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1、AS 1289. 3. 7. 1 2002 St andar ds Aust r al i a 1 Aust r al i an St andar d TM M et hods of t est i ng soi l s f or engi neer i ng pur poses 3. 7. 1: Soi l cl assi f i cat i on t est s Det er m i nat i on of t he sand equi val ent of a soi l usi ng a pow er - oper at ed shaker 1 SCOPE Thi s St andar
2、 d set s out a pr ocedur e f or t he measur ement of t he sand equi val ent of r oad- maki ng aggr egat es f or qual i t y cont r ol pur poses. I t pr ovi des an empi r i cal measur e of t he quant i t y and t ype of t he f i nes i n t he aggr egat e t est ed ( see Not e 1) . 2 REFERENCED DOCUM ENTS
3、 The f ol l owi ng document s ar e r ef er r ed t o i n t hi s St andar d: AS 1152Speci f i cat i on f or t est si eves 1289M et hods of t est i ng soi l s f or engi neer i ng pur poses 1289. 0Par t 0: Gener al r equi r ement s and l i st of met hods 3 APPARATUS The f ol l owi ng appar at us i s r e
4、qui r ed: ( a)Test cyl i nder , made of t r anspar ent pl ast i c mat er i al of adequat e st r engt h and havi ng a wal l t hi ckness of about 4 mm, i nsi de di amet er of 32 0. 5 mm and hei ght of about 430 mm ( see Fi gur e 1) . The cyl i nder shal l be gr aduat ed i n 5 mm i nt er val s f r om t
5、 he bot t om t o a hei ght of 380 mm. A r ubber st opper i s r equi r ed f or t he cyl i nder . ( b)I r r i gat or t ube ( see Fi gur e 2) consi st i ng of a har d- dr awn st ai nl ess st eel or har d br ass t ube 6. 3 mm i n ext er nal di amet er and 0. 9 mm t o 1. 6 mm i n wal l t hi ckness. The l
6、 ower end shal l be shaped i n t he f or m of a wedge, each f ace of t he wedge bei ng pi er ced wi t h a hol e 1 mm i n di amet er . ( c)W or ki ng sol ut i on cont ai ner a t r anspar ent gl ass or pl ast i c bot t l e of 5 L capaci t y, f i t t ed at t he bot t om wi t h a st opcock t o cont r ol
7、 t he f l ow of sol ut i on. The bot t om of t he bot t l e i s pl aced 1 m 150 mm above t he wor kbench. ( d)Fl exi bl e t ube made of r ubber or pl ast i c, appr oxi mat el y 1. 5 m l ong and wi t h an i nsi de di amet er appr oxi mat el y 5 mm, used t o connect t he i r r i gat or t ube t o t he
8、wor ki ng sol ut i on cont ai ner . ( e)Pi st on, made of br ass or st ai nl ess st eel ( see Fi gur e 3) compr i si ng a r od, a base and col l ar , a sl eeve t o f i t t he t est cyl i nder and a mass f i xed t o t he t op of t he r od. ( f )Shaki ng machi ne, power oper at ed, capabl e of hor i z
9、ont al l y hol di ng t he t est cyl i nder descr i bed i n I t em ( a) above and appl yi ng t o i t a hor i zont al r ect i l i near per i odi c and si nusoi dal movement of bet ween 199 mm and 204 mm ampl i t ude at bet ween 173 and 177 cycl es per mi nut e. ( g)Separ at i on si eve, 300 mm di amet
10、 er , 4. 75 mm aper t ur e si ze, and r ecei ver compl yi ng wi t h AS 1152. AS 1289. 3. 7. 1 Accessed by TAFE QUEENSLAND INSTITUTES on 04 Dec 2007 AS 1289. 3. 7. 1 2002 St andar ds Aust r al i awww. st andar ds. com . au 2 ( h)Sampl e spl i t t er wi t h openi ngs bet ween 7 mm and 13 mm. ( i )Pl a
11、st i c f unnel wi t h an openi ng l ar ge enough t o al l ow t he sampl e aggr egat es t o be r eadi l y pour ed i nt o t he t est cyl i nder . ( j )M et al f unnel or st r ai ner wi t h per f or at ed pl at e or wi r e mesh st r ai ner wi t h 4. 75 mm openi ngs. ( k)Bal ance of at l east 300 g capa
