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1、| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | BRITISH STANDARD BS 7913 : 1998 ICS 91.040
2、.99 NO COPYING WITHOUT BSI PERMISSION EXCEPT AS PERMITTED BY COPYRIGHT LAW Guide to The principles of the conservation of historic buildings Licensed Copy: London South Bank University, London South Bank University, Fri Dec 08 14:47:17 GMT+00:00 2006, Uncontrolled Copy, (c) BSI This British Standard
3、, having been prepared under the direction of the Sector Board for Building and Civil Engineering, was published under the authority of the Standards Board and comes into effect on 15 July 1998 BSI 1998 The following BSI references relate to the work on this standard: Committee reference B/209/12 Dr
4、aft for comment 91/15479 DC ISBN 0 580 29515 X BS 7913 : 1998 Amendments issued since publication Amd. No.DateText affected Committees responsible for this British Standard The preparation of this British Standard was entrusted by Technical Committee B/209, General building codes, to Subcommittee B/
5、209/12, Maintenance of historic buildings, upon which the following bodies were represented: Ancient Monuments Society Architects and Surveyors Institute Association of Building Engineers Association of Conservation Officers British Property Federation British Wood Preservation and Damp-proofing Ass
6、ociation Building Conservation Trust Chartered Institute of Building Chartered Institute of Building Services Engineers Council for British Archaeology Council for the Care of Churches Crown Estate Office Department of National Heritage Department of the Environment (Building Research Establishment;
7、 Property and Buildings Directorate) Department of the Environment for Northern Ireland English Heritage Historic Scotland Institute of Clerks of Works Institution of Civil Engineers International Council on Monuments and Sites Loss Prevention Council National Trust Redundant Churches Fund Royal Ins
8、titute of British Architects Royal Institution of Chartered Surveyors Royal Society of Ulster Architects Royal Town Planning Institute Society for the Protection of Ancient Buildings Stone Federation of Great Britain Licensed Copy: London South Bank University, London South Bank University, Fri Dec
9、08 14:47:17 GMT+00:00 2006, Uncontrolled Copy, (c) BSI BS 7913 : 1998 BSI 1998i Contents Page Committees responsibleInside front cover Forewordii Guide 1Introduction1 2Scope2 3Informative references2 4Definitions2 5Legislation and standards3 6The objectives of conservation4 7Conservation in practice
10、8 Annexes A(informative) Legislation and guidance16 B(informative) Sources of finance18 C(informative) Bibliography20 D(informative) Conservation manuals, log books and five-yearly inspections24 E(informative) Useful names and addresses25 List of referencesInside back cover Licensed Copy: London Sou
11、th Bank University, London South Bank University, Fri Dec 08 14:47:17 GMT+00:00 2006, Uncontrolled Copy, (c) BSI ii BSI 1998 BS 7913 : 1998 Foreword This British Standard has been prepared by Subcommittee B/209/12. This guide is intended to provide building owners, managers, archaeologists, architec
12、ts, engineers, surveyors, contractors, conservators and local authority building control officers with general background information on the principles of the conservation of historic buildings, when considering conservation policy, strategy and procedures. It is important that this guide should be
13、read in the context of the historical development of the theory and principles of conservation. When using the guide it should be recognized that the principles enunciated neither conform precisely to any previous manifesto or charter, nor are they intended to be definitive or prescriptive. It is in
14、evitable that conservation theory will continue to evolve and that this guide will itself become historical and be subject to review in due course. The guide stems from and has been prepared at the request of English Heritage, Historic Scotland, Cadw (Welsh Historic Monuments) and the Environment an
15、d Heritage Service of the Department of the Environment (NI). A British Standard does not purport to include all the necessary provisions of a contract. Users of British Standards are responsible for their correct application. Compliance with a British Standard does not of itself confer immunity fro
16、m legal obligations. Summary of pages This document comprises a front cover, an inside front cover, pages i and ii, pages 1 to 26, an inside back cover and a back cover. Licensed Copy: London South Bank University, London South Bank University, Fri Dec 08 14:47:17 GMT+00:00 2006, Uncontrolled Copy,
17、(c) BSI BSI 19981 BS 7913 : 1998 Guide 1 Introduction 1.1 General The immediate and obvious objective of building conservation is to secure the preservation of the nations stock of buildings, and in particular its historic buildings and fine architecture, in the long term interest of society. The un
