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1、BS ISO 7194:2008 ICS 17.120.10 NO COPYING WITHOUT BSI PERMISSION EXCEPT AS PERMITTED BY COPYRIGHT LAW BRITISH STANDARD Measurement of fluid flow in closed conduits Velocity- area methods of flow measurement in swirling or asymmetric flow conditions in circular ducts by means of current- meters or Pi
2、tot statics tubes Licensed CopyChinese University of Hong Kong, 21/10/2008 08:09, Uncontrolled Copy, (c) BSI This British Standard was published under the authority of the Standards Policy and Strategy Committee on 31 August 2008 BSI 2008 ISBN 978 0 580 62862 7 Amendments/corrigenda issued since pub
3、lication DateComments BS ISO 7194:2008 National foreword This British Standard is the UK implementation of ISO 7194:2008. It supersedes BS 1042-2.3:1984 which is withdrawn. The UK participation in its preparation was entrusted to Technical Committee CPI/30/5, Velocity based methods. A list of organi
4、zations represented on this committee can be obtained on request to its secretary. This publication does not purport to include all the necessary provisions of a contract. Users are responsible for its correct application. Compliance with a British Standard cannot confer immunity from legal obligati
5、ons. Licensed CopyChinese University of Hong Kong, 21/10/2008 08:09, Uncontrolled Copy, (c) BSI BS ISO 7194:2008 Reference number ISO 7194:2008(E) ISO 2008 INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO 7194 Second edition 2008-07-15 Measurement of fluid flow in closed conduits Velocity-area methods of flow measurement
6、 in swirling or asymmetric flow conditions in circular ducts by means of current-meters or Pitot static tubes Mesurage de dbit des fluides dans les conduites fermes Mesurage de dbit dans les conduites circulaires dans le cas dun coulement giratoire ou dissymtrique par exploration du champ des vitess
7、es au moyen de moulinets ou de tubes de Pitot doubles Licensed CopyChinese University of Hong Kong, 21/10/2008 08:09, Uncontrolled Copy, (c) BSI BS ISO 7194:2008 ISO 7194:2008(E) PDF disclaimer This PDF file may contain embedded typefaces. In accordance with Adobes licensing policy, this file may be
8、 printed or viewed but shall not be edited unless the typefaces which are embedded are licensed to and installed on the computer performing the editing. In downloading this file, parties accept therein the responsibility of not infringing Adobes licensing policy. The ISO Central Secretariat accepts
9、no liability in this area. Adobe is a trademark of Adobe Systems Incorporated. Details of the software products used to create this PDF file can be found in the General Info relative to the file; the PDF-creation parameters were optimized for printing. Every care has been taken to ensure that the fi
10、le is suitable for use by ISO member bodies. In the unlikely event that a problem relating to it is found, please inform the Central Secretariat at the address given below. COPYRIGHT PROTECTED DOCUMENT ISO 2008 All rights reserved. Unless otherwise specified, no part of this publication may be repro
11、duced or utilized in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying and microfilm, without permission in writing from either ISO at the address below or ISOs member body in the country of the requester. ISO copyright office Case postale 56 CH-1211 Geneva 20 Tel. + 41 22 7
12、49 01 11 Fax + 41 22 749 09 47 E-mail copyrightiso.org Web www.iso.org Published in Switzerland ii ISO 2008 All rights reserved Licensed CopyChinese University of Hong Kong, 21/10/2008 08:09, Uncontrolled Copy, (c) BSI BS ISO 7194:2008 ISO 7194:2008(E) ISO 2008 All rights reserved iii Contents Page
13、Foreword iv Introduction v 1 Scope . 1 2 Normative references. 1 3 Symbols. 2 4 Principle. 2 5 Choice of measuring plane 3 6 Devices for improving flow conditions. 3 7 Measurement of local velocities 7 8 Determination of mean flow velocity 14 9 Accuracy of flow-rate estimation 14 Annex A (normative)
14、 Detection and removal of regular pressure fluctuations. 17 Annex B (normative) Damping of manometers. 18 Annex C (normative) Calculation of Pitot static tube locations for method B. 20 Annex D (normative) Corrections to be applied when a Pitot static tube is used. 22 Annex E (normative) Corrections
15、 to be applied when a current-meter is used 23 Annex F (normative) Errors due to non-axisymmetrical velocity distribution 26 Bibliography. 27 Licensed CopyChinese University of Hong Kong, 21/10/2008 08:09, Uncontrolled Copy, (c) BSI BS ISO 7194:2008 ISO 7194:2008(E) iv ISO 2008 All rights reserved F
16、oreword ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards bodies (ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out through ISO technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a te
17、chnical committee has been established has the right to be represented on that committee. International organizations, governmental and non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work. ISO collaborates closely with the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters
18、of electrotechnical standardization. International Standards are drafted in accordance with the rules given in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2. The main task of technical committees is to prepare International Standards. Draft International Standards adopted by the technical committees are circulated
19、 to the member bodies for voting. Publication as an International Standard requires approval by at least 75 % of the member bodies casting a vote. Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of patent rights. ISO shall not be held responsible f
20、or identifying any or all such patent rights. ISO 7194 was prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 30, Measurement of fluid flow in closed conduits, Subcommittee SC 5, Velocity and mass methods. This second edition results from the reinstatement of ISO 7194:1983 which was withdrawn in 2003 and with w
21、hich it is technically identical. Licensed CopyChinese University of Hong Kong, 21/10/2008 08:09, Uncontrolled Copy, (c) BSI BS ISO 7194:2008 ISO 7194:2008(E) ISO 2008 All rights reserved v Introduction In order to carry out measurements of the flow-rate of single phase fluids in closed pipes by vel
22、ocity-area methods, using either current-meters or Pitot static tubes, with satisfactory accuracy (e.g. of the order of 2 %), it is usually necessary to choose a measuring plane where the velocity distribution approaches that of fully developed flow (see ISO 3354 and ISO 3966). There are, however, s
23、ome cases where it is practically impossible to obtain such a flow distribution, but where as good as possible a measurement of the flow-rate is desirable. Licensed CopyChinese University of Hong Kong, 21/10/2008 08:09, Uncontrolled Copy, (c) BSI BS ISO 7194:2008 Licensed CopyChinese University of H
24、ong Kong, 21/10/2008 08:09, Uncontrolled Copy, (c) BSI BS ISO 7194:2008 INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO 7194:2008(E) ISO 2008 All rights reserved 1 Measurement of fluid flow in closed conduits Velocity-area methods of flow measurement in swirling or asymmetric flow conditions in circular ducts by means o
25、f current-meters or Pitot static tubes 1 Scope This International Standard specifies velocity-area methods for measuring flow in swirling or asymmetric flow conditions in circular ducts by means of current-meters or Pitot static tubes. It specifies the measurements required, the precautions to be ta
26、ken, the corrections to apply, and describes the additional uncertainties which are introduced when a measurement in asymmetric or swirling flow has to be made. Only flows with a negligible radial component are considered, however. Furthermore, it is not possible to make a measurement in accordance
27、with this International Standard if, at any point in the measuring cross-section, the local velocity makes an angle of greater than 40 with the axis of the duct, or where the index of asymmetry Y (defined in Annex F) is greater than 0,15. This International Standard deals only with instruments for m
28、easuring local velocity as defined in ISO 3354 and ISO 3966. If Pitot static tubes are used, this International Standard applies only to flows where the Mach number corresponding to local velocities does not exceed 0,25. 2 Normative references The following referenced documents are indispensable for
29、 the application of this document. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For undated references, the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies. ISO/TR 3313, Measurement of fluid flow in closed conduits Guidelines on the effects of flow pulsations on
30、 flow-measurement instruments ISO 3354:2008, Measurement of clean water flow in closed conduits Velocity-area method using current- meters in full conduits and under regular flow conditions ISO 3455:2007, Hydrometry Calibration of current-meters in straight open tanks ISO 3966:2008, Measurement of f
31、luid flow in closed conduits Velocity area method using Pitot static tubes ISO 4006, Measurement of fluid flow in closed conduits Vocabulary and symbols ISO 5168, Measurement of fluid flow Procedures for the evaluation of uncertainties Licensed CopyChinese University of Hong Kong, 21/10/2008 08:09,
32、Uncontrolled Copy, (c) BSI BS ISO 7194:2008 ISO 7194:2008(E) 2 ISO 2008 All rights reserved 3 Symbols For the purposes of this document, the symbols given in ISO 4006, and the following, apply. Symbol Description Dimension SI unit D Pipe diameter L m d Diameter of the head of a Pitot static tube Dia
33、meter of holes or tubes of a straightener L m E Uncertainty, as a relative value e Uncertainty, as an absolute value a a k Directional calibration coefficient l Length of the head of a Pitot static tube L m R Pipe radius L m r Measuring circle radius L m U Mean axial fluid velocity LT1 m/s Ui Mean v
