《BS-1133-12-1986.pdf》由会员分享，可在线阅读，更多相关《BS-1133-12-1986.pdf（22页珍藏版）》请在三一文库上搜索。
1、BRITISH STANDARD BS 1133: Section 12: 1986 Packaging code Section 12: Methods of protection against shock (excluding cushioning devices) UDC 621.798.22 Licensed Copy: sheffieldun sheffieldun, na, Fri Nov 24 07:57:04 GMT+00:00 2006, Uncontrolled Copy, (c) BSI BS 1133:Section 12:1986 This British Stan
2、dard, having been prepared under the direction of the Packaging and Freight Containers Standards Committee, was published under the authority of the Board of BSI and comes into effect on 29 November 1986 BSI 01-2000 First published December 1943 First revision December 1954 Second revision January 1
3、967 Third revision November 1986 The following BSI references relate to the work on this standard: Committee reference PKM/573 Draft for comment 85/36897 DC ISBN 0 580 15440 8 Committees responsible for this British Standard The preparation of this British Standard was entrusted by the Packaging and
4、 Freight Containers Standards Committee (PKM/-) to Technical Committee PKM/573 upon which the following bodies were represented: British Paper and Board Industry Federation (PIF) British Rubber Manufacturers Association Institute of Packaging Ministry of Defence PIRA (The Research Association for th
5、e Paper and Board, Printing and Packaging Industries) Pressed Felt Manufacturers Association Telecommunication Engineering and Manufacturing Association (TEMA) Amendments issued since publication Amd. No.Date of issueComments Licensed Copy: sheffieldun sheffieldun, na, Fri Nov 24 07:57:04 GMT+00:00
6、2006, Uncontrolled Copy, (c) BSI BS 1133:Section 12:1986 BSI 01-2000i Contents Page Committees responsibleInside front cover Forewordii 1Scope1 2General1 3Cushioning theory3 4Cushion design9 5Materials11 Figure 1 Static stress/compression curves for various cushioning materials5 Figure 2 Typical dyn
7、amic performance curves: 600 mm drop7 Figure 3 Some alternative cushioning arrangements for a given item8 Table 1 Comparison of cushion efficiency for typical sheet materials in terms of cushion factor6 Table 2 General classification of materials giving protection against shock13 Publications referr
8、ed toInside back cover Licensed Copy: sheffieldun sheffieldun, na, Fri Nov 24 07:57:04 GMT+00:00 2006, Uncontrolled Copy, (c) BSI BS 1133:Section 12:1986 ii BSI 01-2000 Foreword This Section of BS 1133 has been prepared under the direction of the Packaging and Freight Containers Standards Committee.
9、 It is a revision of BS 1133:Section 12:1967, which is withdrawn. BS 1133 was originally issued in December 1943, primarily to give guidance on the packaging of Service and other Government supplies. In practice, however, the code was used not only by Government departments and contractors but also
10、by civilian packers and, accordingly, it was amended to suit peace-time requirements. The Parts were later issued separately and new Sections were added as new materials and methods were developed. Various Sections of the code have been revised and the most recent revision of Section 12 was in 1967.
