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1、BRITISH STANDARD OBSOLESCENT MARCH 1987 BS 185-1: 1969 Glossary of Aeronautical and astronautical terms Section 1: General UDC 001.4:629.7 Licensed Copy: sheffieldun sheffieldun, na, Fri Nov 24 03:22:47 GMT+00:00 2006, Uncontrolled Copy, (c) BSI BS 185-1:1969 This British Standard, having been appro
2、ved by the Aerospace Industry Standards Committee, was published under the authority of the Executive Board of the Institution on 31 July 1969 BSI 11-1999 The following BSI references relate to the work on this standard: Committee reference ACE/1 Draft for comment 67/17817 ISBN 580 05890 5 Amendment
3、s issued since publication Amd. No.Date of issueComments 1071December 1972 Indicated by a sideline in the margin Licensed Copy: sheffieldun sheffieldun, na, Fri Nov 24 03:22:47 GMT+00:00 2006, Uncontrolled Copy, (c) BSI BS 185-1:1969 BSI 11-1999i Contents Page Forewordii Section 1. General1 Subsecti
4、on 11. General1 Subsection 12. Aircraft2 Appendix A Classification of main types of aircraft4 Licensed Copy: sheffieldun sheffieldun, na, Fri Nov 24 03:22:47 GMT+00:00 2006, Uncontrolled Copy, (c) BSI BS 185-1:1969 ii BSI 11-1999 Foreword This glossary owes its inception to the appointment by the Ae
5、ronautical Society in 1909 of a Committee to prepare a preliminary list of terms peculiar to aeronautics, which was issued in 1910, a revised and extended list appearing in 1994. The Committee was reorganized in 1916 and the first complete glossary was published in 1918. In 1920, at the request of t
6、he Royal Aeronautical Society, the work was taken over by the British Standards Institution and the first British Standard Glossary of aeronautical terms was issued as BS 185 in 1923, a revised edition being published in 1933. A further revised provisional edition, for war time use, was issued in 19
7、40. Further revised editions, which were necessitated by the rapid development of aeronautics, were published in 19501951, and in 19621965. Many new terms, in particular in the field of gas turbines and jet propulsion, were included in the former and new sections covering terms relating to ballistic
8、 and guided missiles, personnel and aviation medicine were introduced during the latter revision. The present revised edition has been prepared to take account of development since 1965. In particular, it includes a new subsection in Section 3 dealing with fatigue terms and new sections covering ter
9、ms relating to aerial survey and astronautics. The title of the glossary has also been amended to take account of the latter new section. The revised glossary will comprise the following sections: Section 1: General; Section 2: Motion of aircraft; Section 3: Structures; Section 4: Aerodynamics; Sect
10、ion 5: Heavier-than-air aircraft (Aerodynes); Section 6: Ballistic and guided missiles; Section 7: Lighter-than-air aircraft (Aerostats); Section 8: Power plant; Section 9: Propellers; Section 10: Auxiliary services; Section 11: (Not allotted); Section 12: Parachutes; Section 13: Air-traffic and gro
11、und services; Section 14: Radiocommunication and radiolocation; Section 15: Meteorology; Section 16: Personnel; Section 17: Aerospace medicine; Section 18: Astronautics. The revision is published in loose-leaf form to enable the various sections to be issued as they are completed, and to facilitate
12、the task of keeping the glossary up to date as far as is practicable. As a result, it will be found that, until all the revised sections have been published, some terms appearing in particular sections in the 19621965 edition also appear in different sections in this edition with revised definitions
13、: in such cases the latter only are referred to in the revised index and these should be taken as the standard definitions e.g. the definition of “rectified airspeed” is that given in Term No. 4320 in this edition, not Term No. 11133 in the previous edition). It is recognized that some of the sectio
14、ns may need review immediately upon the completion of the current revision, to take account of usages established during the period over which it has been prepared. Licensed Copy: sheffieldun sheffieldun, na, Fri Nov 24 03:22:47 GMT+00:00 2006, Uncontrolled Copy, (c) BSI BS 185-1:1969 BSI 11-1999iii
15、 The object of the glossary is to provide standard definitions of technical terms peculiar to aeronautics, astronautics and related subjects. The coining of new terms has been avoided, the work being confined to the crystalization of existing terms in their best accepted usage. Terms in general use
16、in other branches of engineering are only included where they have some special significance in aeronautics or astronautics. The descriptions used by official bodies in identifying and purchasing some classes of stores are those specified, in accordance with NATO Codification System, by the Ministry
