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1、BRITISH STANDARD BS 3618-5: 1971 Glossary of Mining terms Section 5: Geology Licensed Copy: sheffieldun sheffieldun, na, Wed Nov 29 03:13:54 GMT+00:00 2006, Uncontrolled Copy, (c) BSI BS 3618-5:1971 This British Standard, having been approved by the Mining and Quarrying Requisites Industry Standards
2、 Committee, was published under the authority of the Executive Board on 21 June 1971 BSI 11-1999 First published June 1964 First revision June 1971 The following BSI references relate to the work on this standard: Committee reference MQE/17 Draft for approval 70/19578 ISBN 580 06972 9 Co-operating o
3、rganizations The Mining and Quarrying Requisites Industry Standards Committee, under whose supervision this British Standard was prepared, consists of representatives from the following Government department and scientific and industrial organizations: Association of Mining Electrical and Mechanical
4、 Engineers* British Electrical and Allied Manufacturers Association British Steel Industry Council of Underground Machinery Manufacturers Department of Trade and Industry* Engineering Equipment Users Association Federation of Manufacturers of Construction Equipment and Cranes Institute of Quarrying
5、Institution of Mechanical Engineers Institution of Mining Engineers* Mechanical Handling Engineers Association National Coal Board* The Government department and industrial organizations marked with an asterisk in the above list, together with the following, were directly represented on the committe
6、e entrusted with the preparation of this British Standard: Institution of Mining and Metallurgy University of Birmingham University of London University of Nottingham Amendments issued since publication Amd. No.DateComments Licensed Copy: sheffieldun sheffieldun, na, Wed Nov 29 03:13:54 GMT+00:00 20
7、06, Uncontrolled Copy, (c) BSI BS 3618-5:1971 BSI 11-1999i Contents Page Co-operating organizationsInside front cover Forewordii Figure 1 Ore shoot (indicating “pitch”)9 Figure 2 Normal fault and associated terms9 Figure 3 Dip and associated terms10 Figure 4 Trough fault (in section)10 Figure 5 Lag
8、fault (in section)10 Figure 6 Thrust fault or overthrust (in section)11 Figure 7 Monocline (in section)11 Figure 8 Horst (in section)11 Figure 9 Reverse fault (in section)12 Licensed Copy: sheffieldun sheffieldun, na, Wed Nov 29 03:13:54 GMT+00:00 2006, Uncontrolled Copy, (c) BSI BS 3618-5:1971 ii B
9、SI 11-1999 Foreword This glossary has been prepared, under the authority of the Mining and Quarrying Requisites Industry Standards Committee, in order to standardize and to co-ordinate the technical terms in current use in mining in the United Kingdom. Although the majority of the terms defined in t
10、he original edition of this glossary were primarily concerned with coalmining, account has been taken of terms used in other forms of mining and of quarrying. The need for this glossary arose from the widely varying interpretation of terms used within the industry, and the prevalent use of more than
11、 one synonym, some purely local in origin, to indicate specific meanings. The glossary has been issued in a number of sections, according to subject matter, as follows: Section 1: Planning and surveying; Section 2: Ventilation; Section 3: Boring and exploration; Section 4: Drainage; Section 5: Geolo
12、gy; Section 6: Drilling and blasting; Section 7: Electrical engineering and lighting; Section 8: Winning and working; Section 9: Shafts and associated equipment; Section 10: Transport; Section 11: Strata control. In the normal process of periodical review of the BS 3618 publications it was seen that
13、 a number of modifications and additions were desirable to Section 5, “Geology”; therefore, since the edition was dated 1964, it was decided to publish a revision incorporating these changes. In compiling the glossary account has been taken of the fact that terms primarily associated with coal are s
14、eparately defined in BS 3323, “Glossary of coal terms”, and terms relating to coal preparation are defined in BS 3553, “Glossary of terms used in coal preparation”. The following factors also have applied in the statement, selection and definition of terms: 1) Where two or more terms are grouped tog
15、ether, the term which is favoured is printed first and in heavy type. It is hoped that such preferred terms will gradually displace the non-preferred terms. The non-preferred terms of a group are printed in small capital letters. Where the use of any term is considered to be undesirable it is marked
16、 deprecated. 2) Generally, only terms which have a specific meaning in this field have been included. Where a technical term has an accepted meaning in other fields of engineering it has been omitted; the few exceptions are terms which are of particular importance in mining. 3) Purely local terms ar
