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1、AS 2159 Supp11996 AS 2159 Supplement 11996 PilingDesign and installation Guidelines (Supplement to AS 21591995) Accessed by UNIVERSITY OF SOUTH AUSTRALIA on 31 Jan 2008 This Australian Standard was preparedby Committee CE/18, Piling. It was approved on behalf of the Council of Standards Australia on
2、 14 December 1995 and published on 5 March 1996. The following interests are represented on Committee CE/18: Association of Consulting Engineers, Australia Australian Federation of Construction Contractors Australian Geomechanics Society Australian Uniform Building Regulations Coordinating Council A
3、ustroads Confederation of Australian Industry CSIRO, Division of Applied Geomechanics Department of Administrative ServicesAustralian Construction Services Institution of Engineers, Australia Monash University Railways of Australia Committee Timber Preservers Association of Australia University of S
4、ydney Waterways Authority Review of Australian Standards.To keep abreast of progress in industry, Australian Standards are subject to periodic review and are kept up to date by the issue of amendments or new editions as necessary. It is important therefore that Standards users ensure that they are i
5、n possession of the latest edition, and any amendments thereto. Full details of all Australian Standards and related publications will be found in the Standards Australia Catalogueof Publications;this information is supplementedeach month by the magazine The Australian Standard, which subscribing me
6、mbers receive, and which gives details of new publications, new editions and amendments, and of withdrawn Standards. Suggestions for improvementsto Australian Standards, addressedto the head office of Standards Australia, are welcomed. Notification of any inaccuracy or ambiguity found in an Australi
7、an Standard should be made without delay in order that the matter may be investigated and appropriate action taken. Accessed by UNIVERSITY OF SOUTH AUSTRALIA on 31 Jan 2008 AS 2159 Supp11996 AS 2159 Supplement 11996 PilingDesign and installation Guidelines (Supplement to AS 21591995) PUBLISHED BY ST
8、ANDARDS AUSTRALIA (STANDARDS ASSOCIATION OF AUSTRALIA) 1 THE CRESCENT, HOMEBUSH, NSW 2140 ISBN 0 7337 0271 6 Accessed by UNIVERSITY OF SOUTH AUSTRALIA on 31 Jan 2008 AS 2159 Supp1 19962 PREFACE These Guidelines have been produced by the Standards Australia Committee CE/18 on Piling. The material con
9、tained in these Guidelines was assembled during the preparation of AS 21591995, but was not considered to be of a mandatory nature and hence not appropriate for inclusion in the Standard. However, the Committee considered that the material would be helpful to designers and constructors and agreed th
10、at the material be published in this separate document. CopyrightSTANDARDS AUSTRALIA Users of Standards are reminded that copyright subsists in all Standards Australia publications and software. Except where the Copyright Act allows and except where provided for below no publications or software pro
11、duced by Standards Australia may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system in any form or transmitted by any means without prior permission in writing from Standards Australia. Permission may be conditional on an appropriate royalty payment. Requests for permission and information on commercial so
12、ftware royalties should be directed to the head office of Standards Australia. Standards Australia will permit up to 10 percent of the technical content pages of a Standard to be copied for use exclusively in-house by purchasers of the Standard without payment of a royalty or advice to Standards Aus
13、tralia. Standards Australia will also permit the inclusion of its copyright material in computer software programs for no royalty payment provided such programs are used exclusively in-house by the creators of the programs. Care should be taken to ensure that material used is from the current editio
14、n of the Standard and that it is updated whenever the Standard is amended or revised. The number and date of the Standard should therefore be clearly identified. The use of material in print form or in computer software programs to be used commercially, with or without payment, or in commercial cont
15、racts is subject to the payment of a royalty. This policy may be varied by Standards Australia at any time. Accessed by UNIVERSITY OF SOUTH AUSTRALIA on 31 Jan 2008 3AS 2159 Supp1 1996 CONTENTS Page SECTION 1 SCOPE AND GENERAL 1.1SCOPE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
16、. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4 1.2REFERENCED DOCUMENTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4 SECTION 2 SITE INVESTIGATIONS 2.1INTRODUCTORYNOTE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5 2.2PRELIMINARY INVESTIGATIONS . . . . . . . . . . . .
