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1、BRITISH STANDARD BS ISO 15567:1998 Practice for dosimetry in an X-ray (bremsstrahlung) facility for radiation processing ICS 17.240 Licensed Copy: sheffieldun sheffieldun, na, Sun Nov 26 03:40:34 GMT+00:00 2006, Uncontrolled Copy, (c) BSI BS ISO 15567:1998 This British Standard, having been prepared
2、 under the direction of the Engineering Sector Committee, was published under the authority of the Standards Committee and comes into effect on 15 August 1999 BSI 03-2000 ISBN 0 580 32905 4 National foreword This British Standard reproduces verbatim ISO 15567:1998 and implements it as the UK nationa
3、l standard. The UK participation in its preparation was entrusted to Technical Committee NCE/2, Health physics instrumentation, which has the responsibility to: aid enquirers to understand the text; present to the responsible international/European committee any enquiries on the interpretation, or p
4、roposals for change, and keep the UK interests informed; monitor related international and European developments and promulgate them in the UK. A list of organizations represented on this committee can be obtained on request to its secretary. Cross-references The British Standards which implement in
5、ternational or European publications referred to in this document may be found in the BSI Standards Catalogue under the section entitled “International Standards Correspondence Index”, or by using the “Find” facility of the BSI Standards Electronic Catalogue. A British Standard does not purport to i
6、nclude all the necessary provisions of a contract. Users of British Standards are responsible for their correct application. Compliance with a British Standard does not of itself confer immunity from legal obligations. Summary of pages This document comprises a front cover, an inside front cover, pa
7、ges i and ii, the ISO title page, pages ii to iv, pages 1 to 14, an inside back cover and a back cover. This standard has been updated (see copyright date) and may have had amendments incorporated. This will be indicated in the amendment table on the inside front cover. Amendments issued since publi
8、cation Amd. No.DateComments Licensed Copy: sheffieldun sheffieldun, na, Sun Nov 26 03:40:34 GMT+00:00 2006, Uncontrolled Copy, (c) BSI BS ISO 15567:1998 BSI 03-2000i Contents Page National forewordInside front cover Forewordiii Text of ISO 155671 Licensed Copy: sheffieldun sheffieldun, na, Sun Nov 2
9、6 03:40:34 GMT+00:00 2006, Uncontrolled Copy, (c) BSI ii blank Licensed Copy: sheffieldun sheffieldun, na, Sun Nov 26 03:40:34 GMT+00:00 2006, Uncontrolled Copy, (c) BSI Licensed Copy: sheffieldun sheffieldun, na, Sun Nov 26 03:40:34 GMT+00:00 2006, Uncontrolled Copy, (c) BSI BS ISO 15567:1998 ii BS
10、I 03-2000 Contents Page Forewordiii 1Scope1 2Referenced Documents1 3Terminology1 4Significance and Use3 5Radiation Source Characteristics3 6Irradiation Facilities4 7Dosimetry Systems4 8Installation Qualification4 9Process Qualification5 10Routine Processing5 11Certification5 12Precision and Bias6 13
11、Keywords6 Appendix X1 Nonmandatory Information X-Ray (bremsstrahlung) characteristics7 Figure X1.1 Beam Current Density Distributions in the X and Y Directions of No. 1 Accelerator of JAERI Takasaki8 Figure X1.2 X-ray Intensity per Incident 2 MeV Electron Incident Perpendicularly on a Tantalum Targe
12、t with Thickness of One Continuous Slowing Down Approximation (CSDA) Range as a Function of Emitting Angle Calculated by ETRAN Code8 Figure X1.3 X-ray Intensity per Incident 5 MeV Electron Incident Perpendicularly on a Tantalum Target with Thickness of One CSDA Range as a Function of Emitting Angle
13、Calculated by ETRAN Code8 Figure X1.4 X-Ray Emission Rates from High-Z Targets9 Figure X1.5 Spectrum of Transmitted Photons9 Figure X1.6 Spectrum of Reflected Photons9 Figure X1.7 Depth Dose Distribution10 Figure X1.8 Dose Contour Map, Moving Exposure10 Figure X1.9 Attenuation Curve for 5 MeV X-Rays
14、 in Absorbers of Various Densities, with Moving Conveyor and Scanning Beam11 Figure X1.10 A High-Resolution Attenuation Curve for 5 MeV X-Rays in the Heaviest Absorber, with Moving Conveyor and Scanning11 References12 Licensed Copy: sheffieldun sheffieldun, na, Sun Nov 26 03:40:34 GMT+00:00 2006, Un
15、controlled Copy, (c) BSI BS ISO 15567:1998 BSI 03-2000iii Foreword ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards bodies (ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out through ISO technical committe
16、es. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical committee has been established has the right to be represented on that committee. International organizations, governmental and non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work. ISO collaborates closely with the Inte
17、rnational Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of electrotechnical standardization. Draft International Standards adopted by the technical committees are circulated to the member bodies for voting. Publication as an International Standard requires approval by at least 75 % of the member
