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1、BRITISH STANDARD BS EN 584-1:1995 Non-destructive testing Industrial radiographic film Part 1: Classification of film systems for industrial radiography The European Standard EN 584-1:1994 has the status of a British Standard UDC 620.179.15:771.5 Licensed Copy: sheffieldun sheffieldun, na, Mon Nov 0
2、6 08:54:46 GMT+00:00 2006, Uncontrolled Copy, (c) BSI BS EN 584-1:1995 This British Standard, having been prepared under the direction of the Engineering Sector Board (E/-), was published under the authority of the Standards Board and comes into effect on 15 May 1995 BSI 02-1999 The following BSI re
3、ferences relate to the work on this standard: Committee reference WEE/46 Draft for comment 91/83303 DC ISBN 0 580 23867 9 Committees responsible for this British Standard The preparation of this British Standard was entrusted to Technical Committee WEE/46, Non-destructive testing, upon which the fol
4、lowing bodies were represented: Aluminium Federation Associated Offices Technical Committee Association of Consulting Engineers BNF (Fulmer Materials Centre) British Airways British Chemical Engineering Contractors Association British Coal Corporation British Gas plc British Institute of Non-destruc
5、tive Testing British Non-ferrous Metals Federation British Nuclear Fuels plc British Railways Board British Steel Industry Department of Trade and Industry (NAMAS Executive) Electricity Association Engineering Equipment and Materials Users Association Health and Safety Executive Institute of Physics
6、 Institute of Quality Assurance Light Metal Founders Association Lloyds Register of Shipping Ministry of Defence National Radiological Protection Board Power Generation Contractors Association PGCA (BEAMA Ltd.) Railway Industry Association of Great Britain Royal Society of Chemistry Society of Briti
7、sh Aerospace Companies Limited Society of Motor Manufacturers and Traders Limited Steel Casting Research and Trade Association Welding Institute The following bodies were also represented in the drafting of the standard, through subcommittees and panels: British Photographic Association National Nuc
8、lear Corporation Ltd. Amendments issued since publication Amd. No.DateComments Licensed Copy: sheffieldun sheffieldun, na, Mon Nov 06 08:54:46 GMT+00:00 2006, Uncontrolled Copy, (c) BSI BS EN 584-1:1995 BSI 02-1999i Contents Page Committees responsibleInside front cover National forewordii Foreword2
9、 Text of EN 584-13 List of referencesInside back cover Licensed Copy: sheffieldun sheffieldun, na, Mon Nov 06 08:54:46 GMT+00:00 2006, Uncontrolled Copy, (c) BSI BS EN 584-1:1995 ii BSI 02-1999 National foreword This British Standard has been prepared by Technical Committee WEE/46 and is the English
10、 language version of EN 584-1:1994 Non-destructive testing Industrial radiographic film Part 1: Classification of film systems for industrial radiography, published by the European Committee for Standardization (CEN). A British Standard does not purport to include all the necessary provisions of a c
11、ontract. Users of British Standards are responsible for their correct application. Compliance with a British Standard does not of itself confer immunity from legal obligations. Cross-references Publication referred toCorresponding British Standard EN 444:1994BS EN 444:1994 Non-destructive testing Ge
12、neral principles for radiographic examination of materials by X- and gamma rays Summary of pages This document comprises a front cover, an inside front cover, pages i and ii, the EN title page, pages 2 to 6, an inside back cover and a back cover. This standard has been updated (see copyright date) a
13、nd may have had amendments incorporated. This will be indicated in the amendment table on the inside front cover. Licensed Copy: sheffieldun sheffieldun, na, Mon Nov 06 08:54:46 GMT+00:00 2006, Uncontrolled Copy, (c) BSI EUROPEAN STANDARD NORME EUROPENNE EUROPISCHE NORM EN 584-1 September 1994 UDC:
14、620.179.15:771.5 Descriptors: Non-destructive tests, industrial radiography, radiographic film, screens: displays lead, classifications, characteristics, tests English version Non destructive testing Industrial radiographic film Part 1: Classification of film systems for industrial radiography Essai
15、s non destructifs Film pour radiographie industrielle Partie 1: Classification des systmes films pour radiographie industrielle Zerstrungsfreie Prfung Industrielle Filme fr die Durchstrahlungsprfung Teil 1: Klassifizierung von Filmsystemen fr die Industrielle Durchstrahlungsprfung This European Stan
16、dard was approved by CEN on 1994-09-09. CEN members are bound to comply with the CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulations which stipulate the conditions for giving this European Standard the status of a national standard without any alteration. Up-to-date lists and bibliographical references concerning such