17、e not defined, but those of sufficient importance are included as non-preferred terms. 4) Obsolete terms are excluded. Licensed Copy: sheffieldun sheffieldun, na, Wed Nov 29 03:13:54 GMT+00:00 2006, Uncontrolled Copy, (c) BSI BS 3618-5:1971 BSI 11-1999iii A British Standard does not purport to inclu
18、de all the necessary provisions of a contract. Users of British Standards are responsible for their correct application. Compliance with a British Standard does not of itself confer immunity from legal obligations. Summary of pages This document comprises a front cover, an inside front cover, pages
19、i to iv, pages 1 to 12 and a back cover. This standard has been updated (see copyright date) and may have had amendments incorporated. This will be indicated in the amendment table on the inside front cover. Licensed Copy: sheffieldun sheffieldun, na, Wed Nov 29 03:13:54 GMT+00:00 2006, Uncontrolled
20、 Copy, (c) BSI iv blank Licensed Copy: sheffieldun sheffieldun, na, Wed Nov 29 03:13:54 GMT+00:00 2006, Uncontrolled Copy, (c) BSI BS 3618-5:1971 BSI 11-19991 TermDefinition agglomerateA naturally cemented unstratified mass of coarse volcanic fragments. alluviumDeposits, normally unconsolidated, mad
21、e by streams in channels and over their flood plains and deltas. ankerite CLEAT SPAR, deprecated A white mineral, sometimes discoloured, commonly occurring in the cleat of coal. The main constituents are calcium, magnesium and iron carbonates. anthraciteCoal of the highest rank having volatile matte
22、r in the region of 10 % or less. anticlineAn arch-like fold in stratified rocks. apparent dipThe dip in any random vertical section, having a value between zero in the section containing the line of strike and full dip in the section at right angles to this line. (See Figure 3.) aquiferA permeable w
23、ater-bearing stratum. arenaceousSandy. argillaceousClayey. ashThe inorganic residue after the incineration of coal to constant weight under standard conditions. In general it differs in weight and composition from the original mineral matter. ash (volcanic)Fine loose debris ejected in volcanic erupt
24、ions it gives rise to tuff (q.v.) when compacted. backs1) A system of joints in coal or stratified mineral oblique to the bedding at an angle at 35 to 75. See also slips. 2) See Winning and working section. band1) Any bed or stratum of rock (deprecated). 2) See dirt band. barren groundUnproductive s
25、trata in mines. basinA structure in which the strata dip inwards on all sides. bass, deprecated BAST, deprecated Carbonaceous shale, or canneloid shale. basset edge, deprecatedThe outcrop of a coal seam. batt, deprecated BAT, deprecated A dirt band interstratified with coal or ironstone. bedA layer
26、of rock or mineral. bedding planeThe interface between two adjacent beds of sedimentary rock. bedrockThe solid rock underlying superficial deposits. See also rockhead. bind, deprecated BLAES, deprecated BLUE BIND, deprecated Shale or mudstone occurring in Coal Measures. bituminous coalA general term
27、 descriptive of coal other than anthracite and low-volatile coal on the one hand and lignite on the other. blackband ironstoneA bed of ironstone containing sufficient carbonaceous matter to make it self-calcining. boghead coal TORBANITE Coal resembling cannel coal in physical appearance and properti
28、es, but distinguished microscopically by the presence of the remains of algae. boulder clayGlacial clay, generally containing a variety of boulders or pebbles. brassesSee pyrite. Licensed Copy: sheffieldun sheffieldun, na, Wed Nov 29 03:13:54 GMT+00:00 2006, Uncontrolled Copy, (c) BSI BS 3618-5:1971
29、 2 BSI 11-1999 TermDefinition brat, deprecatedA thin bed of coal mixed with pyrite or with calcium carbonate. brecciaA rock consisting of broken angular, unworn fragments held together by a natural cement. buried channelAn old channel filled and concealed by glacial or other superficial deposits. bu
30、rnt coalCoal altered by heat from an igneous intrusion within or near the seam. cannel coal CANNEL PARROT, deprecated Strong, non-banded coal with a satin sheen or wax lustre, showing a conchoidal fracture; distinguished microscopically from boghead coal by the presence of the remains of spores. Gen
31、erally having high volatile matter content and readily ignitable. cankA hard, dark-grey massive, rock consisting largely of ankerite, found in some Coal Measures marine beds. carbonaceousConsisting of or containing coal or coal-like material. The term is used especially of shale with particles of su
32、ch material distributed throughout the mass. cauldron bottom,A concretionary mass surrounded by glossy surfaces and usually occurring in the roof of a coal seam. china claySee kaolin. clay CLOD, deprecated A rock composed of colloidally fine complex silicates formed by the natural decomposition of p
33、re-existing rocks. clay-band ironstone CLAY IRONSTONE, deprecated Impure argillaceous carbonate of iron occurring in sand-stones and shales, either as definite layers or as nodules. cleatJoints in coal more or less normal to the bedding planes. cleat sparSee ankerite. cleavage1) In a crystalline min
