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1、| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | BRITISH STANDARD BS ISO 18910:2000 ICS 37.
2、040.20 NO COPYING WITHOUT BSI PERMISSION EXCEPT AS PERMITTED BY COPYRIGHT LAW Imaging materials Photographic film and paper Determination of curl Licensed Copy: sheffieldun sheffieldun, na, Sun Nov 26 13:08:56 GMT+00:00 2006, Uncontrolled Copy, (c) BSI This British Standard, having been prepared und
3、er the direction of the Consumer Products and Services Sector Committee, was published under the authority of the Standards Committee and comes into effect on 15 July 2000 BSI 07-2000 ISBN 0 580 36013 X BS ISO 18910:2000 Amendments issued since publication Amd. No.DateComments National foreword This
4、 British Standard reproduces verbatim ISO 18910:2000 and implements it as the UK national standard. It supersedes BS ISO 4330:1994 which is withdrawn. The UK participation in its preparation was entrusted to Technical Committee CPW/42, Photography, which has the responsibility to: aid enquirers to u
5、nderstand the text; present to the responsible international/European committee any enquiries on the interpretation, or proposals for change, and keep the UK interests informed; monitor related international and European developments and promulgate them in the UK. A list of organizations represented
6、 on this committee can be obtained on request to its secretary. Cross-references The British Standards which implement international or European publications referred to in this document may be found in the BSI Standards Catalogue under the section entitled International Standards Correspondence Ind
7、ex, or by using the Find facility of the BSI Standards Electronic Catalogue. A British Standard does not purport to include all the necessary provisions of a contract. Users of British Standards are responsible for their correct application. Compliance with a British Standard does not of itself conf
8、er immunity from legal obligations. Summary of pages This document comprises a front cover, an inside front cover, the ISO title page, pages ii to iv, pages 1 to 11 and a back cover. The BSI copyright notice displayed in this document indicates when the document was last issued. Licensed Copy: sheff
9、ieldun sheffieldun, na, Sun Nov 26 13:08:56 GMT+00:00 2006, Uncontrolled Copy, (c) BSI Reference number ISO 18910:2000(E) INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO 18910 First edition 2000-05-15 Imaging materials Photographic film and paper Determination of curl Matriaux pour limage Films et papiers photographique
10、s Dtermination de lincurvation Licensed Copy: sheffieldun sheffieldun, na, Sun Nov 26 13:08:56 GMT+00:00 2006, Uncontrolled Copy, (c) BSI ISO 18910:2000(E) ii? Licensed Copy: sheffieldun sheffieldun, na, Sun Nov 26 13:08:56 GMT+00:00 2006, Uncontrolled Copy, (c) BSI ISO 18910:2000(E) ?iii Contents?P
11、age Foreword.iv 1?Scope 1 2?Terms and definitions .1 3?Sampling and conditioning.3 4?Test method A3 5?Test method B4 6?Test method C7 7?Test report7 Annex A (informative) Numbering system for related International Standards9 Bibliography11 Licensed Copy: sheffieldun sheffieldun, na, Sun Nov 26 13:08
12、:56 GMT+00:00 2006, Uncontrolled Copy, (c) BSI ISO 18910:2000(E) iv? Foreword ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards bodies (ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out through ISO technic
13、al committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical committee has been established has the right to be represented on that committee. International organizations, governmental and non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work. ISO collaborates closely wi
14、th the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of electrotechnical standardization. International Standards are drafted in accordance with the rules given in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 3. Draft International Standards adopted by the technical committees are circulated to the
15、 member bodies for voting. Publication as an International Standard requires approval by at least 75 %. of the member bodies casting a vote. Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this International Standard may be the subject of patent rights. ISO shall not be held respo
16、nsible for identifying any or all such patent rights. International Standard ISO 18910 was prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 42,Photography. This first edition cancels and replaces the third edition of ISO 4330:1994, of which it constitutes a minor revision. Annex A of this International Standa
17、rd is for information only. Licensed Copy: sheffieldun sheffieldun, na, Sun Nov 26 13:08:56 GMT+00:00 2006, Uncontrolled Copy, (c) BSI INTERNATIONAL STANDARD?ISO 18910:2000(E) ?1 Imaging materials Photographic film and paper Determination of curl 1?Scope This International Standard specifies methods
18、 for determining and quantitatively expressing the curl characteristics of unprocessed and processed photographic film and paper in sheet, roll or strip formats. It specifies three measuring methods: method A involves the determination of curl when the specimen is held in a vertical position, method
19、s B and C with the specimen in a horizontal position. The values for the three methods are not comparable because of the differences in specimen configuration and size. These methods are not intended for use in determining the curl characteristics of photographic materials during processing or dryin
