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1、| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | BRITISH STANDARD BS EN 1918-4:1998 The Eur
2、opean Standard EN 1918-4:1998 has the status of a British Standard ICS 75.200 NO COPYING WITHOUT BSI PERMISSION EXCEPT AS PERMITTED BY COPYRIGHT LAW Gas supply systems Underground gas storage Part 4: Functional recommendations for storage in rock caverns Licensed Copy: sheffieldun sheffieldun, na, T
3、ue Nov 07 09:23:11 GMT+00:00 2006, Uncontrolled Copy, (c) BSI This British Standard, having been prepared under the direction of the Engineering Sector Board, was published under the authority of the Standards Board and comes into effect on 15 June 1998 BSI 1998 ISBN 0 580 29667 9 BS EN 1918-4:1998
4、Amendments issued since publication Amd. No.DateText affected National foreword This British Standard is the English language version of EN 1918-4:1998. The UK participation in its preparation was entrusted by Technical Committee GE/33, Gas supply, to Subcommittee GSE/33/4, Gas supply: storage, whic
5、h has the responsibility to: aid enquirers to understand the text; present to the responsible European committee any enquiries on the interpretation, or proposals for change, and keep the UK interests informed; monitor related international and European developments and promulgate them in the UK. A
6、list of organizations represented on this subcommittee can be obtained on request to its secretary. Cross-references The British Standards which implement international or European publications referred to in this document may be found in the BSI Standards Catalogue under the section entitled Intern
7、ational Standards Correspondence Index, or by using the Find facility of the BSI Standards Electronic Catalogue. A British Standard does not purport to include all the necessary provisions of a contract. Users of British Standards are responsible for their correct application. Compliance with a Brit
8、ish Standard does not of itself confer immunity from legal obligations. Summary of pages This document comprises a front cover, an inside front cover, the EN title page, pages 2 to 10, an inside back cover and a back cover. Licensed Copy: sheffieldun sheffieldun, na, Tue Nov 07 09:23:11 GMT+00:00 20
9、06, Uncontrolled Copy, (c) BSI CEN European Committee for Standardization Comite Europe en de Normalisation Europa isches Komitee fu r Normung Central Secretariat: rue de Stassart 36, B-1050 Brussels 1998 CEN All rights of exploitation in any form and by any means reserved worldwide for CEN national
10、 Members. Ref. No. EN 1918-4:1998 E EUROPEAN STANDARDEN 1918-4 NORME EUROPE ENNE EUROPA ISCHE NORM February 1998 ICS 75.200 Descriptors: Storage, natural gas, definitions, specifications, environmental protection, design, safety, geology, tests, operating requirements, maintenance, inspection Englis
11、h version Gas supply systems Underground gas storage Part 4: Functional recommendations for storage in rock caverns Syste me dalimentation en gaz Stockage souterrain de gaz Partie 4: Recommandations fonctionnelles pour le stockage en cavite s mine es Gasversorgungssysteme Untertagespeicherung von Ga
12、s Teil 4: Funktionale Empfehlungen fu r die Speicherung in Felskavernen This European Standard was approved by CEN on 22 January 1998. CEN members are bound to comply with the CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulations which stipulate the conditions for giving this European Standard the status of a national s
13、tandard without any alteration. Up-to-date lists and bibliographical references concerning such national standards may be obtained on application to the Central Secretariat or to any CEN member. This European Standard exists in three official versions (English, French, German). A version in any othe
14、r language made by translation under the responsibility of a CEN member into its own language and notified to the Central Secretariat has the same status as the official versions. CEN members are the national standards bodies of Austria, Belgium, Czech Republic, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Gr
15、eece, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Luxembourg, Netherlands, Norway, Portugal, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland and United Kingdom. Licensed Copy: sheffieldun sheffieldun, na, Tue Nov 07 09:23:11 GMT+00:00 2006, Uncontrolled Copy, (c) BSI Page 2 EN 1918-4:1998 BSI 1998 Foreword This European Standard has been
16、prepared by Technical Committee CEN/TC 234, Gas supply, the secretariat of which is held by DIN. This European Standard shall be given the status of a national standard, either by publication of an identical text or by endorsement, at the latest by August 1998, and conflicting national standards sha
17、ll be withdrawn at the latest by August 1998. It is Part 4 of a standard on underground gas storage which includes the five following parts: Part 1: Functional recommendations for storage in aquifers; Part 2: Functional recommendations for storage in oil and gas fields; Part 3: Functional recommenda
