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1、BRITISH STANDARD BS 7537-1: 1991 IEC 1055-1: 1991 Measurement techniques and operational adjustments of broadcast VTRs Part 1: Guide to operational adjustments on analogue composite broadcast VTRs Licensed Copy: London South Bank University, London South Bank University, Fri Dec 08 12:40:16 GMT+00:0
2、0 2006, Uncontrolled Copy, (c) BSI BS 7537-1:1991 This British Standard, having been prepared under the direction of the Electronic Equipment Standards Policy Committee, was published under the authority of the Standards Board and comes into effect on 29 November 1991 BSI 10-1999 The following BSI r
3、eferences relate to the work on this standard: Committee reference EEL/22 Draft for comment 88/32443 DC ISBN 0 580 20288 7 Committees responsible for this British Standard The preparation of this British Standard was entrusted by the Electronic Equipment Standards Policy Committee (EEL/-) to Technic
4、al Committee EEL/22, upon which the following bodies were represented: Association of Professional Recording Services Ltd. Audio Engineering Society British Broadcasting Corporation British Kinematograph, Sound and Television Society British Tape Industry Association Independent Broadcasting Authori
5、ty Independent Television Association National Council for Educational Technology (NCET) Royal Photographic Society Royal Television Society Sound and Communication Industries Federation Amendments issued since publication Amd. No.DateComments Licensed Copy: London South Bank University, London Sout
6、h Bank University, Fri Dec 08 12:40:16 GMT+00:00 2006, Uncontrolled Copy, (c) BSI BS 7537-1:1991 BSI 10-1999i Contents Page Committees responsibleInside front cover National forewordii Section 0. General 0.1Scope1 Section 1. Operational alignment of transverse-track VTRs 1.1EBU alignment tape1 1.2Al
7、ignment of the playback chain1 1.3Alignment of the record chain4 1.4Mechanical adjustments of headwheels6 Section 2. Operational alignment of B format VTRs 2.1Alignment tapes for B format7 2.2Alignment of the playback chain7 2.3Alignment of the record chain9 2.4Operational mechanical adjustments10 S
8、ection 3. Operational alignment of C format VTRs 3.1Alignment tapes for C format10 3.2Alignment of the playback chain10 3.3Alignment of the record chain12 3.4Operational mechanical adjustments13 Section 4. Operational adjustments on U-matic H television tape-machines 4.1General considerations13 4.2A
9、lignment of the playback chain13 4.3Alignment of the record chain14 4.4Mechanical adjustments14 Annex A (informative) Care of alignment tapes15 Annex B (informative) Bibliography16 Figure 1 Signals recorded on the EBU alignment tape2 Figure 2 Field-rate display of the signal from the alignment tape4
10、 Figure 3 Expanded control track waveform display5 Publication(s) referred toInside back cover Licensed Copy: London South Bank University, London South Bank University, Fri Dec 08 12:40:16 GMT+00:00 2006, Uncontrolled Copy, (c) BSI BS 7537-1:1991 ii BSI 10-1999 National foreword This Part of BS 753
11、7 has been prepared under the direction of the Electronic Equipment Standards Policy Committee and is identical with IEC 1055-1:1991 “Measurement techniques and operational adjustments of broadcast VTRs Part 1: Operational adjustments on analogue composite broadcast VTRs”, published by the Internati
12、onal Electrotechnical Commission (IEC). This British Standard describes the operational alignment procedures which are peculiar to the types of VTRs used in television production and which are recommended for adoption within the European Broadcasting Union (EBU). It is important for these machines t
13、o be aligned according to clearly defined criteria so that recorded tapes will conform to the standards and to avoid compatibility problems during international programme exchanges. These recommendations were based on the results of investigations conducted by EBU Sub-group G2 (Television tape recor
14、ding) and were published by the EBU in document Tech. 3219-2 “Operational alignment procedures”. Section 1, concerning transverse track VTRs, comprises the corresponding passages of EBU document Tech. 3219 (1976) suitably updated. Sections 2 and 3 are concerned with B format and C format VTRs using
15、25.4 mm tape. Section 4 is concerned with U-matic H format using 19 mm tape. This type of format is not recommended for international exchanges, but it is in widespread use for ENG. NOTETypographical error. In 1.2.4, the first paragraph following Figure 2, the second word “cntrols” should be read as
16、 “controls”. Copies of EBU documents may be purchased from the Technical Centre of the European Broadcasting Union, Cas Postale 67, CH-1218 Grand-Saconnex, Geneva, Switzerland. Telephone + 4122 717 2111 Telefax + 4122 798 5897. A British Standard does not purport to include all the necessary provisi
17、ons of a contract. Users of British Standards are responsible for their correct application. Compliance with a British Standard does not of itself confer immunity from legal obligations. Summary of pages This document comprises a front cover, an inside front cover, pages i and ii, pages 1 to 16, an