17、 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5 2.3INVESTIGATIONTECHNIQUES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5 2.4BORE FREQUENCY/SPACING . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .6 2.5TESTS OF SOIL/GROUND WATER AGGRESSIVENESS . . . . . . . . . . . . .6 2.6COMMENTS RELAT
18、ING TO SPECIFIC PILE TYPES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .7 SECTION 3 REFERENCES FOR DESIGN CALCULATIONS 3.1GENERAL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .9 3.2GENERAL REFERENCES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .9
19、3.3AXIAL CAPACITY OF SINGLE PILES AND PILE GROUPS . . . . . . . . . .10 3.4DYNAMIC ANALYSIS OF PILES (DRIVING AND DYNAMIC TESTING) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .11 3.5SETTLEMENT OF SINGLE PILES, PILE GROUPS AND PILED RAFTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
20、. . . . . . . . . . 12 3.6LATERAL RESPONSE OF PILES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .13 3.7DYNAMIC RESPONSE OF SINGLE PILES AND PILE GROUPS . . . . . . .14 3.8MISCELLANEOUS TOPICS INCLUDING EFFECTS OF EXTERNAL SOIL MOVEMENT, TORSIONAL LOADING, BUCKLING AND STABILITY . . . .
21、 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .14 SECTION 4 DURABILITY 4.1CONCRETE PILES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16 4.2STEEL PILES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18 4.3TIMBER PIL
22、ES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23 4.4REFERENCES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23 SECTION 5 TESTING 5.1INTRODUCTION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
23、 . . . . . .24 5.2STATIC COMPRESSION LOAD TESTING OF PILES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .27 5.3TENSION (UPLIFT) LOAD TESTING OF PILES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .28 5.4LATERAL LOAD TESTING OF PILES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .28 5.5DYNAMIC PILE TESTING . . . . . . . .
24、. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .28 5.6ALTERNATIVE TESTING METHODS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .30 5.7INTEGRITY TESTING. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30 First published as AS 2159 Supplement 1 1996. Accessed by UNIVER
25、SITY OF SOUTH AUSTRALIA on 31 Jan 2008 AS 2159 Supp1 19964 STANDARDS AUSTRALIA PilingDesign and installationGuidelines (Supplement to AS 21591995) S E C T I O N1S C O P EA N DG E N E R A L 1.1SCOPEThese Guidelines provide information on pile design and installation in relation to AS 2159. 1.2REFEREN
26、CED DOCUMENTSThe following documents are referred to in this document: AS 1604TimberPreservative-treatedSawn and round 1726Geotechnical site investigations 2159PilingDesign and installation 2239Galvanic (sacrificial) anodes for cathodic protection 2312Guide to the protection of iron and steel agains
27、t exterior atmospheric corrosion 3600Concrete structures ASTM D 3689Method of Testing Individual Piles Under Static Axial Tensile Load D 3966Method of Testing Piles Under Lateral Loads COPYRIGHT Accessed by UNIVERSITY OF SOUTH AUSTRALIA on 31 Jan 2008 5AS 2159 Supp1 1996 S E C T I O N2S I T EI N V E
28、 S T I G A T I O N S 2.1INTRODUCTORY NOTEAn essential prerequisite to any piling installation is an adequate site investigation. An outline of methods of investigation is given in AS 1726, and the information and techniques presented in that document should be followed. The objectiveof this Section
29、is to draw attentionto requirements and procedures specifically related to piled foundations. These will be dependent in part on the subsurface conditions and also on the particular pile system to be used. Attention is drawn to the fact that the level of information required for general design purpo
30、ses may be different from that required for construction. For preliminary design, sufficient information is required to define the range of likely conditions, the soil/rock parameters on which the design is to be based and the selection of the most suitable pile system. Information is required regar
31、ding soil/rock strengths, compressibility and variation across the site. Ground water levels are to be determined. For detailed design, tendering and construction purposes, a more intensive investigation may be appropriate, sufficient to allow reliable estimation by designers or contractors and to a
32、llow confident bidding and planning of work by the organization responsible for the installation.Factors such as leveland inflow of groundwater, cavingconditions, penetrability of hard layers and range of depths may not be particularly relevant to design (sometimes they are), but may be of crucial i
33、mportance during tendering and construction. For certain pile systems (e.g. bored or continuous auger piles in sands), which do not depend on recognition during construction (e.g. installation resistance, cuttings returned), site investigation may be the basis on which pile construction is controlle