17、 of Defence (Defence Codification Authority); they do not necessarily agree with the generally accepted terms given in this glossary. Where two or more synonymous terms are in use, the term which is favoured is given first, with the intention that it should gradually displace the other. The alternat
18、ive terms are given below the preferred terms in less prominent type. While purporting to give the generally accepted meaning of term, a definition should not be regarded as in any case taking the place of a specification. Each definition has assigned to it a 4-digit or 5-digit number. The first one
19、 (or two) digits, in the thousands place, represents the section. This section number with the following digit in the hundreds place represents the subsection. The last two digits represent the position of the definition in the subsection. Thus definition 2225 is the 25th definition of Subsection 22
20、, which is in Section 2. The general arrangement of the items in each subsection, and in groups under a subsection, is alphabetical. It has, however, been considered desirable in certain cases to bring related terms together under a heading or a general definition, and these terms are printed in a d
21、istinctive italic type. In the definitions, terms which are not defined in the glossary but which it is thought desirable to include in the index are printed in bold-face type. A British Standard does not purport to include all the necessary provisions of a contract. Users of British Standards are r
22、esponsible for their correct application. Compliance with a British Standard does not of itself confer immunity from legal obligations. Summary of pages This document comprises a front cover, an inside front cover, pages i to iv, pages 1 to 4 and a back cover. This standard has been updated (see cop
23、yright date) and may have had amendments incorporated. This will be indicated in the amendment table on the inside front cover. Licensed Copy: sheffieldun sheffieldun, na, Fri Nov 24 03:22:47 GMT+00:00 2006, Uncontrolled Copy, (c) BSI iv blank Licensed Copy: sheffieldun sheffieldun, na, Fri Nov 24 0
24、3:22:47 GMT+00:00 2006, Uncontrolled Copy, (c) BSI BS 185-1:1969 BSI 11-19991 Section 1. General Subsection 11. General No.TermDefinition 1101aeronauticsAll activities relating to aerial locomotion. (Cf. 1109.) 1102aerostationThe operation of lighter-than-air aircraft. (Cf. 1109.) 1103aircraft dingh
25、yAn inflatable boat carried in an aircraft for use after alighting on water. 1104airworthyComplying with the regulations prescribed by the competent authority certifying the fitness for flight of an aircraft. 1105altitudeThe vertical distance above mean sea-level. (Cf. 1118.) 1106density altitude DE
26、NSITY HEIGHT An atmospheric density expressed as the altitude which corresponds to that density in the International Standard atmosphere. 1107pressure altitude PRESSURE HEIGHT An atmospheric pressure expressed as the altitude which corresponds to that pressure in the International Standard atmospher
27、e. 1108altitude chamberA chamber in which conditions of pressure, and sometimes temperature, at altitude can be simulated for test purposes. 1109aviation1. The operation of heavier-than-air aircraft. (Cf. 1102.) 2. Synonym for “aeronautics”. 1110avionicsThe application of electronics to aeronautics
28、and astronautics. 1111buoyancyThe vertical force on an aircraft, or other body, wholly or partly immersed in a fluid, equal to the weight of the fluid displaced. 1112centre of buoyancyThe centre of gravity of the fluid displaced by an aircraft, or other body, wholly or partially immersed in a fluid.
29、 1113reserve buoyancyExcess of the buoyancy of a seaplane, with its hull or floats completely immersed, over its weight. 1114elevation1. The altitude of a point on the Earths surface. 2. The angle between the observers horizontal plane and the oblique line from the observer to a given point above hi
30、m. (Abbreviation for “angle of elevation”.) 1115flight simulatorEquipment, in which certain flight conditions are simulated as far as possible, used for training aircrew to operate a given type of aircraft, or for investigating the flying characteristics of an aircraft. 1116gas dynamicsThe science o
31、f the flow of gases, especially when compressibility and “real gas” effects such as dissociation or non-continuum behaviour are present. 1117ground, toTo prohibit an aircraft from flying. 1118heightThe vertical distance above a specified datum. (Cf. 1105.) 1119magnetofluiddynamics MAGNETOHYDRODYNAMI
32、CS (MHD) MAGNETOGASDYNAMICS The study of the flow of electrically conducting fluids (e.g. ionized gases) in magnetic fields. Licensed Copy: sheffieldun sheffieldun, na, Fri Nov 24 03:22:47 GMT+00:00 2006, Uncontrolled Copy, (c) BSI BS 185-1:1969 2 BSI 11-1999 Subsection 12. Aircraft The classificati
33、on of the main types of aircraft defined in this subsection is shown diagrammatically in Appendix A. No.TermDefinition 1120mechanics of fluidsThe study of the mechanical interactions of a body and a fluid with which it is in contact. Fluid dynamics is the branch which deals with relative motion of a