34、eral, one or more series of parallel planes along which the mineral tends to split. 2) In a rock, definite parallel closely spaced planes along which it may split, and which may be highly inclined to the bedding planes. clift, deprecatedA strong, usually silty, mudstone. clod1) A relatively thin bed
35、 of weak rock immediately overlying a coal seam. 2) See clay. clunch, deprecated1) A fine-grained, often clayey, rock which breaks readily into irregular lumps. 2) A bluish hard clay. 3) See seatearth. coalA combustible sedimentary rock, formed from variously altered plant remains. coal ballsCalcare
36、ous concretions of mineralized plant debris occurring in certain coal seams. competent bedsBeds which have physical characteristics such that they respond to tectonic forces by folding and faulting, rather than by crushing and flowing. (Competent beds are relatively strong and incompetent beds relat
37、ively weak.) competent rock, deprecated A strong rock which may not require support in an excavation. conglomerate PUDDING STONE, deprecated A rock consisting of rounded pebbles held together by a natural cement. connate water FOSSIL WATER, deprecated Inherent water contemporary with the rock contai
38、ning it, as opposed to water subsequently permeating the rock. Licensed Copy: sheffieldun sheffieldun, na, Wed Nov 29 03:13:54 GMT+00:00 2006, Uncontrolled Copy, (c) BSI BS 3618-5:1971 BSI 11-19993 TermDefinition correlation1) The determination of the equivalence in stratigraphical position of beds
39、in separated areas. 2) See Planning and surveying section. country rockThe rock adjacent to a mineral vein or igneous intrusion. coverThe vertical distance between any position in the strata and the surface or any other position used as reference. crop1) See outcrop. 2) See Winning and working secti
40、on. crop coalOxidized coal found near the surface. cross bedding FALSE BEDDING Laminations, in a bed of sedimentary rock, which are inclined to the general stratification. cross courseA vein or lode which intersects the main productive veins or lodes (sometimes known as cross vein or cross lode). cu
41、rrent beddingA particular form of cross bedding formed by water or wind. diceyA term describing a rock which breaks into small pieces resembling dice. dip PITCH, deprecated PLUNGE, deprecated The inclination of strata to the horizontal. (See Figure 1 and Figure 2.) See also apparent dip and full dip
42、. dirt band BAND, deprecated A layer of rock (e.g. shale or mudstone) in a coal seam. dolerite GREENSTONE, deprecated WHIN WHINSTONE Dark crystalline igneous rock forming intrusions, e.g. dykes and sills. dolomiteA mineral composed of calcium magnesium carbonate or a rock consisting predominantly of
43、 that mineral. domeA structure in which the strata dip outwards on all sides. downthrowThe amount, measured vertically, of downward displacement of beds caused by a fault. downthrow sideThe lower side of a fault. drift1) Superficial deposits such as boulder clay, glacial gravel, alluvium, peat, etc.
44、 2) See Winning and working section. dykeA more or less perpendicular wall-like igneous mass intruded into other rocks. evaporitesRocks, such as anhydrite, rock salt, potash salts, etc. formed by evaporation of lakes or seas. fakes, deprecatedSandy shale. false beddingSee cross bedding. faultA plane
45、 of fracture in a rock body along which there has been displacement. (See lag fault, normal fault, reverse fault, step faulting, thrust fault, transcurrent fault and trough fault. fault brecciaThe shattered rock material along a fault plane. fault dragDistortion of the bedding which may occur in the
46、 vicinity of a fault plane. fault planeAny surface along which strata movement has taken place. (See Figure 2 and Figure 5.) fireclayA seatearth (q.v.) commercially suitable for making refractories. foldA bend in bedded rocks. Licensed Copy: sheffieldun sheffieldun, na, Wed Nov 29 03:13:54 GMT+00:00
47、 2006, Uncontrolled Copy, (c) BSI BS 3618-5:1971 4 BSI 11-1999 TermDefinition formationA set of lithologically distinctive beds selected as a convenient unit for mapping and description. fossil waterSee connate water. freestoneA uniform, fine-grained sandstone or limestone that can be readily sawn a
48、nd shaped. full dip TRUE DIP The maximum angle, measured in a vertical plane, between the plane of a stratum and the horizontal. The vertical section containing the full dip is at right angles to the line of strike. (See Figure 2 and Figure 3.) gangueThe material of no apparent value associated with
49、 valuable minerals in lodes and veins. ganisterA compact, highly siliceous, sedimentary rock, often containing plant remains. geohydrologyThe study of hydraulics pertinent to the flow of water and similar liquids through soils and rocks. gossanThe weathered upper part of an ore body in which intensive leaching, oxidation and hydration have occurred. gougeFinely abraded material, usually clay, associated with a fault. grabenSee trough fault. greenstoneSee dolerite. ground waterWater which has penetrated from the surface and filled