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1、BRITISH STANDARD CONFIRMED DECEMBER 1998 BS 2979:1958 Transliteration of Cyrillic and Greek characters UDC 003.34.034 Licensed Copy: sheffieldun sheffieldun, na, Mon Nov 27 12:34:50 GMT+00:00 2006, Uncontrolled Copy, (c) BSI BS 2979:1958 This British Standard, having been approved by the Documentati
2、on Standards Committee, was published under the authority of the General Council on 30 July 1958 BSI 05-2000 ISBN 0 580 34961 6 Co-operating organizations The Documentation Standards Committee, under whose supervision this British Standard was prepared, consists of representatives from the following
3、 Government departments and scientific, technical and professional organizations: Abstracting Services Consultative Committee Aslib* Biological Council Bodleian Library Booksellers Association of Gt. Britain British Council* British Federation of Master Printers British Museum* Commonwealth Agricult
4、ural Bureaux Department of Scientific it is here convenient to designate the former as “transcription” and the latter as “transliteration”. Transcription gives a good idea of pronunciation, and this is important when a whole language with all its traditions is given a new outward form or script, as
5、was done for Turkish 30 years ago, or when the Latin alphabet is introduced as an aid to phoneticization of a non-alphabetic script, as in China today, but it is of secondary importance in documentation. Transliteration means representing visual characters or signs, not sounds; that is, characters c
6、onsidered as written symbols rather than according to their phonetic or etymological values. It should be virtually automatic, so that anyone able to identify the language of the original can transliterate by rule-of-thumb and, conversely, transliterate back to the original characters. Clearly, 25 o
7、r 26 Latin letters cannot be made to render 40 or 50 Cyrillic characters (except by overuse of diacritics) without occasional resort to letter combinations; when essential, this should be done with the minimum of ambiguity. The same symbols should not be used to transliterate different characters in
8、 any one language, and the use of two or more letters for a single character is acceptable only when the Roman alphabet offers no reasonable alternative. In transcription, deference to the phonetic peculiarities of different languages often produces startling national variantsas for instance, of the
9、 Russian name this is traditionally written edrin in Croat and Czech, Szczedrin in Polish, Shchedrin in English, Chtchedrine in French, Sjtsjedrin in Dutch and Schtschedrin in German, thus requiring up to seven Latin letters for the single Cyrillic characterand making for a bewildering dispersal of
10、entries in any internationally compiled catalogue or list. To simplify and improve communication and exchange of information, there is need of a single internationally recognized system of romanization for every non-Roman alphabet at all widely used in the world, especially perhaps for Cyrillic, whi
11、ch is the vehicle for an immense and increasing output of scientific and technical literature today. In fact, a system intended to fulfil just this need for modern Slavonic languages written in Cyrillic has recently (1955) been published by the International Organization for Standardization ISO as I
12、SO Recommendation No. 9 Ref. ISO/R9see “International” system (p. 5), and Table C which conforms to it. However, as the alphabet into which transliteration is made by this system is an amplification of the Serbo-Croat latinica, it can hardly be expected that it will be used for all purposes in count
13、ries with alphabetic traditions and literary heritage as strong as those of English, and it is significant that ISO/R9 contains a proviso that “if so desired, the standard international system . . . may be supplemented by a recognized national system based on the characteristics of the non-Slav lang
14、uage concerned”. Licensed Copy: sheffieldun sheffieldun, na, Mon Nov 27 12:34:50 GMT+00:00 2006, Uncontrolled Copy, (c) BSI BS 2979:1958 BSI 05-2000iii Present recommendations This British Standard provides both “national” (British) and “international” systems for transliteration of Cyrillic (Sectio
15、ns 1 and 2) and a simple rule-of-thumb system for Greek (Section 3): it also includes an appended Note on Cyrillic alphabets, which it is hoped will be of use to those interested in the historical aspects. “British” system for Cyrillic. Since English is the most widely used of all languages, at leas
16、t so far as scientific and technical literature is concerned, it is desirable to provide a system of the type traditionally used throughout the English-speaking world. Though no general-purpose “English” system1) has yet been accepted by Anglo-American agreement, it is now possible to recommend, for