12、ci t y wi t h a l i mi t of per f or mance not exceedi ng 0. 5 g. ( l )Ti mer gr aduat ed i n seconds. ( m)Ther momet er cover i ng t he r ange 0C t o 50C wi t h an uncer t ai nt y of 0. 5C. ( n)Dr yi ng oven compl yi ng wi t h AS 1289. 0 t her most at i cal l y cont r ol l ed t o oper at e at 105C
13、t o 110C or , al t er nat i vel y, i nf r ar ed l amps wi t h cont r ol s t o pr ovi de a t emper at ur e i n t he sampl e aggr egat es of 105C t o 110C. ( o)Gl ass or pl ast i c bot t l es of 60 mL capaci t y t o hol d st ock sol ut i on. ( p)Bot t l es of appr oxi mat el y 5L capaci t y i n whi ch
14、 t o mi x t he wor ki ng sol ut i on. ( q)Pl ast i c wash bot t l es of conveni ent capaci t y t o hol d wor ki ng sol ut i on used t o wash t he sampl e aggr egat e t hr ough t he st r ai ner descr i bed i n I t em ( j ) above. ( r )Gl ass measur i ng cyl i nder of 1000 mL capaci t y gr aduat ed i
15、n 50 mL i nt er val s. ( s)M i scel l aneous anci l l ar y equi pment , e. g. bowl s, di shes, spat ul as and br ushes. 4 SOLUTIONS The f ol l owi ng sol ut i ons ar e r equi r ed: ( a)St ock sol ut i on Take t he f ol l owi ng component s: ( i )219 2 g of cr yst al l i zed cal ci um chl or i de hex
16、ahydr at e, AR gr ade; ( i i )480 5 g of gl ycer i ne of 99% gl ycer ol , BP gr ade; and ( i i i ) 12 0. 5 g of 40% f or mal dehyde sol ut i on, BP gr ade. M i x t he t hr ee component s i n a one l i t r e vol umet r i c f l ask and add di st i l l ed wat er t o make one l i t r e of t he st ock so
17、l ut i on ( see Not e 2) . CAUTI ON:THE COM PONENTS OF THE STOCK SOLUTI ON USED I N THI S M ETHOD M AY BE HAZARDOUS TO HEALTH UNLESS PROPER PRECAUTI ONS ARE TAKEN. THEREFORE, I T I S ESSENTI AL THAT OPERATORS RECEI VE I NSTRUCTI ONS I N THE POTENTI AL HAZARDS AND PRECAUTI ONS, TOGETHER W I TH ROUTI
18、NE SAFETY PROCEDURES. THE STOCK SOLUTI ON SHOULD BE HANDLED AND PREPARED I N A SUI TABLE FUM E CUPBOARD. ( b)W orki ng sol ut i on Pr epar e as f ol l ows: ( i )Bat ch 50 mL vol umes of t he st ock sol ut i on i nt o 60 mL bot t l es, r eady f or addi t i on t o 1950 mL di st i l l ed wat er t o mak
19、e up 2000 mL wor ki ng sol ut i on. ( i i )Keep t he sol ut i on at a t emper at ur e of 22 3C whenever possi bl e. Af t er st or age f or 15 days di scar d t he sol ut i on and, bef or e i nt r oduci ng a f r esh bat ch of wor ki ng sol ut i on ( see Not e 3) , t hor oughl y cl ean t he bot t l es,
20、 sol ut i on cont ai ner , i r r i gat or t ube and f l exi bl e t ube. 5 SAM PLES Test sampl es shal l be pr epar ed as f ol l ows: ( a)Obt ai n t wo r epr esent at i ve t est sampl es f r om t he bul k sampl e of aggr egat e, each of such si ze t hat t hey wi l l cont ai n appr oxi mat el y 300 g
21、of mat er i al passi ng a 4. 75 mm si eve. On each t est sampl e cont i nue t he pr epar at i on speci f i ed i n St eps ( b) t o ( f ) . Accessed by TAFE QUEENSLAND INSTITUTES on 04 Dec 2007 AS 1289. 3. 7. 1 2002 www. st andar ds. com . au St andar ds Aust r al i a 3 ( b)Dr y t he sampl e t o const