18、tions for storage in solution-mined salt cavities; Part 4: Functional recommendations for storage in rock caverns; Part 5: Fuctional recommendations for surface facilities. According to the CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulations, the national standards organizations of the following countries are bound to
19、 implement this European Standard: Austria, Belgium, Czech Republic, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Luxembourg, Netherlands, Norway, Portugal, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland and the United Kingdom. Contents Page Foreword2 Introduction3 1Scope4 2Definitions4 3General5
20、 3.1Long-term containment of stored products5 3.2Environmental conservation5 3.3Safety5 3.4Monitoring5 4Design5 4.1Design principles5 4.2Geological exploration6 4.3Hydraulic containment6 4.4Determination of the maximum operating pressure6 4.5Caverns stability7 4.6Construction parameters7 4.7Lines co
21、nnecting caverns to surface7 4.8Monitoring systems7 4.9Neighbouring subsurface activities8 5Construction8 6Testing and commissioning8 6.1Air pressure test8 6.2First filling8 7Operation, monitoring and maintenance9 7.1Operation principles9 7.2Monitoring9 7.3Maintenance9 Licensed Copy: sheffieldun she
22、ffieldun, na, Tue Nov 07 09:23:11 GMT+00:00 2006, Uncontrolled Copy, (c) BSI Page 3 EN 1918-4:1998 BSI 1998 Introduction Use of mined cavern storage Unlined mined caverns technology is widely used in the field of underground storage for: liquids (crude oil, distillates, etc.); liquefied petroleum ga
23、s (LPG). R liquefied natural gas (LNG) in lined or unlined rock caverns. Underground storage in mined caverns is an attractive alternative to underground storage in salt leached caverns, especially where the local geological setting does not contain salt or where the salt does not display suitable c
24、haracteristics for solution mining. The technology, provided it is correctly implemented, is applicable to the following geological conditions: hard igneous or metamorphic rocks such as granite, gneiss, andesites or shales; sedimentary rocks such as limestones, cemented sandstones, quartzites, chalk
25、 or shales; marls. The main prerequisites for unlined cavern storage are the presence of a sufficient natural water head above the caverns to ensure the hydrodynamic containment of the product, and a rockmass quality sufficient to ensure the long-term stability of the excavation with, if needed, a s
26、tructural reinforcement. Underground storage in mined caverns is a safe way to create important reserves of LPG in the immediate vicinity of producing, importing or consuming centres such as: refineries, import or export terminals; petrochemical complexes for which LPG constitutes a feedstock; local
27、 storage for seasonal peak shaving connected with bottling plants and aimed at a local domestic market; regional feedstock for resale (distribution by truck, railway or boat). This part of EN 1918 focuses on underground storage in unlined mined caverns for LPG. It does not cover refrigerated gas sto
28、rage. Technical description The three key parameters governing the satisfactory operation of an underground storage facility in a mined cavern include: long-term stability; leaktightness and absence of environmental impact; absence of impact on product quality during storage time. The product stored
29、 is delivered after the storage period in a state compatible with the users requirements (with or without implementation of surface treatment). Very generally, a mined cavern storage facility comprises one or several galleries, excavated from an access shaft or ramp and sited deep enough to ensure t
30、he hydraulic containment of the product to be stored. The access works are first used for the excavation of the caverns and may consist of: an inclined tunnel; one or several shafts with extraction equipment; a combination of one or several shafts and an inclined tunnel. Before the storage facility
31、is put into operation, the caverns are isolated from the access shaft and/or ramp by concrete plugs located near the cavern entrance. The shaft and/or ramp is then flooded with water. The storage cavern(s) are made up of main galleries of variable section, according to rock type and depth. The galle
32、ry length depends upon the arrangement of galleries, often in parallel, and the required storage capacity. Connection galleries, generally of smaller section, may link the main galleries together. They allow circulation of personnel, materials and equipment, and ventilation during the construction p
33、hase. They allow circulation of water and stored product, at the various levels of excavation, during the operation phase. Connection galleries contribute to the storage capacity. The most commonly used excavation method in hard rock is drilling and blasting. Alternative methods include roadheaders