34、elocity along the ith radius LT1 m/s v Local velocity of the fluid LT1 m/s vx Component of the local velocity parallel to the pipe axis LT1 m/s Y Index of asymmetry of the flow y Distance between the heel of a Pitot static tube and the wall L m y1 Distance between the nose of a Pitot static tube and
35、 the wall L m Calibration factor of a Pitot static tube p Differential pressure registered by a Pitot static tube ML1 T2 Pa Expansibility factor Angle of the local velocity with the pipe axis rad b Mass density of the fluid ML3 kg/m3 Angle of the local velocity with the metering device axis rad b a
36、The dimensions and units are those of the quantity to which the symbol refers. b Although the radian is the SI unit, for the purposes of this International Standard, angles are expressed in degrees. 4 Principle This International Standard describes methods which minimize the errors in carrying out a
37、 traverse in swirling or asymmetric flow; corrections which should be applied for certain sources of error; methods of determining the increase in uncertainty in the flow-rate measurement when it is not possible to compensate for a particular source of error. Licensed CopyChinese University of Hong
38、Kong, 21/10/2008 08:09, Uncontrolled Copy, (c) BSI BS ISO 7194:2008 ISO 7194:2008(E) ISO 2008 All rights reserved 3 The origins of the errors giving rise to the uncertainties considered in this International Standard are a) errors in the determination of local velocities, due to the behaviour of the
39、 instruments in a disturbed flow; b) errors in the calculated mean pipe velocity, due to the number and position of the measuring points and the methods of integration used. Corrections are possible for some of these errors, but, in general, the limiting uncertainty in the flow-rate measurement has
40、to be increased according to the characteristics of the flow. Although velocity-area integration techniques to measure flow-rate under conditions where there is swirl and/or asymmetry in the flow are described, a measuring section in the pipe where the swirl or asymmetry is as small as possible is p
41、referred. 5 Choice of measuring plane When the configuration of the pipe and any fittings installed in it is such that any changes of directions of the flow are all in the same plane (e.g. a single bend, a single valve, or two bends in an S-shape), no significant bulk swirl is introduced and the dis
42、turbance to the flow results in an essentially asymmetric velocity distribution. If, however, the pipe configuration is such that the flow changes direction in two or more different planes in rapid succession (e.g. two bends at 90 to each other), a bulk swirl is introduced in addition to the asymmet
43、ry which the individual fittings introduce. Unlike asymmetry, swirl has a big effect on the response of Pitot static tubes and current-meters, and also persists for very much longer distances; whenever possible, therefore, the traverse plane should not be downstream of a swirl-inducing configuration
44、. Care should also be taken to avoid locating the traverse plane downstream of any adjustable fitting for which the geometry may change (e.g. a flow control valve), especially if several different flow-rates have to be measured. 6 Devices for improving flow conditions 6.1 Where asymmetric or swirlin
45、g flow is to be measured, a device (straightener) for improving flow conditions should be used, if possible. It should be installed as shown in Figure 1. The lengths L1, L2, L3 shall fulfil the conditions: L1 W 3D; L2 W 5D; L3 W 2D. These distances should be increased whenever possible, and, where a
46、 total straight length of more than 10D exists upstream of the traverse plane, it is better to increase the distance between the pipe fitting and the straightener than to increase the distance between the straightener and the traverse plane. 6.2 The choice of straightener is dependent on the nature
47、of the velocity distribution which has to be corrected and on the head loss which can be tolerated. Five types of straightener are described below. 6.2.1 Type A Zanker straightener (see Figure 2) The purpose of this device is to eliminate both swirl and asymmetry. It has a head loss of approximately
48、 five velocity heads. The various plates should be chosen to provide adequate strength, but should not be unnecessarily thick. Licensed CopyChinese University of Hong Kong, 21/10/2008 08:09, Uncontrolled Copy, (c) BSI BS ISO 7194:2008 ISO 7194:2008(E) 4 ISO 2008 All rights reserved 6.2.2 Type B Spre
49、nkle straightener (see Figure 3) The Sprenkle straightener consists of three perforated plates in series, and is particularity effective in eliminating asymmetry. It does, however, have a high head loss (about 15 velocity heads) but two plates or even one plate (with head losses of about 10 and five velocity heads, respectively) can be used if such a high head loss is not acceptable. Although they cannot completely eliminate such severe asymmetry as can the thre