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1、BRITISH STANDARD BS ISO/IEC 10746-2:1996 Information technology Open Distributed Processing Reference Model: Foundations (ITU-T Rec. X.902 (1995)| ISO/IEC 10746-2:1996) ICS 35.100.01 Licensed Copy: sheffieldun sheffieldun, na, Wed Nov 22 07:01:37 GMT+00:00 2006, Uncontrolled Copy, (c) BSI BS ISO/IEC
2、 10746-2:1996 This British Standard, having been prepared under the direction of the DISC Board, was published under the authority of the Standards Board and comes into effect on 15 March 1997 BSI 11-1998 ISBN 0 580 26571 4 National foreword This British Standard reproduces verbatim ISO/IEC 10746-2:
3、1996 and implements it as the UK national standard. The UK participation in its preparation was entrusted to Technical Committee IST/21, Open Systems Interconnection, Data Management and Open Distributed Processing, which has the responsibility to: aid enquirers to understand the text; present to th
4、e responsible international/European committee any enquiries on the interpretation, or proposals for change, and keep the UK interests informed; monitor related international and European developments and promulgate them in the UK. A list of organizations represented on this committee can be obtaine
5、d on request. Cross-references The British Standards which implement international or European publications referred to in this document may be found in the BSI Standards Catalogue under the section entitled “International Standards Correspondence Index”, or using the “Find” facility of the BSI Stan
6、dards Electronic Catalogue. A British Standard does not purport to include all the necessary provisions of a contract. Users of British Standards are responsible for their correct application. Compliance with a British Standard does not of itself confer immunity from legal obligations. Summary of pa
7、ges This document comprises a front cover, an inside front cover, the ISO/IEC title page, pages ii to iv, pages 1 to 16 and a back cover. This standard has been updated (see copyright date) and may have had amendments incorporated. This will be indicated in the amendment table on the inside front co
8、ver. Amendments issued since publication Amd. No.DateComments Licensed Copy: sheffieldun sheffieldun, na, Wed Nov 22 07:01:37 GMT+00:00 2006, Uncontrolled Copy, (c) BSI Licensed Copy: sheffieldun sheffieldun, na, Wed Nov 22 07:01:37 GMT+00:00 2006, Uncontrolled Copy, (c) BSI BS ISO/IEC 10746-2:1996
9、ii Contents Page Forewordiii Introduction1 1Scope1 2Normative references1 2.1Identical Recommendations|International Standards2 3Definitions2 3.1Definitions from other Recommendations|International Standards2 3.2Background definitions2 4Abbreviations2 5Categorization of concepts2 6Basic interpretati
10、on concepts3 7Basic linguistic concepts3 8Basic modelling concepts3 9Specification concepts5 9.1Composition5 9.3Decomposition5 10Organizational concepts8 11Properties of systems and objects9 11.1Transparencies9 11.2Policy concepts9 11.3Temporal properties10 12Naming concepts10 13Concepts for behavio
11、ur10 13.1Activity structure10 13.2Contractual behaviour10 13.3Causality11 13.4Establishing behaviours12 13.5Dependability12 14Management concepts13 15ODP approach to conformance13 15.1Conformance to ODP standards13 15.2Testing and reference points13 15.3Classes of reference points13 15.4Change of co
12、nfiguration14 15.5The conformance testing process14 15.6The result of testing15 15.7Relation between reference points15 Index16 Figure 1 Relationship between templates, instantiations and instances8 Figure 2 Liaison and related concepts11 Descriptors: Data processing, information interchange, networ
13、k interconnection, open systems interconnection, data management, open distributed processing, reference models. Licensed Copy: sheffieldun sheffieldun, na, Wed Nov 22 07:01:37 GMT+00:00 2006, Uncontrolled Copy, (c) BSI BS ISO/IEC 10746-2:1996 BSI 1998iii Foreword ISO (the International Organization
14、 for Standardization) and IEC (the International Electrotechnical Commission) form the specialized system for worldwide standardization. National bodies that are members of ISO or IEC participate in the development of International Standards through technical committees established by the respective
15、 organization to deal with particular fields of technical activity. ISO and IEC technical committees collaborate in fields of mutual interest. Other international organizations, governmental and non-governmental, in liaison with ISO and IEC, also take part in the work. In the field of information te
16、chnology, ISO and IEC have established a joint technical committee, ISO/IEC JTC 1. Draft International Standards adopted by the joint technical committee are circulated to national bodies for voting. Publication as an International Standard requires approval by at least 75 % of the national bodies c
17、asting a vote. International Standard ISO/IEC 10746-2 was prepared by Joint Technical Committee ISO/IEC JTC 1, Information technology, Subcommittee SC 21, Open Systems Interconnection, data management and open distributed processing, in collaboration with ITU-T. The identical text is published as IT