18、derlying objectives are cultural, economic and environmental. Attempts to separate out the objectives of conservation into distinct components, however, are usually unsatisfactory, since the issues are complex and often interlocked. 1.2 Vernacular building When people first began to build, they buil
19、t for themselves, without the aid of specialist builders. What they built was, in the precise meaning of the term, vernacular, that is native or of the country (in French du pays) and the system by which the people of a particular place built was developed empirically over many generations; interloc
20、ked with land use and seasonal patterns. Ways of building varied more or less from settlement to settlement, following variations of topographical, geological, climate and transport limitations and other geographic, social and ethnographic factors. Even the more refined ways of building were, until
21、very recently, subject to the same local and vernacular influences. Such is the basis of what can be termed the architectural geography of the United Kingdom. It is the local and vernacular materials and construction of buildings of all sorts which reflect local geology, climate and culture and whic
22、h contribute to a sense of place. 1.3 Architecture as cultural expression The aim of good builders throughout the ages has been to produce buildings which were as well built as they could be with whatever materials and skills were available. Such buildings served the needs of the people who required
23、 them, and their form and decoration were refined as a means of cultural expression. In the first century BC the Roman architect Vitruvius defined the three essential attributes of architecture, and these were translated into English in the seventeenth century as commodity, firmness and delight. The
24、 integration and balancing of function, sound construction and aesthetics remains the essential objective of all architectural activity. Buildings of all sorts and of all periods contain information about the way in which people lived, worked and worshipped, about how they built and about how they t
25、hought and wished to present their own culture, or even their spiritual values. They can also be beautiful, or potentially so, either in a formal way as fine architecture, or in a narrative, picturesque way, or in both ways. 1.4 The artisan tradition With the development of specialization, and parti
26、cularly with the growth of the trades in the well-ordered burghs, or boroughs, of mediaeval and post-mediaeval Britain, building practice advanced steadily and became more standardized and subject to regional, national and, indeed, international cultural influences. While some rural buildings, parti
27、cularly in more remote parts of the country, remained self-built in the local tradition and thus genuinely vernacular until the beginning of the twentieth century, most ordinary town, village and estate building in the post-mediaeval period was by carpenters (or wrights), masons and bricklayers, oft
28、en with the aid of pattern books, and should properly be termed artisan. The empirical development and refinement of building practice in response to changing needs and circumstances was continued by the trades until the onset of the industrial age and beyond. The architecture and the craftsmanship
29、of many of these buildings are of a very high order. 1.5 Fine architecture Societies, communities and powerful people of all periods have used their principal buildings as a means of expressing their authority, sanctity, wealth or sophistication, and often all of these things at the same time. The f
30、ine architecture which a society produces is as much a reflection of its culture and ethos as dress is an expression of individual personality. Whether major churches, public or institutional buildings or private houses, such buildings, although commonly built of local materials and by the local tra
31、des, were characteristically designed by people who could be described as architects. The architecture of such buildings tended to be sophisticated, fashionable, to express national cultural characteristics and often international influences which were representative of the intellectual orientation,
32、 political or trading alliances of the time. Fine architecture, as much as painting and sculpture, literature and music represents the high culture of the age in which it was created. 1.6 The age of industry The rapid development of Britains power in the nineteenth century through a combination of e
33、mpire and industrialization led to a major increase in the total quantity of building, largely but not only in the cities. This in turn led to major technical advances in the mechanization of building in traditional materials, through the introduction of Portland cement and through the use of iron a