22、 ant mass at 105C t o 110C i n t he oven or under i nf r ar ed l amps. I f r equi r ed t o r educe dust nui sance, f i r st separ at e sampl e over a 4. 75 mm si eve. Bot h f r act i ons have t o be dr i ed. ( c)Separ at e, or compl et e t he separ at i on of t he t est sampl e over a 4. 75 mm si ev
23、e, i nt o f i ne and coar se f r act i ons. I f necessar y, br ush t he coar se f r act i on t o r emove l i ght l y adher i ng f i nes. Det er mi ne t he mass of t he f i ne ( mF) and coar se ( mC) f r act i ons. ( d)Est i mat e t he masses of f i ne and coar se f r act i ons r equi r ed t o pr ovi
24、 de a dr y mass of 119 g t o 121 g of mat er i al passi ng 4. 75 mm. A mass ( m1) of bet ween 115 g and 120 g passi ng 4. 75 mm f r act i on i s suggest ed, dependi ng on t he amount of f i nes adher i ng t o par t i cl es i n t he coar se f r act i on, whi ch wi l l make up t he r emai nder of t he
25、 119 g t o 121 g needed. ( e)Cal cul at e t he dr y mass of t he coar se f r act i on ( m2) t o be t aken, f r om t he f ol l owi ng equat i on: t aken)bet of r act i onf i neofmas s( dr y F C 2 = m m m wher e m2=t he dr y mass of t he coar se f r act i on r equi r ed, i n gr ams mC=t he dr y mass o
26、f t he coar se f r act i on, i n gr ams mF=t he dr y mass of t he f i ne f r act i on, i n gr ams ( f )Obt ai n t he r equi r ed masses of f i ne ( m1) ( passi ng 4. 75 mm) and coar se ( m2) ( r et ai ned on 4. 75 mm) f r act i ons. 6 PROCEDURE The pr ocedur e shal l be as f ol l ows ( see Not es 1
27、and 2) : ( a)Pl ace a coar se f r act i on, der i ved f r om one of t he t est sampl es, i n a bowl and wash t he par t i cl es cl ean wi t h t hat amount of wor ki ng sol ut i on t hat wi l l f i l l t he t est cyl i nder t o t he 70 mm mar k. ( b)Pour t he washed coar se t est mat er i al pl us t
28、he washi ng l i qui d t hr ough t he met al f unnel wi t h 4. 75 mm mesh st r ai ner , i nt o t he t est cyl i nder . Fur t her wash t he r et ai ned par t i cl es wi t h mor e wor ki ng sol ut i on f r om t he wash bot t l e t o br i ng t he l evel of l i qui d i n t he t est cyl i nder t o t he 90
29、 mm mar k. ( c)Remove t he f unnel , di scar d t he r et ai ned par t i cl es and r i nse t he f unnel wi t h cl ean wat er . ( d)I nser t t he pl ast i c f unnel i nt o t he openi ng of t he t est cyl i nder and pour t he f i ne f r act i on der i ved f r om t he same t est sampl e i nt o t he t es
30、t cyl i nder . Br ush t he pl ast i c f unnel t o r emove adher i ng f i nes. ( e)Not e t he l evel of t he sol ut i on i n t he t est cyl i nder . W ash any adher i ng dr y mat er i al s down t he i nner sur f ace of t he f unnel unt i l t he l evel of sol ut i on i s r ai sed by 10 mm. Remove t he
31、 f unnel . ( f )Fi r ml y t ap t he base of t he t est cyl i nder on t he hand sever al t i mes t o di sl odge ai r bubbl es and wet t he mat er i al . Al l ow t he cyl i nder t o r est f or 10 mi n ( see Not e 5) . ( g)At t he end of t he 10 mi n r est per i od, st opper t he cyl i nder , secur e i
32、 t i n t he shaki ng machi ne, and shake f or bet ween 44 s and 46 s. ( h)Remove t he t est cyl i nder f r om t he machi ne and set i t i n a ver t i cal posi t i on on t he bench. Accessed by TAFE QUEENSLAND INSTITUTES on 04 Dec 2007 AS 1289. 3. 7. 1 2002 St andar ds Aust r al i awww. st andar ds.