17、 national standards may be obtained on application to the Central Secretariat or to any CEN member. This European Standard exists in three official versions (English, French, German). A version in any other language made by translation under the responsibility of a CEN member into its own language a
18、nd notified to the Central Secretariat has the same status as the official versions. CEN members are the national standards bodies of Austria, Belgium, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Luxembourg, Netherlands, Norway, Portugal, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland and United
19、 Kingdom. CEN European Committee for Standardization Comit Europen de Normalisation Europisches Komitee fr Normung Central Secretariat: rue de Stassart 36, B-1050 Brussels 1994 Copyright reserved to CEN members Ref. No. EN 584-1:1994 E Licensed Copy: sheffieldun sheffieldun, na, Mon Nov 06 08:54:46
20、GMT+00:00 2006, Uncontrolled Copy, (c) BSI EN 584-1:1994 BSI 02-1999 2 Foreword This European Standard has been prepared by the Technical Committee CEN/TC 138, Non-destructive testing, the secretariat of which is held by AFNOR. A second Part of this standard is in preparation: EN 584-2, Non-destruct
21、ive testing Industrial radiographic film Part 2: Control of film processing by means of reference values. This European Standard shall be given the status of a national standard, either by publication of an identical text or by endorsement, at the latest by March 1995, and conflicting national stand
22、ards shall be withdrawn at the latest by March 1995. According to the CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulations, the following countries are bound to implement this European Standard: Austria, Belgium, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Luxembourg, Netherlands, Norway, Portug
23、al, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland and United Kingdom. Contents Page Foreword2 1Scope3 2Normative references3 3Definitions3 3.1Film system3 3.2Gradient G3 3.3Granularity BD3 3.4CEN speed S3 3.5Film system class3 3.6Gradient-noise-ratio3 4Sampling and storage3 5Test method3 5.1Preparation3 5.2Measurement
24、 of gradient G4 5.3Measurement of granularity BD4 5.4Measurement of CEN speed S4 6Range of classification and limiting values4 Table 1 Limiting values for gradient, gradient-noise-ratio and granularity 4 Table 2 Determination of CEN speed S from dose KS needed for a film density D = 2 above D0 5 Lic
25、ensed Copy: sheffieldun sheffieldun, na, Mon Nov 06 08:54:46 GMT+00:00 2006, Uncontrolled Copy, (c) BSI EN 584-1:1994 BSI 02-19993 1 Scope The purpose of this standard is to fix the performance of film systems. This standard is applicable for the classification of film systems in combination with sp
26、ecified lead screens for industrial radiography (non-destructive testing). This standard is intended to assure that the image quality of radiographs as far as this is influenced by the film system is in conformity with the requirements of European Standards such as EN 444. This European Standard doe
27、s not apply to the classification of films used with fluorescent intensifying screens. Additional methods for evaluating the photographic process are described in prEN 584-2 by which the performance of film systems can be controlled under the conditions given in industry. 2 Normative references This
28、 European Standard incorporates by dated or undated reference, provisions from other publications. These normative references are cited at the appropriate places in the text and the publications are listed hereafter. For dated references, subsequent amendments to or revisions of any of these publica
29、tions apply to this European Standard only when incorporated in it by amendment or revision. For undated references the latest edition of the publication referred to applies. EN 444, Non-destructive testing General principles for radiographic examination of metallic materials by X- and gamma rays. p
30、rEN 584-2, Non-destructive testing Industrial radiographic film Part 2: Control of film processing by means of reference values. 3 Definitions For the purposes of this standard the following definitions apply. 3.1 film system combination of film and film processing which is carried out in accordance
31、 with the instructions of the film manufacturer and/or the manufacturer of the processing chemicals 3.2 gradient G local slope of the characteristic curve at a certain density D. It is a measure of the contrast obtainable with the film system 3.3 granularity BD stochastic density fluctuations in the
32、 radiograph which are superimposed on the image of the object NOTEThe limiting values given in this standard are related to fixed radiation energies and specified screens. 3.4 CEN speed S reciprocal value of the dose Ks measured in Gray which results at a specified diffused optical transmission dens
33、ity D of the processed film: 3.5 film system class classification taking into account of limiting values given in Table 1 3.6 gradient-noise-ratio ratio of the gradient G and the granularity BD. It relates directly to the signal to noise ratio. All further parameters determining the signal, such as