18、bodies casting a vote. International Standard ISO 15567 was prepared by the American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) Subcommittee E10.01 (as E 1608-94) and was adopted, under a special “fast-track procedure”, by Technical Committee ISO/TC 85, Nuclear energy, in parallel with its approval by
19、 the ISO member bodies. A new ISO/TC 85 Working Group WG 3, High-level dosimetry for radiation processing, was formed to review the voting comments from the ISO “Fast-track procedure” and to maintain these standards. The USA holds the convenership of this working group. International Standard ISO 15
20、567 is one of 20 standards developed and published by ASTM. The 20 fast-tracked standards and their associated ASTM designations are listed below: ISO DesignationASTM DesignationTitle 15554E 1204-93Practice for dosimetry in gamma irradiation facilities for food processing 15555E 1205-93Practice for
21、use of a ceric-cerous sulfate dosimetry system 15556E 1261-94Guide for selection and calibration of dosimetry systems for radiation processing 15557E 1275-93Practice for use of a radiochromic film dosimetry system 15558E 1276-96Practice for use of a polymethylmethacrylate dosimetry system 15559E 131
22、0-94Practice for use of a radiochromic optical waveguide dosimetry system 15560E 1400-95aPractice for characterization and performance of a high-dose radiation dosimetry calibration laboratory 15561E 1401-96Practice for use of a dichromate dosimetry system 15562E 1431-91Practice for dosimetry in ele
23、ctron and bremsstrahlung irradiation facilities for food processing 15563E 1538-93Practice for use of the ethanol-chlorobenzene dosimetry system 15564E 1539-93Guide for use of radiation-sensitive indicators 15565E 1540-93Practice for use of a radiochromic liquid dosimetry system 15566E 1607-94Practi
24、ce for use of the alanine-EPR dosimetry system Licensed Copy: sheffieldun sheffieldun, na, Sun Nov 26 03:40:34 GMT+00:00 2006, Uncontrolled Copy, (c) BSI BS ISO 15567:1998 iv BSI 03-2000 For the purposes of this International Standard, the following amendments to the ASTM text apply. Page 1, subclau
25、se 1.3 Replace subclause 1.3 by the following. 1.3 Dosimetry is only one component of a total quality assurance program for an irradiation facility. Other controls besides dosimetry may be required for specific applications such as medical device sterilization and food preservation. 1.4 For the irra
26、diation of food and the radiation sterilization of health care products, other specific ISO standards exist. For food irradiation, see ISO 15562:1998, Practice for dosimetry in electron and bremsstrahlung irradiation facilities for food processing (ASTM Practice E 1431). For the radiation sterilizat
27、ion of health care products, see ISO 11137:1995, Sterilization of health care products Requirements for validation and routine control Radiation sterilization. In those areas covered by ISO 11137, that standard takes precedence. Page 1, subclause 1.4 Renumber this subclause as 1.5. ISO DesignationAS
28、TM DesignationTitle 15567E 1608-94Practice for dosimetry in an X-ray (bremsstrahlung) facility for radiation processing 15568E 1631-96Practice for use of calorimetric dosimetry systems for electron beam dose measurements and dosimeter calibrations 15569E 1649-94Practice for dosimetry in an electron-
29、beam facility for radiation processing at energies between 300 keV and 25 MeV 15570E 1650-94Practice for use of cellulose acetate dosimetry system 15571E 1702-95Practice for dosimetry in a gamma irradiation facility for radiation processing 15572E 1707-95Guide for estimating uncertainties in dosimet
30、ry for radiation processing 15573E 1818-96Practice for dosimetry in an electron-beam facility for radiation processing at energies between 80 keV and 300 keV Licensed Copy: sheffieldun sheffieldun, na, Sun Nov 26 03:40:34 GMT+00:00 2006, Uncontrolled Copy, (c) BSI BS ISO 15567:1998 BSI 03-20001 1 Sc
31、ope 1.1 This practice covers dosimetric procedures to be followed in facility characterization, process qualification, and routine processing using X-rays (bremsstrahlung) to ensure that the entire product has been treated within an acceptable range of absorbed doses. Other procedures related to fac
32、ility characterization, process qualification, and routine processing that may influence absorbed dose in the product are also discussed. The establishment of effective or regulatory dose and X-ray energy limits are not within the scope of this practice. 1.2 In contrast to monoenergetic gamma rays,
33、the bremsstrahlung energy spectrum extends from low values up to the maximum energy of the electrons incident on the X-ray target (see Section 5 and the Appendix). 1.3 Dosimetry is only one component of a total quality assurance program for an irradiation facility. Other controls besides dosimetry m