34、 body and a fluid and fluid statics deals with a body and fluid without relative motion. The fluid concerned is sometimes identified by a suitable prefix, e.g. aerodynamics and aerostatics (air), hydrodynamics and hydrostatics (water). The prefixes aero and hydro are, however, often used to distingu
35、ish merely between gas and liquid. 1121plasmaAn electrically conductive state of a gas in which it is comprised of neutral particles, ionized particles and free electrons but, taken as a whole, is electrically neutral. 1121A standby REDUNDANCY The provision of more than one way, at component or oper
36、ational level, of accomplishing a given task, so that the probability of failure is reduced to an acceptable level. The ways provided need not all take the same form. 1122 times airborne timeThe period beginning at the time when the aircraft leaves the Earths surface and ending when it again makes c
37、ontact with the Earths surface. 1123flight time BLOCK TIME CHOCK-TO-CHOCK TIME BUOY-TO-BUOY TIME The period beginning at the time when the aircraft starts to move under the control of the pilot and ending when it returns to rest at the end of the flight. 1124flying timeThe summation of the flight ti
38、mes. 1125ground running-timeThe period of engine-running time while an aircraft is at rest and/or taxiing. A. General 1201aircraftA vehicle designed to travel through the air outside the ground effect region. 1202heavier-than-air aircraft AERODYNE An aircraft which derives its lift chiefly from aero
39、dynamic forces. 1203lighter-than-air aircraft AEROSTAT An aircraft which is supported chiefly by its buoyancy in air. B. Heavier-than-air aircraft 1204aeroplaneA power-driven heavier-than-air aircraft with supporting surfaces which remain fixed under given conditions of flight. 1205amphibianAn aircr
40、aft capable of operating from either a land or a water surface. 1206boat amphibianAn amphibian of which the main body or hull is also the means of support on water. 1207float amphibianAn amphibian provided with floats as its means of support on water. Licensed Copy: sheffieldun sheffieldun, na, Fri
41、Nov 24 03:22:47 GMT+00:00 2006, Uncontrolled Copy, (c) BSI BS 185-1:1969 BSI 11-19993 No.TermDefinition 1208landplaneAn aeroplane capable of operating from a land surface. 1209seaplaneAn aeroplane capable of operating from a water surface. 1210float seaplaneA seaplane provided with floats as its mea
42、ns of support on water. 1211flying boat BOAT SEAPLANE A seaplane of which the main body or hull is also the means of support on water. 1212gliderA non-power-driven heavier-than-air aircraft. (Cf. 5301.) 1213kiteA non-power-driven heavier-than-air aircraft without controls, anchored or towed by a lin
43、e. 1214ornithopterA heavier-than-air aircraft supported in flight chiefly by the reaction of the air on wings to which a flapping motion is imparted. 1215rotorcraftA heavier-than-air aircraft which derives lift from a rotor or rotors. 1216cyclogyro PADDLE-PLANE A rotorcraft on which the rotor is sim
44、ilar in form to a paddle wheel, power-driven about a horizontal axis. 1217gyroplaneA rotorcraft with non-power-driven rotor(s) rotating about axes which are vertical, or nearly so, when the aircraft is in horizontal flight. 1218helicopterA rotorcraft deriving lift from power-driven rotor(s) rotating
45、 about axes which are vertical, or nearly so, when the aircraft is in horizontal flight. C. Lighter-than-air aircraft 1219airshipA power-driven lighter-than-air aircraft. 1220non-rigid airshipAn airship in which the internal pressure alone maintains the designed shape of the envelope. 1221rigid airs
46、hipAn airship having a rigid framework to maintain the designed shape of the envelope. 1222semi-rigid airshipAn airship having a rigid longitudinal member to distribute the load and to assist in maintaining the designed shape of the envelope. 1223balloonaA non-power-driven lighter-than-air aircraft.
47、 1224captive balloonA balloon anchored or towed by a line. 1225free balloonA balloon floating freely in the air. a For instrument-carrying balloons see Section 15, Meteorology. Licensed Copy: sheffieldun sheffieldun, na, Fri Nov 24 03:22:47 GMT+00:00 2006, Uncontrolled Copy, (c) BSI BS 185-1:1969 4
48、BSI 11-1999 Appendix A Classification of main types of aircraft Licensed Copy: sheffieldun sheffieldun, na, Fri Nov 24 03:22:47 GMT+00:00 2006, Uncontrolled Copy, (c) BSI blank Licensed Copy: sheffieldun sheffieldun, na, Fri Nov 24 03:22:47 GMT+00:00 2006, Uncontrolled Copy, (c) BSI BS 185-1: 1969 B
49、SI 389 Chiswick High Road London W4 4AL BSI British Standards Institution BSI is the independent national body responsible for preparing British Standards. It presents the UK view on standards in Europe and at the international level. It is incorporated by Royal Charter. Revisions British Standards are updated by amendment or revision. Users of British Standards should make sure that they possess the latest amendments or editions. It is the constant aim of BSI to improve the quality of our products and services. We would be gratefu