18、U-T Recommendation X.902. ISO/IEC 10746 consists of the following parts, under the general title Information technology Open Distributed Processing Reference Model: Part 1: Overview; Part 2: Foundations; Part 3: Architecture; Part 4: Architectural semantics. Licensed Copy: sheffieldun sheffieldun, n
19、a, Wed Nov 22 07:01:37 GMT+00:00 2006, Uncontrolled Copy, (c) BSI iv blank Licensed Copy: sheffieldun sheffieldun, na, Wed Nov 22 07:01:37 GMT+00:00 2006, Uncontrolled Copy, (c) BSI BS ISO/IEC 10746-2:1996 BSI 19981 Introduction The rapid growth of distributed processing has led to a need for a coor
20、dinating framework for the standardization of Open Distributed Processing (ODP). This Reference Model of ODP provides such a framework. It creates an architecture within which support of distribution, interworking, and portability can be integrated. The Reference Model of Open Distributed Processing
21、 (RM-ODP), ITU-T Recs. X.901 to X.904 | ISO/IEC 10746, is based on precise concepts derived from current distributed processing developments and, as far as possible, on the use of formal description techniques for specification of the architecture. The RM-ODP consists of: ITU-T Rec. X.901|ISO/IEC 10
22、746-1: Overview: Contains a motivational overview of ODP, giving scoping, justification and explanation of key concepts, and an outline of the ODP architecture. It contains explanatory material on how the RM-ODP is to be interpreted and applied by its users, who may include standards writers and arc
23、hitects of ODP systems. It also contains a categorization of required areas of standardization expressed in terms of the reference points for conformance identified in ITU-T Rec. X.903|ISO/IEC 10746-3. This part is not normative. ITU-T Rec. X.902|ISO/IEC 10746-2: Foundations: Contains the definition
24、 of the concepts and analytical framework for normalized description of (arbitrary) distributed processing systems. It introduces the principles of conformance to ODP standards and the way in which they are applied. This is only to a level of detail sufficient to support ITU-T Rec. X.903 | ISO/IEC 1
25、0746-3 and to establish requirements for new specification techniques. This part is normative. ITU-T Rec. X.903|ISO/IEC 10746-3: Architecture: Contains the specification of the required characteristics that qualify distributed processing as open. These are the constraints to which ODP standards must
26、 conform. It uses the descriptive techniques from ITU-T Rec. X.902 | ISO/IEC 10746-2. This part is normative. ITU-T Rec. X.904|ISO/IEC 10746-4: Architectural semantics: Contains a formalization of the ODP modelling concepts defined in this Recommendation|International Standard (clauses 8 and 9). The
27、 formalization is achieved by interpreting each concept in terms of the constructs of the different standardized formal description techniques. This part is normative. This Recommendation|International Standard does not contain any annexes. 1 Scope This ITU-T Recommendation|International Standard co
28、vers the concepts which are needed to perform the modelling of ODP systems (see clauses 5 to 14), and the principles of conformance to ODP systems (see clause 15). The concepts defined in clauses 5 to 15 are used in the Reference Model of Open Distributed Processing to support the definitions of: a)
29、 the structure of the family of standards which are subject to the Reference Model; b) the structure of distributed systems which claim compliance with the Reference Model (the configuration of the systems); c) the concepts needed to express the combined use of the various standards supported; d) th
30、e basic concepts to be used in the specifications of the various components which make up the open distributed system. 2 Normative references The following Recommendations and International Standards contain provisions which, through reference in this text, constitute provisions of this Recommendati
31、on|International Standard. At the time of publication, the editions indicated were valid. All Recommendations and Standards are subject to revision, and parties to agreements based on this Recommendation|International Standard are encouraged to investigate the possibility of applying the most recent
32、 edition of the Recommendations and Standards listed below. Members of IEC and ISO maintain registers of currently valid International Standards. The Telecommunication Standardization Bureau of the ITU maintains a list of currently valid ITU-T Recommendations. Licensed Copy: sheffieldun sheffieldun,
33、 na, Wed Nov 22 07:01:37 GMT+00:00 2006, Uncontrolled Copy, (c) BSI BS ISO/IEC 10746-2:1996 2 BSI 1998 2.1 Identical Recommendations|International Standards ITU-T Recommendation X.903 (1995)|ISO/IEC 10746-3:1996, Information technology Open distributed processing Reference Model: Architecture. 3 Def