34、ay be required for specific applications such as medical device sterilization and food preservation (see Sections 8, 9, and 10 and Note 8). NOTE 1For guidance in the selection, calibration, and use of specific dosimeters and interpretation of absorbed dose in the product from dose measurements, see
35、the documents listed in 2.1 and 2.2. NOTE 2Bremsstrahlung characteristics are similar to gamma rays from radioactive isotopes. See Practice E 1204 for the applications of dosimetry in the characterization and operation of gamma-ray irradiation facilities. For information concerning electron beam irr
36、adiation technology and dosimetry, see Practice E 1431. 1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicabilit
37、y of regulatory limitations prior to use. 2 Referenced Documents 2.1 ASTM Standards: E 170, Terminology Relating to Radiation Measurements and Dosimetry1). E 1026, Practice for Using the Fricke Reference Standard Dosimetry System1). E 1204, Practice for Dosimetry in Gamma Irradiation Facilities for
38、Food Processing1). E 1205, Practice for Use of a Ceric-Cerous Sulfate Dosimetry System1). E 1261, Guide for the Selection and Application of Dosimetry Systems for Radiation Processing of Food1). E 1275, Practice for Use of a Radiochromic Film Dosimetry System1). E 1276, Practice for Use of a Polymet
39、hylmethacrylate Dosimetry System1). E 1310, Practice for Use of a Radiochromic Optical Waveguide Dosimetry System1). E 1400, Practice for Characterization and Performance of a High-Dose Gamma-Radiation Dosimetry Calibration Laboratory1). E 1401, Practice for Use of a Dichromate Dosimetry System1). E
40、 1431, Practice for Dosimetry in Electron and Bremsstrahlung Irradiation Facilities for Food Processing1). E 1538, Practice for Use of the Ethanol-Chlorobenzene Dosimetry System1). E 1539, Guide for Use of Radiation-Sensitive Indicators1). E 1540, Practice for Use of a Radiochromic Liquid Dosimetry
41、System1). E 1607, Practice for Use of the Alanine-EPR Dosimetry System1). 2.2 ICRU Reports;2) Report 14, Radiation Dosimetry: X-rays and Gamma Rays with Maximum Photon Energies Between 0.6 and 50 MeV. Report 33, Radiation Quantities and Units. Report 35, Radiation Dosimetry: Electron Beams with Ener
42、gies Between 1 and 50 MeV. Report 37, Stopping Powers for Electrons and Positrons. 3 Terminology 3.1 Definitions Definitions of terms used in this practice may be found in Terminology E 170 and ICRU Report 33. 1) Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 12.02. 2) Available from International Commission on
43、 Radiation Units and Measurements, 7910 Woodmont Ave., Suite 800, Bethesda, MD 20814. Licensed Copy: sheffieldun sheffieldun, na, Sun Nov 26 03:40:34 GMT+00:00 2006, Uncontrolled Copy, (c) BSI BS ISO 15567:1998 2 BSI 03-2000 3.2 Descriptions of Terms Specific to This Standard Definitions of some ter
44、ms specific to this practice are listed below. 3.2.1 absorbed dose, D the quotient of de by dm, where de is the mean energy imparted by ionizing radiation to matter of mass dm (see ICRU Report 33): D = de/dm The special name of the unit for absorbed dose in the International System of Units (SI) is
45、the gray (Gy). 1 Gy = 1 J kg1 3.2.1.1 discussion the special unit for absorbed dose was formerly the rad 1 rad= 10 2 J kg1 1 rad= 102Gy 1 Mrad = 10 kGy 3.2.2 absorbed dose enhancement the increase (decrease) in the absorbed dose, as compared to the equilibrium dose, at a point in the material of int
46、erest. This will occur near an interface between materials with different atomic numbers 3.2.3 bremsstrahlung broad-spectrum electromagnetic radiation emitted when an energetic electron is influenced by a magnetic or strong electric field, such as that in the vicinity of an atomic nucleus. 3.2.3.1 d
47、iscussion when a beta particle (electron) passes close to a nucleus, the strong attractive coulomb force causes the beta particle to deviate sharply from its original path. The change in direction is due to radial acceleration, and in accordance with classical theory the beta particle loses energy b
48、y electromagnetic radiation at a rate proportional to the square of the acceleration. This means that the bremsstrahlung photons have a continuous energy distribution that ranges downward from a theoretical maximum equal to the kinetic energy of the beta particle. Practically, bremsstrahlung is prod
49、uced when an electron beam strikes any material (converter). The bremsstrahlung spectrum depends on the electron energy, converter material, and its thickness 3.2.4 calibration curve the graphical or mathematical relationship between the response of a dosimeter and the absorbed dose for a given dosimetry system. This is also referred to as the dosimetry system response function 3.2.5 dose uniformity ratio the ratio of the maximum to minimum absorbed dose within an irradiation container. 3.2.5.1 discussion it is a measure of the degree of uniformi