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1、ASQ STATISTICS DIVISION Copyright American Society for Quality Provided by IHS under license with ASQ Licensee=IHS Employees/1111111001, User=Wing, Bernie Not for Resale, 04/18/2007 02:01:38 MDTNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS -,-,- I 75950b 0002V55 775 Glossary and T
2、ables for Statistical Quality Control Copyright American Society for Quality Provided by IHS under license with ASQ Licensee=IHS Employees/1111111001, User=Wing, Bernie Not for Resale, 04/18/2007 02:01:38 MDTNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS -,-,- Also available from A
3、SQ Quality Press Statistical Process Control Methods for Long and Short Runs, Second Edition Gary K. Griffith SPC Tools for Everyone John T. Burr SPC for Practitioners: Special Cases and Continuous Processes Gary Fellers, Ph.D Quality Control for Operators and Foremen K.S. Krishnamoorthi To request
4、a complimentary catalog of publication, call 800-248-1946. Copyright American Society for Quality Provided by IHS under license with ASQ Licensee=IHS Employees/1111111001, User=Wing, Bernie Not for Resale, 04/18/2007 02:01:38 MDTNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS -,-,-
5、075950b 0002457 598 Glossary and Tables for Statistical Quality Control Third Edition ASQ Statistics Division ASQ Quality Press Milwaukee, Wisconsin Copyright American Society for Quality Provided by IHS under license with ASQ Licensee=IHS Employees/1111111001, User=Wing, Bernie Not for Resale, 04/1
6、8/2007 02:01:38 MDTNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS -,-,- Glossary and Tables for Statistical Quality Control, Third Edition ASQ Statistics Division Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Glossary and tables for statistical quality control / ASQ Statistics
7、 Division. - 3rd ed. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references. ISBN 0-87389-354-9 (alk. paper 1. Quality control-Statistical methods-Terminology. control-Statistical methods-Tables. Quality Control. Statistics Division. TS156.AlG53 1996 2. Quality I. American Society for 658.5621015195-dC20 95-512
8、33 CIP O 1996 by ASQ All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without the prior written permission of the publisher. 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 ISBN 0-87389-354-9 Acquisitions Editor: Susan Westerg
9、ard Project Editor: Kelley Cardinal ASQ Mission: To facilitate continuous improvement and increase customer sat- isfaction by identifying, communicating, and promoting the use of quality prin- ciples, concepts, and technologies; and thereby be recognized throughout the world as the leading authority
10、 on, and champion for, quality. Attention: Schools and Corporations ASQ Quality Press books, audiotapes, videotapes, and software are available at quantity discounts with bulk purchases for business, educational, or instructional use. For information, please contact ASQ Quality Press at 800-248-1946
11、, or write to ASQ Quality Press, P.O. Box 3005, Milwaukee, WI 53201-3005. For a free copy of the ASQ Quality Press Publications Catalog, including ASQ membership information, call 800-248-1946. Printed in the United States of America on acid-free recycled paper. American Society for Quality N m r A
12、S Q bimmmri . 3 = 5 . TG w Quality Press 61 1 East Wisconsin Avenue PO. Box 3005 Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53201 -3005 Copyright American Society for Quality Provided by IHS under license with ASQ Licensee=IHS Employees/1111111001, User=Wing, Bernie Not for Resale, 04/18/2007 02:01:38 MDTNo reproduction
13、or networking permitted without license from IHS -,-,- Contents Preface Glossary of Terms Statistical Tables Glossary of Symbols vii 1 145 173 V Copyright American Society for Quality Provided by IHS under license with ASQ Licensee=IHS Employees/1111111001, User=Wing, Bernie Not for Resale, 04/18/20
14、07 02:01:38 MDTNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS -,-,- 075950b 00024b0 O32 E Preface This edition is different from its predecessors in that the glossary is pre- sented in alphabetical order. The aim of this change is to make it easier to find items of interest. Of cou
15、rse, other changes were made as well. Despite our best efforts to produce an updated and complete glossary, the possi- bility exists, of course, that something has been overlooked. Perhaps future teams will continue to improve the glossary in future editions. As with prior editions, this glossary wa
16、s compiled by a group of people dedicated to providing the best possible product. Hours were spent re- viewing different definitions. It was an important, but laborious, job. I am proud of what this team accomplished, despite many setbacks along the way. I want to thank John Hromi, Ed Schilling, Joh
17、n Burr, and George Vorhauer for their patience and encouragement. Tom Kubiak and Joe Voelkel also provided guidance and encouragement. There were many people who offered suggestions on what should be included in this edition. We listened to all ideas and included those appropriate to our charter. Th
18、e definitions used in this glossary have been derived from the fol- lowing sources. The number identifying the source follows each glossary definition. 1. ANSUASQC Al-1978, Definitions, Symbols, Formulas, and Tables for Control Charts (Milwaukee, Wis.: American Society for Quality Control, 1978). 2.