34、d. 2.2PRELIMINARY INVESTIGATIONSAn investigation of the ground should be carried out by competent and experienced persons. Borings should reach depths adequate to explore the nature of the soil, both around and beneath the proposed piles, including all strata likelyto contributesignificantly to sett
35、lement. In cohesivesoils, undisturbed samples should be taken from the borings and tested for strength, compressibility and other characteristics, to provide information on the carrying capacities of the soils at various depths, so that a preliminary estimate of the length and spacing of the piles m
36、ay be made. Penetration tests and tests of disturbed samples are of value in assessing the variations in the ground conditions when boring through granular soils. It is important that the nature and occurrence of ground water should be investigated. If the standing levels vary from stratum to stratu
37、m, or if there is a watertable gradient between boreholes, this should be noted. Ground water or soil may contain harmful constituents in amounts sufficient to cause damage to portland cement concrete or buried metals. Chemical analyses of samples of the ground water and soil should be undertaken, t
38、o assess the necessity for special precautions. The preliminary investigation should include a careful appraisal of nearby structures and substructures, including the types and layout of all services near and through the site. The choice of pile may be influenced by the effects which its installatio
39、n would produce on these structures and services. The appraisal should include examination from records or by trial holes of the nature of nearby foundations and any evidence of past settlement, subsidence or slips should be noted. 2.3INVESTIGATIONTECHNIQUESSiteinvestigationforpilingwillalmost alway
40、s involve a number of boreholes and in situ tests. The following procedures are recommended for appropriate situations: COPYRIGHT Accessed by UNIVERSITY OF SOUTH AUSTRALIA on 31 Jan 2008 AS 2159 Supp1 19966 (a)BoreholesBores may be drilled by auger methods in non-caving soils and by rotary methods w
41、ith casing or mud support in caving soils. Bores should incorporate regular sampling or in situ testing of properties conducted at depth intervals not greater than 2 m, and preferably at 1.01.5 m intervals around and immediately below the founding zone. Bores should be taken to sufficient depth to p
42、rove the founding layer and to investigate any weaker underlying zones which may affect pile performance. Standard penetration tests (SPT) (see AS 1726), are recommended in sands and may also be appropriate in clays. Alternatively in clays, undisturbed sampling and laboratory strength testing can be
43、 utilized. The RL of each borehole should be recorded on the borehole logs. (b)Continuous penetration test (see AS 1726)This test has advantages in low cost and in the provision of a continuous record of soil strength. The technique is ideal for situations where piles are founded in soils, provided
44、that the rig has sufficient capacity to ensure penetration to sufficient distance below the founding level to prove its adequacy. The test will normally reach refusal on rock and may also refuse in very dense or thick sand or gravel layers or on isolated floaters. There may be a needforsupplementary
45、drillingandcoring,toproverockstrengthorsoil consistency and continuity. (c)Diamond core drillingContinuous core drilling of rock is appropriate where piles are to be founded on or in rock strata. The extent of this will be dependent on the pile type and loads. (d)Initial surveyThis should incorporat
46、e a study of already available information regardinglocalgeology,sitehistory(hasitbeenfilled?), type,depthand performance of piles on nearby sites. The initial survey may make use of aerial photographs. (e)Trial drillingand pilingConventionalinvestigationtechniquesdo not always provide information r
47、elevant to construction,e.g. drillabilityof certain strata, ground water level and inflow, potentialfor caving and need for casing and penetrationof drivenpiles. In such circumstances,it may be appropriateto undertake trial drilling or piling with construction equipment of similar type, size and cap
48、acity to that proposed for the eventual construction. Such drilling or piling may be followed by testing, to determine ultimate load on pile or load-settlement performance. 2.4BORE FREQUENCY/SPACINGThe number of boreholes or tests on any site will be a function of site variability, the pile type pro
49、posed and, to some extent, the owners requirements in regard to accuracy of cost estimates, fixing of contract levels and confidence in contractor bidding. 2.5TESTS OF SOIL/GROUND WATER AGGRESSIVENESSThe investigation should take account of possible aggressive attack on steel and concrete and appropriate testing should be carried out where this is suspected. Tests of soil or ground water samples for measurement of Ph, chlorides and sulfates, and also of soil resistivity should be considered for assessing aggressive or corrosive attack. Exposure classifications