11、 This revision of Section 12 incorporates some cushion theory and design examples using the popular peak deceleration/static stress method and gives information on new cushioning materials. Guidance on the use of cushion factor dynamic stress data or the Mustin presentation1) is not included. The re
12、vision also takes account of the decision of the Packaging and Freight Containers Standards Committee that BS 1133 should include only guidance material with references to separately published British Standard specifications and methods of test where appropriate, rather than incorporating such mater
13、ial. A new British Standard dealing with methods of test for cushioning materials for packaging use is in preparation. The Packaging code now consists of the following Sections. Sections 1 to 3: Introduction to packaging; Section 4: Mechanical aids in package handling; Section 5: Protection against
14、spoilage of packages and their contents by micro-organisms, insects, mites and rodents; Section 6: Temporary protection of metal surfaces against corrosion (during transport and storage); Section 7: Paper and board wrappers, bags and containers; Section 7:Subsection 7.1: Wrapping papers; Section 7:C
15、hapter 7.5: Fibreboard cases; Section 8: Wooden containers; Section 9: Textile bags, sacks and wrappings; Section 10: Metal containers; Section 12: Methods of protection against shock (excluding cushioning devices); Section 13: Twines and cords for packaging; Section 14: Adhesive closing and sealing
16、 tapes; Section 15: Tensional strapping; Section 16: Adhesives for packaging; Section 17: Wicker and veneer baskets; Section 18: Glass containers and closures; Section 18:Subsection 1: Terminology; Section 19: Use of desiccants in packaging; Section 21: Regenerated cellulose film, plastics film, alu
17、minium foil and flexible laminates; Section 22: Packaging in plastics containers. 1) The Mustin presentation is a shorthand system of presenting data on specific materials. Further information may be obtained from the Enquiry Section, BSI, Linford Wood, Milton Keynes MK14 6LE. Licensed Copy: sheffie
18、ldun sheffieldun, na, Fri Nov 24 07:57:04 GMT+00:00 2006, Uncontrolled Copy, (c) BSI BS 1133:Section 12:1986 BSI 01-2000iii A British Standard does not purport to include all the necessary provisions of a contract. Users of British Standards are responsible for their correct application. Compliance
19、with a British Standard does not of itself confer immunity from legal obligations. Summary of pages This document comprises a front cover, an inside front cover, pages i to iv, pages 1 to 14, an inside back cover and a back cover. This standard has been updated (see copyright date) and may have had
20、amendments incorporated. This will be indicated in the amendment table on the inside front cover. Licensed Copy: sheffieldun sheffieldun, na, Fri Nov 24 07:57:04 GMT+00:00 2006, Uncontrolled Copy, (c) BSI iv blank Licensed Copy: sheffieldun sheffieldun, na, Fri Nov 24 07:57:04 GMT+00:00 2006, Uncont
21、rolled Copy, (c) BSI BS 1133:Section 12:1986 BSI 01-20001 1 Scope This Section of BS 1133 deals with protection against shock. The ways in which protection against shock can be provided are defined and the more commonly used materials are classified. Considerations affecting design are included, tog
22、ether with information on basic cushioning theory and cushion design but cushioning devices are not covered. The particular cushion design requirements of the Ministry of Defence are not specifically covered but reference to Ministry of Defence practice is made at certain points. NOTEThe titles of t
23、he publications referred to in this standard are listed on the inside back cover. 2 General 2.1 Introduction Shocks occur when a package is dropped and hits the ground or as a result of side impacts arising during mechanical handling, e.g. when the package is swung against the side of a ship or dock
24、 during loading. For packaging purposes shocks may be defined as rapid changes in velocity, i.e. acceleration or deceleration. On impact with a hard surface, the outside of a container is quickly brought to rest by a high deceleration and is subject to a force which is proportional both to its own m
25、ass and to the rate of change of velocity. These impact forces may be very high, e.g. if an item is dropped from a few inches without cushioning onto a hard surface, the deceleration can be several hundred times that due to the earths gravitational field and the force between item and ground up to s
26、everal hundred times the mass of the item. Low intensity repeated shocks also occur due to vehicle vibration in transit. However, it is impacts, in particular those arising from drops, which almost always determine the design of the cushioning and vibration effects are not considered further in this
27、 Section. A packaged article can be protected against impacts in the following three ways: a) by spreading the forces on impact over a large area so that the force per unit area is reduced and no part is subjected to concentrated forces (see 2.4.1); b) by locating supports in contact with the strong
28、er parts of the article so that, on impact, forces are directed to those parts (see 2.4.2); c) by cushioning the article (see clauses 3, 4 and 5). The kind of protection outlined in a) (known as load spreading) and in b) can be provided by materials which do not deform on impact. Thus blocking and b
29、racing into position could provide protection as described in b). The method of protection outlined in c) depends on the cushioning material deflecting on impact. Cushioning materials reduce the level of shocks by allowing controlled movement of the packaged article within the container at the insta
30、nt of impact and so reducing the deceleration and the resulting force transmitted to the article. In practice, combinations of methods a), b) and c) may occur, although for a particular material one method will normally predominate. Cushioning materials vary in the way in which they deform and also