19、 ANSI/ASQC A2-1978, Terms, Symbols, and Definitions for Accep- tance Sampling (Milwaukee, Wis.: American Society for Quality Control, 1978). 3. ANSI/ASQC A3-1978, Quality Systems Terminology (Milwaukee, Wis.: American Society for Quality Control, 1978). 4. ASTM Committee E-11 proposed revision to AS
20、TM E456-72, Ter- minology for Statistical Methods (Philadelphia, Pa.: American Society for Testing and Materials, 1972). 5. IS0 Technical Committee TC/69 work dealing with the Definitions for the Design of Experiments. vii Copyright American Society for Quality Provided by IHS under license with ASQ
21、 Licensee=IHS Employees/1111111001, User=Wing, Bernie Not for Resale, 04/18/2007 02:01:38 MDTNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS -,-,- viii PREFACE 6. Terms carried over from the first edition of Glossary and Tables for Statistical Quality Control (Milwaukee, Wis.: ASQC
22、Quality Press, 1973). 7. ASQCs Journal of Quality Technology. 8. ASQC Chemical and Process Industries Division, Chemical Interest Committee, Quality Assurance for the Chemical and Process Industries: A Manual of Good Practices (Milwaukee, Wis.: ASQC Quality Press, 1987). 9. T. Barker, Engineering Qu
23、ality by Design (New York: Marcel Dekker and Milwaukee, Wis.: ASQC Quality Press, 1990). Serving as editor was challenging and interesting. I was amazed at the number of people who were interested in the glossarys progress. I had the pleasure of making new friends and working with them at a level th
24、at few people get to experience. I hope that this glossary is beneficial to all who use it. James L. Bossert Editor Copyright American Society for Quality Provided by IHS under license with ASQ Licensee=IHS Employees/1111111001, User=Wing, Bernie Not for Resale, 04/18/2007 02:01:38 MDTNo reproductio
25、n or networking permitted without license from IHS -,-,- 075950b 000Z4bZ 905 W acceptable process level (APL) Note: acceptable process zone acceptable quality level (AOLI 1: The maximum probability, or risk, of mak- ing a type I error. 2: The probability or risk of incorrectly de- ciding that a shif
26、t in process level has occurred when the process is still located at E , . (I) The process level that forms the outer boundary of the zone of acceptable processes. (A process located at the APL will have only a probability of rejection designated a when the plotted sta- tistical measure is compared
27、to the acceptance control limits.) (1) In the case of two-sided tolerances, upper and lower acceptable process levels will be desig- nated UAPL and LAPL. (These need not be sym- metrical around the standard level.) See zone of acceptable processes. (1) The maximum percentage or proportion of vari- a
28、nt units in a lot or batch that, for the purposes of acceptance sampling, can be considered sat- isfactory as a process average. The term variant unit should be replaced by more specific terms such as nonconforming unit or defective unit, where appropriate. (2) 1 Copyright American Society for Quali
29、ty Provided by IHS under license with ASQ Licensee=IHS Employees/1111111001, User=Wing, Bernie Not for Resale, 04/18/2007 02:01:38 MDTNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS -,-,- 2 ACCEPT AB LE QUALITY LEVEL ( AQL) Note: When a consumer designates some specific value of AQL
30、 for a certain characteristic or group of characteristics, the supplier is in- formed that the consumers acceptance sam- pling plan will accept the great majority of sim- ilarly produced lots submitted by the supplier, provided that the process average for these lots, in terms of percentage of varia
31、nt units, is no greater than the designated value of AQL. In this sense the AQL serves as an index for acceptance sampling plans. The AQL alone does not describe the protec- tion to the consumer for individual lots, but is more directly related to what might be expected from a series of lots, provid
32、ed the steps called for in the referenced AQL system of procedures are taken. It is necessary to refer to the operating characteristic (OC) curve of the sampling plan that the consumer will use, or to the average outgoing quality limit (AOQL) of the plan, to determine what protection the consumer wi
33、ll have. The use of percentage of variant units as an indication of quality creates the dilemma that a high percentage reflects poorer (or lower) qual- ity and a low percentage reflects better (or higher) quality, which is contrary to common expectations of an index. However, this custom- ary usage