33、com . au 4 ( i )Remove t he r ubber st opper and r i nse adher i ng f i nes back i nt o t he cyl i nder wi t h a smal l amount of wor ki ng sol ut i on, f r om t he l ar ge wash bot t l e. ( j )W i t h t he wor ki ng sol ut i on at f ul l f l ow, l ower t he met al i r r i gat or t ube i nt o t he t
34、 est cyl i nder and at t he same t i me r i nse t he wal l s of t he cyl i nder and t hr ust t he t ube t o t he bot t om of t he cyl i nder . I mpar t a j ol t i ng and t wi st i ng mot i on whi l e sl owl y t ur ni ng t he cyl i nder wi t h t he f r ee hand ( see Not e 6) . ( k)W hen t he sol ut i
35、 on l evel near s t he upper most gr aduat i on mar k of t he cyl i nder , r ai se t he i r r i gat or t ube sl owl y and r egul at e t he r at e of f l ow of wor ki ng sol ut i on so t hat t he l evel of t he l i qui d exact l y at t ai ns t he 380 mm mar k af t er t he t ube i s wi t hdr awn. ( l
36、)Al l ow t he cyl i nder and i t s cont ent s t o st and wi t hout di st ur bance f or a per i od of 20 mi n 10 s ( see Not e 5) . ( m)At t he end of 20 mi n, est i mat e and r ecor d t he hei ght ( h1) of t he upper sur f ace of t he f l occul at e i n r el at i on t o t he bot t om of t he t est c
37、yl i nder , t o t he near est 1 mm. I f t her e i s no f l occul at e, r ead and r ecor d t he hei ght of t he sedi ment . ( n)Gent l y l ower t he pi st on ver t i cal l y i nt o t he t est cyl i nder unt i l i t r est s on t he sedi ment . ( o)W hen t he base of t he pi st on r est s on t he sedi
38、ment , est i mat e and r ecor d t o t he near est 1 mm t he l evel of t he t op edge of t he col l ar and subt r act 200 mm f r om i t t o obt ai n t he hei ght of sedi ment ( h2) t o t he near est mi l l i met r e. ( p)Gent l y wi t hdr aw t he pi st on and l ower t he t her momet er i nt o t he su
39、spensi on. Read and r ecor d t he t emper at ur e t o t he near est degr ee Cel si us. ( q)Repeat st eps ( a) t o ( p) on t he second t est sampl e. Accessed by TAFE QUEENSLAND INSTITUTES on 04 Dec 2007 AS 1289. 3. 7. 1 2002 www. st andar ds. com . au St andar ds Aust r al i a 5 NOTE: Essent i al di
40、 mensi ons ar e t ol er anced. DI M ENSI O NS I N M I LLI M ETRES FI G URE 1 TEST CYLI NDER NOTE: Essent i al di mensi ons ar e t ol er anced. DI M ENSI O NS I N M I LLI M ETRES FI G URE 2 I RRI G ATO R TUBE Accessed by TAFE QUEENSLAND INSTITUTES on 04 Dec 2007 AS 1289. 3. 7. 1 2002 St andar ds Aust
41、 r al i awww. st andar ds. com . au 6 DI M ENSI O NS I N M I LLI M ETRES FI G URE 3 PI STI O N 7 CALCULATIONS Cal cul at i ons shal l be as f ol l ows: The sand equi val ent ( SE) of a t est sampl e f r om t he f ol l owi ng equat i on: 100SE 1 2 = h h wher e SE=sand equi val ent h2=hei ght of sedi