34、the modulation transfer function or the energy of the radiation, are considered to be constant 4 Sampling and storage For product specification it is important that the samples evaluated yield the average results obtained by users. This will require the evaluation of several different batches period
35、ically under conditions specified in this standard. Prior to evaluation, the samples shall be stored according to the manufacturers recommendations for a length of time to simulate the average age at which the product is normally used. The basic objective in selecting and storing samples as describe
36、d above is to ensure the film characteristics are representative of those obtained by a consumer at the time of use. 5 Test method 5.1 Preparation The film samples shall be exposed to X-rays from tungsten target tubes. Inherent filtration of the tube, plus an additional copper filter located as clos
37、e to the target as possible shall provide filtration equivalent to (8,00 0,05) mm of copper. The potential across the X-ray tube shall be adjusted until the half-value-absorption is obtained with (3,5 0,2) mm of copper. A potential of approximately 220 kV generally meets this requirement. S = 1/Ks(1
38、) Licensed Copy: sheffieldun sheffieldun, na, Mon Nov 06 08:54:46 GMT+00:00 2006, Uncontrolled Copy, (c) BSI EN 584-1:1994 4 BSI 02-1999 The film system shall include a front and a back screen of 0,02 to 0,04 mm lead. If single coated films are used, the emulsion coated surface shall face the X-ray
39、tube. Good film screen contact shall be ensured. 5.2 Measurement of gradient G Gradient G relates to a D versus log10 K curve. Within the scope of this standard G is calculated from the slope dD/dK of a D versus K curve at density (D D0), i.e. where The D versus K curve is approximated by a polynomi
40、al of third order. To obtain a reliable curve a series of exposures are made to obtain at least 12 uniformly distributed measuring points between density 1,0 and 5,0 above D0. The gradient shall be measured with a maximum uncertainty of 5 % at a confidence level of 95 %. 5.3 Measurement of granulari
41、ty BD The granularity is determined by linear scanning of a film of constant diffuse optical density with a microdensitometer. Both emulsion layers shall be recorded; this means that the depth of focus of the microdensitometer has to include both layers. The specular optical density is converted int
42、o diffuse optical density after calibration. The standard deviation BD is a measure of the granularity. The optical density of the film shall be D = 2,00 0,05 above fog and base. The scanning length on the radiographic film shall be at least 100 mm. The diameter of the aperture of the microdensitome
43、ter shall be (100 5) m. In order to limit the low frequency noise the data measured with the microdensitometer shall be filtered with a highpass filter with a cut off spatial frequency of 0,1 line pairs per millimetre. The granularity shall be determined with a maximum uncertainty of 10 % at a confi
44、dence level at 95 %. At least six measurements shall be made out on different samples. 5.4 Measurement of CEN speed S The CEN speed S is evaluated for a diffuse optical density D = 2 above fog and base D0. The CEN speed shall be determined in accordance with values given in Table 2. 6 Range of class
45、ification and limiting values The film system classes are defined by limiting values which are determined in accordance with clause 5. In order to assign a film system class the film system shall meet all the limiting values of the gradient, the granularity and the gradient-noise-ratio of the system
46、 class according to Table 1. The classification is only valid for the complete film system. In general, the classification for X-rays as described under 5.1 can be transferred to other radiation energies and metallic screen types as well as films without screens. On request the manufacturers shall s
47、upply a certificate containing full data specified in clause 5 and the following: Dose KS; Processing: Manual or automatic; Type of chemistry; Developer immersion time; Developer temperature. Table 1 Limiting values for gradient, gradient-noise-ratio and granularity (2) Kis the dose, in Gray, requir
48、ed for density (D D0); D0is the optical density of an unexposed and processed film including base (fog and base density). G dD d log10K - K log 10e - dD dK - -= Film system classMinimum gradient GminatMinimum gradient-noise- ratio(G/sD)min. Maximum granularity D = 2 above D0D = 4 above D0 D = 2 abov
49、e D0BD, max. D = 2 above D0 C14,57,53000,018 C24,37,42700,018 C34,16,81800,023 C44,16,81500,028 C53,86,41200,032 C63,55,01000,039 Licensed Copy: sheffieldun sheffieldun, na, Mon Nov 06 08:54:46 GMT+00:00 2006, Uncontrolled Copy, (c) BSI EN 584-1:1994 BSI 02-19995 Table 2 Determination of CEN speed S from dose KS needed for a film density D = 2 above D0 log10KsCEN speed S FromTo 3,05 2,961 000 2,95 2,86800 2,85 2,76640 2,75 2