34、initions For the purposes of this Recommendation|International Standard, the following definitions apply. 3.1 definitions from other Recommendations|International Standards there are no definitions from other Recommendations|International Standards in this Recommendation|International Standard 3.2 B
35、ackground definitions 3.2.1 distributed processing information processing in which discrete components may be located in different places, and where communication between components may suffer delay or may fail 3.2.2 ODP standards this Reference Model and those standards that comply with it, directl
36、y or indirectly 3.2.3 open distributed processing distributed processing designed to conform to ODP standards 3.2.4 ODP system a system (see 6.5) which conforms to the requirements of ODP standards 3.2.5 information any kind of knowledge, that is exchangeable amongst users, about things, facts, conc
37、epts and so on, in a universe of discourse although information will necessarily have a representation form to make it communicable, it is the interpretation of this representation (the meaning) that is relevant in the first place 3.2.6 data the representation forms of information dealt with by info
38、rmation systems and users thereof 3.2.7 viewpoint (on a system) a form of abstraction achieved using a selected set of architectural concepts and structuring rules, in order to focus on particular concerns within a system 4 Abbreviations For the purposes of this Recommendation|International Standard
39、, the following abbreviations apply: 5 Categorization of concepts The modelling concepts defined in this Recommendation|International Standard are categorized as follows: a) Basic interpretation concepts: Concepts for the interpretation of the modelling constructs of any ODP modelling language. Thes
40、e concepts are described in clause 6. b) Basic linguistic concepts: Concepts related to languages; the grammar of any language for the ODP Architecture must be described in terms of these concepts. These concepts are described in clause 7. c) Basic modelling concepts: Concepts for building the ODP A
41、rchitecture; the modelling constructs of any language must be based on these concepts. These concepts are described in clause 8. d) Specification concepts: Concepts related to the requirements of the chosen specification languages used in ODP. These concepts are not intrinsic to distribution and dis
42、tributed systems, but they are requirements to be considered in these specification languages. These concepts are described in clause 9. ODPOpen Distributed Processing OSIOpen Systems Interconnection PICSProtocol Implementation Conformance Statement PIXITProtocol Implementation Extra Information for
43、 Testing RM-ODPReference Model of Open Distributed Processing TPTransaction Processing Licensed Copy: sheffieldun sheffieldun, na, Wed Nov 22 07:01:37 GMT+00:00 2006, Uncontrolled Copy, (c) BSI BS ISO/IEC 10746-2:1996 BSI 19983 e) Structuring concepts: Concepts that emerge from considering different
44、 issues in distribution and distributed systems. They may or may not be directly supported by specification languages adequate for dealing with the problem area. Specification of objects and functions that directly support these concepts must be made possible by the use of the chosen specification l
45、anguages. These concepts are described in clauses 10 to 14. f) Conformance concepts: Concepts necessary to explain the notions of conformance to ODP standards and of conformance testing. These concepts are defined in clause 15. ITU-T Recommendation X.903|ISO/IEC 10746-3 uses the concepts in this Rec
46、ommendation|International Standard to specify the characteristics for distributed processing to be open. It is organized as a set of viewpoint languages. Each viewpoint language refines concepts from the set defined in this Recommendation|International Standard. It is not necessary for all viewpoint
47、 languages to adopt the same notations. Different notations may be chosen as appropriate to reflect the requirements of the viewpoint. These notations may be natural, formal, textual or graphical. However, it will be necessary to establish correspondences between the various languages to ensure over
48、all consistency. 6 Basic interpretation concepts Although much of the ODP Architecture is concerned with defining formal constructs, the semantics of the architectural model and any modelling languages used have to be described. These concepts are primarily meta-concepts, i.e. concepts which apply g
49、enerally to any form of modelling activity. It is not intended that these concepts will be formally defined, nor that they be used as the basis of formal definition of other concepts. Any modelling activity identifies: a) elements of the universe of discourse; b) one or more pertinent levels of abstraction. The elements of the universe of discourse are entities and propositions. 6.1 Entity: Any concrete or abstract thing of interest. While in general the word entity can be used to refer to anything, in the context of modelling it is reserved