17、 direct everyday rendering of names and passages in Cyrillic, a “British” system which should appeal to all English-speaking users, and especially to those concerned with the bibliography, abstracting and reference work of science and technology. This “British” system, given in Section 1, is based o
18、n recommendations for Russian, Serbian and Bulgarian made jointly by the Royal Society and the British Academy in 1953, but slightly modified for Russian2) and amplified to include Ukrainian and Byelorussian (White Russian). As regards Serbian, the Royal Society scheme gave the latinica as an altern
19、ative to its “English” transliteration and, since recent experience has shown increasing use of the latinica in Yugoslavia, it is recommended that this should now be used exclusively for transliterating Serbian (and Macedonian) Cyrillic. The recommended “British” system is, for most practical purpos
20、es, without ambiguity and provides not only for the direct Cyrillic-English transliteration normally required (Table A), but also for English-Cyrillic back transliteration (Table B). It can therefore be recommended with confidence to all those who require a national system at once practical and in h
21、armony with English alphabetic traditions. For extreme simplicity, when avoidance of ambiguity in back transliteration is not a paramount consideration, all accents, diacritics, etc., may be omitted in the “English” rendering. “International” system for Cyrillic. The system given in Section 2 is aim
22、ed at satisfying the need for a letter-for-letter system of transliteration of Cyrillic, suitable especially for the widening field of international communication between countries using the Roman alphabet but not necessarily familiar with, or ready to adopt, English alphabetic traditions. Table C o
23、f this Standard conforms to the recommendations of ISO/R9 for modern languages written in Slavonic Cyrillic characters, i.e. other than those of the Iranian, Caucasian, Uralian, Altaic and Palaeoasiatic groups; it also includes one Romance language, Moldavian, for which the transliteration mainly fo
24、llows modern Rumanian orthography. In addition, there are separate (Table D and Table E) for Church Slavonic and Rumanian Cyrillic respectively, and a back transliteration (Table F). 1) For their specialized cartographic requirements, the Permanent Committee on Geographical Names for British Officia
25、l Use PCGN and the U.S. Board on Geographic Names BGN employ uniform systems for the transliteration of Russian and Bulgarian geographical names; these differ from the “British” system mainly in using y for(as well as for ) and e for (as well as for Russian F, except initially, after vowels and afte
26、r , and , when ye is used). 2) The modifications are the use of ” (instead of ) for the “hard” sign and(instead of th) for the obsolete character F (Table A, Nos. 38 and 46 respectively). Licensed Copy: sheffieldun sheffieldun, na, Mon Nov 27 12:34:50 GMT+00:00 2006, Uncontrolled Copy, (c) BSI BS 29
27、79:1958 iv BSI 05-2000 ISO/R9 was the outcome of years of postwar work in the International Organization for Standardization on a draft scheme prepared by its forerunner, the International Federation of National Standards Associations ISA, and issued in 1939. In this connection, it is interesting to
28、 note that the pre-war Russian standard OCT 8483 is no longer applied in the U.S.S.R. and that the Linguistics Institute of the Academy of Sciences, after correspondence with ISO, has drawn up a transliteration table differing only in minor refinements from ISO/R9. Greek. The problems of Greek trans
29、literation are less complicated than those of Cyrillic. Section 3 (Table G) provides a letter for-letter system for cataloguers and other documentation workers, and deals with the Greek alphabet without special regard to phonetic, etymological or other linguistic peculiarities of Ancient, Mediaeval
30、and Modern Greekin short, a straightforward rule-of-thumb system in line with international practice. Notes on cataloguing and indexing 1. Cross-referencing of variant transliterations. In catalogues, indexes, etc., where “English” and “international” variants are in use, appropriate cross-reference
31、s should of course be made. Similarly, cross-references will also be necessary under to Ch, under H to Kh (and Ch), under Ju to Yu, and so on. 2. Names foreign to the Slavonic languages. English or other non-Slavonic names occurring already cyrillicized in a text should be rendered back into Latin s
32、cript according to the “British” or the “International” system letter by letter, and the correct form (in its original spelling), if necessary for recognition and indexing, should be added in square brackets whenever ascertainable, thus: 3. Alphabetical arrangement. In BS 1749:1951 (Alphabetical Arr
33、angement) Clause 4, it is recommended that the presence of accents, diacritics and apostrophes should not affect alphabetical order. e.g. under Ch:“See also entries under . . . for Cyrillic words beginning . . .” under Kh (and Ch): “See also entries under H . . . for Cyrillic and Greek words beginni