18、inside back cover and a back cover. This standard has been updated (see copyright date) and may have had amendments incorporated. This will be indicated in the amendment table on the inside front cover. Licensed Copy: London South Bank University, London South Bank University, Fri Dec 08 12:40:16 GM
19、T+00:00 2006, Uncontrolled Copy, (c) BSI BS 7537-1:1991 BSI 10-19991 Section 0. General 0.1 Scope This technical report defines operational adjustments on analogue composite broadcast VTRs. Section 1. Operational alignment of transverse-track VTRs 1.1 EBU alignment tape The purpose of the alignment
20、tape is to make the checking of the machine as easy as possible and, to this end, a split picture was chosen so that a multiple check could be made on picture and waveform monitor displays. The waveforms of the signals before recording are depicted in Figure 1. The upper half of the picture consists
21、 of the CCIR insertion signal, as specified for line 330, repeated on each line: luminance bar, 2T sine-squared pulse and 5-riser luminance staircase with superimposed sub-carrier. The lower half of the picture consists of a 100/0/75/0 colour-bar signal1). The sound track carries alternating French
22、and English announcements interrupted by 1 000 Hz tone at the reference level of 100 nWb/m r.m.s. There is no recording on the cue track. The tape used is Scotch 400 with average characteristics. It is supplied in rather long sections and it is anticipated that broadcasting organizations will cut th
23、em into short pieces for alignment purposes and will perhaps splice short lengths of their normal video tape stock onto these (see clause 1.3). The complete EBU specifications of the alignment tape for transverse track VTRs appear in EBU document Tech. 3084 12). Alignment tapes have a limited operat
24、ional life and shall be handled with extreme care if they are to provide faithful alignment of VTRs for long periods. Guidance on their use and storage will be found in Annex A. Strict adherence to the manufacturers handling procedures is essential. 1.2 Alignment of the playback chain The objective
25、in using the alignment tape is to adjust the machine so that it will give optimum reproduction of a first-generation verified recording. The process involves playing back the alignment tape while making the necessary adjustments and then making trial recordings and adjusting the recording conditions
26、 until the quality of reproduction of these recordings is similar to the quality obtained from the alignment tape. It is assumed that the spacing between the video head and the control-track head has already been checked and that the video heads are co-planar, in quadrature and have similar tip proj
27、ections. The order of alignment checks is as follows: a) video head/control-track phase; b) relative positions of headwheel and vacuum guide, c) video level; d) video linearity i.e. equalization of playback channels, differential phase and gain performance, record drive conditions; e) audio level. 1
28、.2.1 Control-track phase On machines that allow adjustment of the tracking, it is normal to set the control-track phase potentiometer to the point that gives maximum FM output on the oscilloscope display. At this time it is convenient to make a visual check of the stability of the capstan servo and
29、the headwheel servo. The beginning of a fault condition or misalignment in the capstan servo is indicated by oscillations in the amplitude of the FM output display. (On some machines, small oscillations of the FM amplitude are always present.) The beginning of a fault condition in the headwheel serv
30、o can also be visually checked at this time by observing the amplitude of the jitter of the tachometer dots on the raster when the picture monitor is locked to a stable external reference. (A limited amount of jitter is always present.) Jitter can be caused by servo malfunction or by tape problems s
31、uch as incorrect slitting. At the same time, the position of the headwheel tachometer dots should be examined on a video monitor displaying the demodulator output and operated in the pulse cross mode. 1) United Kingdom users have a 100/0/100/0 colour-bar signal. 2) The figures in square brackets ref
32、er to the bibliography, Annex B, page 16. Licensed Copy: London South Bank University, London South Bank University, Fri Dec 08 12:40:16 GMT+00:00 2006, Uncontrolled Copy, (c) BSI BS 7537-1:1991 2 BSI 10-1999 The position of the dots on the picture, when playing the alignment tape, depends on the in
33、dividual machine and on the individual headwheel. It is theoretically possible to standardize the position of the dots on the picture by adjusting the electronic timing of the machine dot generator and aligning the mechanical position of the tachometer pick-up head on the headwheel panel. The recomm