34、nd steel, most notably in large engineering structures such as bridges and train sheds, but also in the development of framed buildings. Throughout much of the country, however, the artisan building tradition was largely unaffected and most ordinary buildings continued to be built by hand from basic
35、 unprocessed materials until well into the twentieth century. Nineteenth century buildings of all sorts survive in use throughout the country in very large numbers and make up a substantial part of the fabric of present day towns and cities. Licensed Copy: London South Bank University, London South
36、Bank University, Fri Dec 08 14:47:17 GMT+00:00 2006, Uncontrolled Copy, (c) BSI 2 BSI 1998 BS 7913 : 1998 1.7 War, modernism and planning Largely as a consequence of the two world wars, the twentieth century has seen development and change at a rate which is of a different order to that of any previ
37、ous period. In the course of the century, the building trades, ways of building and attitudes to urban development have changed substantially. As the cost of labour and skill increased, and the price of energy fell dramatically, builders turned increasingly to mechanized and industrialized methods b
38、ased on the rapid assembly of large and small factory-made components and cast-in-situ concrete. Such was the confidence in the possibilities which the new technology offered that it was believed for a time that in the future all buildings would be replaced by new ones at least once and perhaps twic
39、e per century. Traditional building methods were rejected, misunderstood or forgotten. Maintenance was to be superseded by renewal and towns were threatened with wholesale redevelopment. The rapid growth of the architectural conservation movement was in response to this threat, and became part of a
40、wider environmental movement. Pressure for renewal receded and the desirability of retaining sound buildings, particularly historic buildings, gained wide acceptance. The best modern architecture, as much as that of any other period, evokes the spirit of the age which produced it. Paradoxically, sin
41、ce much of it was designed neither to last nor to be maintained, the conservation of post-war listed buildings presents new technical challenges. 1.8 The conservation movement The conservation movement has its origins in eighteenth century enlightenment, antiquarianism and romanticism and developed
42、in the nineteenth century through the writings of Scott, Pugin and Ruskin, the manifesto written in 1877 by William Morris for the Society for the Protection of Ancient Buildings, the first Ancient Monuments Act and the founding of the National Trust. In the twentieth century, the consolidation of r
43、uins and the care of ancient sites by the State was developed by HM Office of Works, while accelerating change led to the growth of preservation and amenity societies. After 1945 the listing and legal protection of buildings was established through a succession of Town and Country Planning Acts. Thi
44、s growth of interest in buildings and landscapes of cultural heritage was matched by increasing concern for the natural heritage and pressure to control pollution, ecological damage and resource consumption. These once separate strands together make up the modern conservation movement. International
45、 recognition of the importance of building conservation was achieved in 1966 with the publication of the Venice Charter by ICOMOS, followed in 1981 by the Burra Charter of ICOMOS Australia. 2 Scope This guide provides information, advice and guidance on the principles of the conservation of historic
46、 buildings, and is thus applicable to buildings, civil engineering and other standing structures which are either included in the statutory list of buildings of special architectural or historic interest or are scheduled ancient monuments. It also gives information on the settings of these buildings
47、 and structures, their interiors and associated contents, fixtures and fittings, and the design of new work in the context of historic buildings. Some of the information given can also be of relevance in assessing proposals for buildings of architectural or historic interest which are not listed or
48、scheduled, particularly those which contribute to the special interest of conservation areas. 3 Informative references This British Standard refers to other publications that provide information or guidance. Editions of these publications current at the time of issue of this standard are listed in i
49、nformative annexes A, B and C, and on the inside back cover, but reference should be made to the latest editions. 4 Definitions For the purposes of this British Standard, the definitions given in BS 6100 apply, together with the following. NOTE. The terms defined are those which can be regarded as having precise or technical meanings in the context of building conservation. No definitions are offered for such general terms as refurbishment, rehabilitation or renovation. 4.1 alteration Work the object of which is to change or improve the function of a building or artefact or to