaches to resolving these issues are offered in Chapter 6. recycling and a general refuse processing is given in the General Appendix. The final c
47、hapters are devoted to a discussion of Additionally, pertinent information on aluminum 6 Copyright The Aluminum Association Inc. Provided by IHS under license with AA Licensee=IHS Employees/1111111001, User=Wing, Bernie Not for Resale, 04/18/2007 03:19:53 MDTNo reproduction or networking permitted w
48、ithout license from IHS -,-,- A A 95 = Ob04500 0033b59 726 = Chapter 2 HISTORY AND STRUCTURE OF THE ALUMINUM RECYCLING INDUSTRY . Recycling of scrap provides a source of aluminum which is continually being enlarged rather than depleted, thus helping the aluminum industry to maintain its growth and conserve energy at the same time. It promises to become an even more significant supply factor in the future as collection and processing facilities are further developed. The aluminum recycling industry, long termed the secondary aluminum industry, began about 1904