34、ended approach, however, is to mark the actual position of the tachometer dots on the picture monitor when playing the alignment tape, and then to apply the procedure described in 1.3.2. 1.2.2 Relative positions of the headwheel and vacuum guide If, on replay, any of the geometrical factors are inco
35、rrect, it will not be possible to reproduce the precise relationship between the video heads and the tape that existed during the recording of the alignment tape. The most common errors are quadrature, skew and scallop. These take the form of timebase errors and they are caused by incorrect position
36、ing of the video heads. At this stage, the relative positions of the headwheel and the vacuum guide should be adjusted using the procedure described in 1.4.1. This procedure serves to minimize the amplitude of the timebase-error signal generated by the monochrome timebase corrector. It should be men
37、tioned here that it is quite common for the guide height to be adjusted to give maximum flatness of the oscilloscope display of the FM amplitude. If the machine is being aligned to play a particular tape and this method produces the most acceptable pictures when playing that tape, then obviously dis
38、cretion is used in adopting a compromise. However, the timebase-error method is the most sensitive and should be used to align the machine for optimum recordings. The guide height and position should preferably not be changed until the next complete alignment. (This is feasible on machines equipped
39、with velocity compensators.) Figure 1 Signals recorded on the EBU alignment tape Licensed Copy: London South Bank University, London South Bank University, Fri Dec 08 12:40:16 GMT+00:00 2006, Uncontrolled Copy, (c) BSI BS 7537-1:1991 BSI 10-19993 1.2.3 Video level adjustment Following calibration of
40、 the oscilloscope, the alignment tape is replayed and adjustments are made, if necessary, to obtain standard levels at the output of the machine and at other monitoring points in the playback chain. At the same time, the peak-white signal, available on many machines for deviation checks, should be c
41、ompared with the off-tape signal. Any discrepancy indicates a fault condition. 1.2.4 Video linearity and equalization The split picture signal recorded on the alignment tape was specially chosen for its usefulness in carrying out these adjustments. An oscilloscope field-rate display of the demodulat
42、or output, showing the sub-carrier superimposed on the staircase, allows the simplest adjustment of the individual channel equalizers for identical outputs (Figure 2). The colour-bar signal enables the differential gain and phase to be critically adjusted by examination of the oscilloscope field-rat
43、e display and the vectorscope display. Although this is the recommended procedure, other approaches can be employed. For example, a line-rate display, via a 4.43 MHz band-pass filter, of the sub-carrier superimposed on the staircase permits examination of the differential gain although small differe
44、nces are usually masked by noise. The colour-bar waveform could be used to set the equalizers but, because of the more complex waveform of the colour bars, it is easier to make the adjustments using the sub-carrier superimposed on the staircase. Once the equalizer settings have been determined, howe
45、ver, small linearity differences are more noticeable on the colour-bar waveform. The controls provided for making these adjustments depend on the type of machine and their effect varies according to the circuitry used by the different manufacturers. The following general method will be applicable to
46、 a wide variety of machines, but it is advisable to consult local instructions or manuals. The reactive and resistive controls (known as F and Q or X and R or C and Q, depending on the type of machine) are used to compensate for the head-resonance characteristics. The initial settings can often be f
47、ound by means of a probe placed close to each video head in turn. When this is possible, the reactive and resistive controls are set for each head to give a flat response followed by a smooth roll-off as seen on an oscilloscope display of a frequency-sweep test signal. This procedure, when available
48、 on a machine, precedes the lacing of the tape. The overall equalization control is set to give the most level response from all the channels when the alignment tape is played. The individual head-equalizer controls are used to match the outputs of each head. Head No. 1 is normally taken as the refe
49、rence. These adjustments are made with the automatic chrominance circuits switched off while the demodulator output is being examined. If the individual heads cannot be matched, it will be necessary to re-adjust the master equalizer. Once the equalizer settings seem to be nominally correct, fine adjustments are made to the reactive controls to improve the differential parameters of each head. (Some machines have a differential gain control for this purpose.) The adjustments must be repeated several times to achieve optimum performance. The automatic chrominan