31、in their ability to recover from such deformation. Most of the data on dynamic performance are applicable to those materials which give a considerable amount of shock reduction with a large percentage deformation under impact. 2.2 Design considerations The amount, type and arrangement of material ne
32、eded for a specific application depends on a number of factors of which the following are the most important: a) the mass, dimensions and fragility of the item; b) the type of journey, in particular the transport hazards; c) the expected life of the packaging and the associated storage hazards; d) t
33、he design of the container. It is generally uneconomic to provide protection against extreme and infrequent hazards. The most cost effective package is one in which an increase in cost ceases to be offset by a comparable decrease in the damage cost. This damage cost may include a factor allowing for
34、 inconvenience and loss of customers “goodwill” resulting from receipt of damaged goods. Where the item to be packed is an assembly, it is sometimes more economic to pack any fragile components separately as components of the item packed individually may be more robust than the assembly. Other proce
35、dures include regularizing the shape to rectangular or cylindrical form, thus permitting the use of standard shape materials, e.g. sheet stock. Licensed Copy: sheffieldun sheffieldun, na, Fri Nov 24 07:57:04 GMT+00:00 2006, Uncontrolled Copy, (c) BSI BS 1133:Section 12:1986 2 BSI 01-2000 Packages ma
36、y receive shocks in any attitude (i.e. on various faces, edges and corners) and protection should be provided against all the likely hazards. In any given application a maximum height of fall should be assumed, or chosen, which will only be exceeded by an acceptably small proportion of packages. Thi
37、s height, the design drop height, is then used in any calculations and tests of a design. The design drop height will depend on the mass and size of package and the distribution system. For certain classes of goods, design drop height requirements are laid down by some authorities and reference shou
38、ld therefore be made to the appropriate Service or Transport Authority. The following economic factors also have a bearing on design: 1) the increased transport and storage costs of the greater volume resulting from the inclusion of cushioning; 2) the cost of the cushioning medium itself; 3) the tra
39、nsport cost of the mass of the cushioning; 4) the effect of choice of cushion on the cost of the package; 5) the cost of fabricating cushions and of the packing operations; 6) the value of cargo; 7) the difficulty and cost of rectifying any transit damage. Other factors affecting the choice of mater
40、ials include: i) chemical nature (e.g. stability, inertness, corrosiveness); ii) moisture content; iii) moisture absorption; iv) effect of temperature and moisture content upon function; v) resistance to mould growth (see 2.3); vi) tendency to produce dust or particles; vii) abrasive effects; viii)
41、ability to absorb liquids. 2.3 Microbiological contamination Most materials used in packaging for cushioning purposes are organic in nature and will, given favourable circumstances, support mould growth. This tendency will be influenced by a number of factors which include the following; a) the natu
42、re and pre-treatment of the material; b) the type(s) of mould concerned; c) the presence of any accidental contaminants; d) the ambient temperature and humidity; e) the exposure time. The development of mould growths can be minimized by the selection of a material with inherently good resistance or
43、by the use of an anti-fungal treatment. 2.4 Load spreading and blocking and bracing 2.4.1 Load spreading. Load spreading involves supporting an article over the major portions of its surfaces by the use of loose bulk space filling materials, or by the use of preformed fitments conforming to the shap
44、e of the article, so as to afford a positive form of location. Compaction is undesirable as it permits uncontrolled movement of the article within its container. Preformed fitments can be made as required from materials capable of withstanding high loading and, furthermore, the loading of weak parts
45、 of the article can be avoided by making suitable cavities in the fitments. Space filling is generally suitable for items of low density and of relatively robust construction. Granular materials are not usually suitable for small items which tend to sink towards the lowest part of the package and ar
46、e thus left relatively unprotected. Some space filling materials have the property of absorbing and, if required, of neutralizing, liquids which may leak from a damaged container. Load spreading with preformed fitments can be used for fragile items which owe their fragility to brittleness or inabili
47、ty to bend and which are liable to fracture if subjected to local concentrations of load or bending stresses (e.g. glassware). In general, load spreading can also be used successfully to provide anti-abrasive protection for articles prone to surface damage. NOTEThe term “load spreading” is also used
48、 in relation to cushioning, to describe the spreading of the force exerted by an article over a greater area of the cushioning material to reduce the static stress on the cushion. 2.4.2 Blocking and bracing. Blocking and bracing consists of positioning fitments between the article and the container
49、so that the supports of the fitments bear on the strongest areas of the article. The materials most commonly used are corrugated fibreboard, softwood, plywood and other wood products. Licensed Copy: sheffieldun sheffieldun, na, Fri Nov 24 07:57:04 GMT+00:00 2006, Uncontrolled Copy, (c) BSI BS 1133:Section 12:1986 BSI 01-20003 Corrugated fibreboard may be applied in many forms to locate an article within a container, e.g. as partitions, rolls, pads, blocks, strips or cells according to circumstances. Interlocking partitions m