42、ment i n Cl ause 6( o) , i n mi l l i met r es h1=hei ght of t he upper sur f ace of t he f l occul at e i n Cl ause 6( m) , i n mi l l i met r es. Accessed by TAFE QUEENSLAND INSTITUTES on 04 Dec 2007 AS 1289. 3. 7. 1 2002 www. st andar ds. com . au St andar ds Aust r al i a 7 I f t he di f f er en
43、ce bet ween t he r esul t s on t he t wo t est sampl es exceeds 5 uni t s, di scar d t hese r esul t s and t est a f ur t her t wo t est sampl es. At l east t wo t est sampl es shal l be t aken per mai n sampl e, but mor e may be t est ed i f desi r ed. The sand equi val ent of a mat er i al i s t h
44、e mean of al l val ues obt ai ned. 8 TEST REPORT Repor t t he f ol l owi ng r esul t s and gener al i nf or mat i on as appr opr i at e: ( a)The sand equi val ent , t o t he near est whol e number . ( b)The t emper at ur e of t he t est i f out si de t he r ange 22 3C. ( c)The number of t hi s St an
45、dar d, i . e. AS 1289. 3. 7. 1. NOTES ON TEST 1Tem perat ure of t he sol ut i on I n ver y hot weat her t he t est shoul d be car r i ed out as ear l y i n t he day as possi bl e. The t emper at ur e of t he sol ut i on shoul d be t he same as t he ambi ent ai r t emper at ur e ot her wi se convect
46、i on cur r ent s may af f ect t he r esul t s. 2W at er f or sol ut i ons Ot her wat er of good qual i t y may be used but i t shoul d be checked by compar i ng r esul t s of sand equi val ent t est s on i dent i cal sampl es usi ng sol ut i ons made wi t h t he wat er i n quest i on and wi t h di s
47、t i l l ed wat er . 3Fresh worki ng sol ut i on Thor oughl y cl ean t he wor ki ng sol ut i on cont ai ner , i r r i gat or t ube and pl ast i c hose at l east ever y 15 days and bef or e i nt r oduci ng a f r esh bat ch of wor ki ng sol ut i on. Cl ear l y mar k on t he cont ai ner t he dat e when
48、t he bat ch was made up. 4Cl eanl i ness St r i ct at t ent i on has t o be pai d t o t he cl eani ng of t he bot t l es, washi ng t ube, f l exi bl e hose and cyl i nder s. 5Avoi d vi brat i ons Dur i ng t he set t l i ng per i od, t he cyl i nder has t o be pl aced i n a l ocat i on f r ee f r om
49、al l vi br at i ons. 6Check i rri gat or t ube Exami ne t he end of t he i r r i gat or t ube bef or e commencement of t est t o ensur e t hat t her e i s no damage t o t he t i p of t he t ube and t hat t he smal l or i f i ces ar e not obst r uct ed. Al t er nat i ve desi gns of i r r i gat or r od may be used pr ovi di ng t he mai n essent i al s ar e pr esent , t hat i s, di mensi ons and pr ovi si on of 1 mm di amet er hol e dr i l l ed f r om bot h si des. Accessed by TAFE QUEENSLAND INSTITUTES on 04 Dec 2007 AS 1289. 3. 7.