34、ng X . . .” under Ph:“See also entries under F . . . for Greek words beginning 9 . . .” under Shch:“See also entries under . . . for Cyrillic words beginning . . .” under Yu:“See also entries under Ju . . . for Cyrillic words beginning. . .” Original nameCyrillicized formRendering back into Latin Ho
35、ward Govard Howard Sternberg Shternberg or ternberg Sternberg Weigl or Vejgl Weigl WinchesterUinchester or Uinester Winchester Licensed Copy: sheffieldun sheffieldun, na, Mon Nov 27 12:34:50 GMT+00:00 2006, Uncontrolled Copy, (c) BSI BS 2979:1958 BSI 05-2000v Examples of titles of periodicals in Cyr
36、illic with their “British” and “International” transliterations for comparison Licensed Copy: sheffieldun sheffieldun, na, Mon Nov 27 12:34:50 GMT+00:00 2006, Uncontrolled Copy, (c) BSI BS 2979:1958 vi BSI 05-2000 A British Standard does not purport to include all the necessary provisions of a contr
37、act. Users of British Standards are responsible for their correct application. Compliance with a British Standard does not of itself confer immunity from legal obligations. Summary of pages This document comprises a front cover, an inside front cover, pages i to vi, pages 1 to 15 and a back cover. T
38、his standard has been updated (see copyright date) and may have had amendments incorporated. This will be indicated in the amendment table on the inside front cover. Licensed Copy: sheffieldun sheffieldun, na, Mon Nov 27 12:34:50 GMT+00:00 2006, Uncontrolled Copy, (c) BSI BS 2979:1958 BSI 05-20001 S
39、ection 1. “British” system for (modern) Cyrillic NOTE 1For extreme simplicity, when avoidance of ambiguity in back transliteration is not a paramount consideration, all accents, diacritics, etc., may be omitted in the English rendering. NOTE 2Cyrillic characters for which the transliteration is give
40、n in parentheses, though no longer in official use, are sometimes found in the literature of the relevant language, e.g. in migr or the older literature. NOTE 3The Serbian and Macedonian column to avoid the confusion of an “English” transliteration, gives the latinica which is the existing Latin alp
41、habet of Serbo-Croat and is being used to an increasing extent in Yugoslavia. NOTE 4For transliteration of Moldavian, see Table C in Section 2. Licensed Copy: sheffieldun sheffieldun, na, Mon Nov 27 12:34:50 GMT+00:00 2006, Uncontrolled Copy, (c) BSI BS 2979:1958 2 BSI 05-2000 Table A Cyrillic-Engli
42、sh transliteration (“British” system) Licensed Copy: sheffieldun sheffieldun, na, Mon Nov 27 12:34:50 GMT+00:00 2006, Uncontrolled Copy, (c) BSI BS 2979:1958 BSI 05-20003 Table A Cyrillic-English transliteration (“British” system) Licensed Copy: sheffieldun sheffieldun, na, Mon Nov 27 12:34:50 GMT+0
43、0:00 2006, Uncontrolled Copy, (c) BSI BS 2979:1958 4 BSI 05-2000 Table B Back transliteration: English-Cyrillic Licensed Copy: sheffieldun sheffieldun, na, Mon Nov 27 12:34:50 GMT+00:00 2006, Uncontrolled Copy, (c) BSI BS 2979:1958 BSI 05-20005 Section 2. “International” system for Cyrillic NOTE 1IS
44、O/R9 stipulates that (Slavonic Cyrillic) items transliterated according to the recommended international system are to be indicated by the letters ISO between square brackets, thus: ISO NOTE 2In Table C, Cyrillic characters for which the transliteration is given in parentheses, though no longer in o
45、fficial use, are sometimes found in the literature of the relevant language, e.g. in migr or the older literature. NOTE 3Transliteration of “borrowed” characters. A Cyrillic character which does not occur in the alphabet of any given Slavonic language, and for which there is no transliteration in th
46、e appropriate column of Table A, may be transliterated by the rendering given for that character in any other column of the table or, if Old (Church) Slavonic, in Table B. NOTE 4Diacritics and conventional substitutes for use in typescripts. The diacritics to be used, especially in printed documents
47、, are those given in the tables following. For typescripts (and documents reproduced from typescripts), these diacritics may be replaced conventionally by other more readily available signs, thus: A double-stroke sign by a different double sign: C by or (Nos. 10, 34, 35, 36, 37 but only for No. 41 b
48、ecause is used for No. 8b) by (Nos. 8b, 15) A single-stroke sign by a different single sign: by (No. 29) by (Nos. 5, 42) Licensed Copy: sheffieldun sheffieldun, na, Mon Nov 27 12:34:50 GMT+00:00 2006, Uncontrolled Copy, (c) BSI BS 2979:1958 6 BSI 05-2000 Table C Modern Cyrillic transliteration (ISO/
49、R9) Licensed Copy: sheffieldun sheffieldun, na, Mon Nov 27 12:34:50 GMT+00:00 2006, Uncontrolled Copy, (c) BSI BS 2979:1958 BSI 05-20007 Table C Modern Cyrillic transliteration (ISO/R9) Licensed Copy: sheffieldun sheffieldun, na, Mon Nov 27 12:34:50 GMT+00:00 2006, Uncontrolled Copy, (c) BSI BS 2979:1958 8 BSI 05-2000 Table D Transliteration of Church Slavonic Cyrillic Licensed Copy: sheffieldun sheffieldun, na, Mon Nov 27 12:34:50 GMT+00:00 2006, Uncontrolled Copy, (c) BSI BS 2979:1958 B