34、among quality engineers is based on the desire to have a sensitive index that calls attention to areas that need it. On the other hand, there are times when it seems more ap- propriate to discuss the percentage of normal units rather than percentage of variant units. From a quality engineering viewp
35、oint, this often has the disadvantage of appearing relatively un- reflective of shifts in quality level, but for some purposes it may be more meaningful. ? Copyright American Society for Quality Provided by IHS under license with ASQ Licensee=IHS Employees/1111111001, User=Wing, Bernie Not for Resal
36、e, 04/18/2007 02:01:38 MDTNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS -,-,- 075950b 0002YbY 788 ACCEPTANCE CONTROL CHART 3 acceptance (control chart or acceptance control chart usage) A decision that the process is operating in a satisfactory manner with respect to the statisti-
37、 cal measure being plotted. (1) acceptance control chart A graphical method for the dual purposes of evaluating a process in terms of (a) whether or not it can be expected to satisfy product or ser- vice tolerances for the characteristic(s) being measured and (b) whether or not it is in a state of s
38、tatistical control with respect to within-sam- ple, or subgroup, variability. (The determina- tions are made through comparison of values of some statistical measure(s) for an ordered series of samples, or subgroups, with acceptance con- trol limits.) (1) Note: The emphasis of the acceptance control
39、 chart, as contrasted to the control chart, is that the pro- cess usually does not need to remain in control about some single standard process level. As long as the within-subgroup variability remains in control, it can run at any level or levels within some zone of process levels that would be ac-
40、 ceptable in terms of tolerance requirements. It is assumed that some assignable causes will create shifts in the process level that are small enough in relation to requirements that it would not be economically feasible to attempt to control them too tightly. The regular acceptance control chart, a
41、s con- trasted to the modified control chart (or control chart with modified limits), also considers the probabilities (risks) of failing to detect process shifts of some specified magnitude as well as the probabilities (risks) of incorrectly signaling a shift from the standard or acceptable process
42、 Copyright American Society for Quality Provided by IHS under license with ASQ Licensee=IHS Employees/1111111001, User=Wing, Bernie Not for Resale, 04/18/2007 02:01:38 MDTNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS -,-,- E 0759506 0002465 bL4 E 4 ACCEPTANCE CONTROL CHART zone le
43、vels, and permits determination of the appropriate sample size to maintain these risks at desired levels. A state of statistical control with respect to within-subgroup variability is important in assuring inherent process stability, and the term acceptunce control chart implies the use of a control
44、 chart for ranges or a control chart for sample standard deviation. Accep- tance control chart limits are shown in Figure 1. The following table displays formulas for ac- ceptance control charts. Acceptable process levels: Rejectable process levels: Acceptance control limits: UAPL = UTL - zPlo LAPL
45、= LTL + zPlo UWL = UTL - zPZo LWL = LTL + zpZo UACL = UAPL + Z,CF/ Copyright American Society for Quality Provided by IHS under license with ASQ Licensee=IHS Employees/1111111001, User=Wing, Bernie Not for Resale, 04/18/2007 02:01:38 MDTNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IH
46、S -,-,- 6 Note: acceptance sampling plan acceptance sampling scheme acceptance sampling system accuracy Note: ACCEPTANCE SAMPLING also, the methodology that deals with proce- dures by which decisions to accept or not accept are based on the results of the inspection of samples. (2) The alternative t
47、o acceptance often is termed rejection, although in practice the alternative may take some form other than outright rejec- tion. See also note under reject. In lot-by-lot sampling, acceptance and non- acceptance relate to individual lots. In contin- uous sampling, acceptance and nonacceptance relate
48、 to individual units or to blocks of con- secutive units, depending on the stated proce- dure. A specific plan that states the sample size or sizes to be used, and the associated acceptance and nonacceptance criteria. (2) A specific set of procedures, which usually con- sists of acceptance sampling plans, in which lot sizes, sample sizes, and acceptance crit