34、or tunnelling machines. The choice of method is determined mainly by the rockmass properties and the size of the excavations but also by the cost and availability of equipment. The underground storage space is connected to the surface by a series of lines accommodated in one or more operating shafts
35、 or in operating wells, drilled, cased and cemented. They include: inlet line(s); outlet line(s) fitted with submersible pump(s) for product delivery; seepage water line(s) and pump(s); instrumentation line(s); vent line(s). When installed in a shaft, the operating pipes are anchored in a concrete s
36、ealing plug located immediately above the cavern crown. After pipe installation, the shaft is flooded with water for the operation phase. In some cases, horizontal and/or vertical water curtains may be provided to enhance the permanent groundwater flow towards the storage caverns. Licensed Copy: she
37、ffieldun sheffieldun, na, Tue Nov 07 09:23:11 GMT+00:00 2006, Uncontrolled Copy, (c) BSI Page 4 EN 1918-4:1998 BSI 1998 A horizontal water curtain may consist of a gallery of small section, generally located above the storage caverns, from which boreholes are drilled. A vertical water curtain consis
38、ts of vertical or subvertical boreholes drilled from the surface, or from a purpose-designed gallery. The vertical water curtain is mainly used to avoid hydrogeological interference between two or more storage caverns, and allow independent operation of each one. Figure 1 illustrates a mined rock ca
39、vern cross-section. Working principle The hydraulic containment principle for LPG storage in unlined underground caverns is that the product is contained by the groundwater pressure prevailing in the adjacent rockmass. The cavern is located at such a depth that the water naturally present in the sur
40、rounding rock flows everywhere towards the cavern, preventing the stored product from migrating. The favourable effects of the threshold displacement pressure are considered as an additional safety term. The product, lighter than and hardly miscible with water, is in this way hydraulically contained
41、 within the storage space. The water which collects in the cavern during operation is removed by pumping, treated and disposed of, or recycled. Furthermore, depending on the required commercial product specifications, coalescers and/or driers are implemented at the surface if necessary for the produ
42、ct during withdrawal. Stripping units are implemented before disposal or recycling if necessary for the seepage water. 1 Scope This standard specifies procedures and practices which are safe and environmentally acceptable. It covers the functional recommendations for design, construction, testing, c
43、ommissioning, operation and maintenance of underground gas storage facilities in rock caverns up to and including the top flanges of the casings. It does not cover refrigerated gas storage. The necessary surface facilities for an underground gas storage are described in EN 1918-5. In this context ga
44、s is any gaseous fuel which is in a gaseous state at a temperature of 15 C under a pressure of 1 bar. This European Standard specifies common basic principles for gas supply systems. Users of this European Standard should be aware that more detailed national standards and/or codes of practice may ex
45、ist in the CEN member countries. This European Standard is intended to be applied in association with these national standards and/or codes of practice and does not replace them. This standard is not intended to be applied retrospectively to existing facilities. 2 Definitions For the purpose of this
46、 standard, the following definitions apply: 2.1 casing (for a rock cavern) pipe or set of pipes that can be screwed or welded together to form a string surrounding the tubing connecting the cavern to the surface 2.2 cementing operation whereby a cement slurry is pumped and circulated down a well, th
47、rough the casing and then upwards into the annular space between the casing and the open or cased hole 2.3 containment capability of a cavern to prevent migration of stored hydrocarbons 2.4 drilling all technical activities connected with the construction of a well 2.5 exploration all technical acti
48、vities connected with the investigation of a geological site 2.6 logging measurement of any physical parameter versus depth in a well 2.7 maximum operating pressure (MOP) (for a rock cavern) maximum value of the pressure of any fluid contained in a cavern which can be accepted in normal operation an
49、d maintenance NOTE 1It is defined at a reference point, which is in general the roof of the cavern. NOTE 2Its value is defined to ensure the containment of the product. 2.8 modelling generating the image of a structure from the information gathered 2.9 numerical simulation computer simulation of a system EXAMPLES: stability analysis, hydraulic flow pattern around an excavation. Licensed Copy: sheffieldun sheffieldun, na, Tue Nov 07 09:23:11 GMT+00:00 2006, Uncontrolled Copy, (c) BSI Page 5 E