20、g. 2?Terms and definitions For the purposes of this International Standard, the following terms and definitions apply. 2.1 curl departure from physical flatness and characterized with respect to curl direction (L, T, D or C), curl sign (+ or ) and curl value This flatness defect is evident by a tend
21、ency of film or paper to coil into a cylindrical shape. 2.2 curl direction means of identifying by letter L, T, D or C the direction of curl about a specific axis of a specimen corresponding to that of the sample from which it is taken See Figure 1. NOTE L?represents “lengthwise curl“ about the axis
22、 perpendicular to the length or machine direction of the specimen for rolls or to the longer specimen dimension for sheets; an alternative approach when the machine direction is not known is to reference the curl direction to a film notch, if present T?represents “transverse curl“ about the axis par
23、allel to the length or machine direction of the specimen D?represents “diagonal curl“ about the diagonal of the specimen C?represents “cupping“ when all four corners of the specimen are raised and bent towards the centre of the specimen 2.3 curl sign mathematical sign, + or , used to indicate the di
24、rection of curl which, if toward the emulsion (sensitized) side (emulsion-in) is plus (+), or if toward the base (emulsion-out) is minus () NOTE ?The sign is always plus for materials sensitized on both surfaces. Licensed Copy: sheffieldun sheffieldun, na, Sun Nov 26 13:08:56 GMT+00:00 2006, Uncontr
25、olled Copy, (c) BSI ISO 18910:2000(E) 2? Key 1?Cross-machine direction or widthwise direction 2?Machine direction or lengthwise direction 3?Transverse curl (T curl) 4?Longitudinal curl (L curl) 5?Diagonal curl (D curl) 6?Cupping curl (C curl) Figure 1 Curl direction Licensed Copy: sheffieldun sheffi
26、eldun, na, Sun Nov 26 13:08:56 GMT+00:00 2006, Uncontrolled Copy, (c) BSI ISO 18910:2000(E) ?3 3?Sampling and conditioning 3.1? Selection of samples Material intended for curl tests shall be representative of the whole of the samples being tested, exhibit no obvious physical defects, be handled in t
27、he same manner as in actual use, and be treated uniformly. When different materials are to be compared, they shall have been subjected to the same relative-humidity history for similar times. The machine direction shall be indicated, if known, by crayon or ink marking. 3.2? Handling of specimens Pre
28、pare specimens under controlled relative-humidity conditions, and then separate them into groups which are to be subjected to different atmospheric conditions. Wear cotton or other suitable gloves or use pincers while handling specimens. Moisture from hands or fingers will reduce the accuracy of tes
29、t data. The operator shall take care not to breath on the specimens. 3.3? Conditioning of specimens Condition specimens at the chosen relative humidity until practical moisture equilibrium has been reached. In most instances, this time will be about 2 h for photographic films, 1 d for photographic f
30、ibrebase papers and 7 d for RC (resin coated) papers.?At relative humidities of 70 % and above, films and papers sometimes undergo an irreversible change in curl with time. For this reason, the conditioning time must be standardized for comparison purposes. Excessive conditioning times may result in
31、 a curl decrease due to relaxation effects. Suspend the specimens freely by means of a hook or a rod through a hole close to the centre of one edge, and separate enough to prevent contact with each other. Hang square specimens with the axis of curl vertical to avoid producing distortion. An alternat
32、ive method of support is to place specimens horizontally on net-covered or screen- covered racks spaced so that there is free circulation of air. 3.4? Test conditions A temperature of 23 oC ? 2oC is specified. Relative humidities of 15 %, 30 %, 50 %, 70 % and 85 % are suggested but are not mandatory
33、. Tests can be conducted in glove boxes or in conditioned rooms; the latter are preferable since they can provide better humidity control. The curl value may be influenced by the moisture history of the material. This may be standardized by an initial preconditioning step at 50 % relative humidity.
34、4?Test method A 4.1? Field of application This method is intended mainly for samples of film or paper in sheet form or in rolls which do not show cupping, but curl in only the L, T or D directions. 4.2? Specimen size Prepare at least three square specimens, measuring from 50 mm x 50 mm to 100 mm x 1
35、00 mm, from each sample to be tested. Alternatively, circular specimens measuring from 50 mm to 100 mm in diameter can be used. Indicate the machine direction, if known. Licensed Copy: sheffieldun sheffieldun, na, Sun Nov 26 13:08:56 GMT+00:00 2006, Uncontrolled Copy, (c) BSI ISO 18910:2000(E) 4? Fo
36、r analytical purposes, or for specimens that show cupping or varying curl along the length or width, specimens measuring 50 mm x 5 mm can be used, with the specimen cut in both the L and T directions. 4.3? Unit of curl measurement The curl values are expressed as 1/R,where R is the radius of curvatu
37、re in metres. 4.4? Apparatus 4.4.1?Curl-board template, marked off with curves corresponding to various values of the reciprocal radius. It may be one of several formats (see Figure 2). 4.4.2?Specimen clamp, consisting of two vertical members of which the one facing the concave side of the specimen
38、shall be approximately 3 mm in radius.In no case shall this radius exceed the radius of the curled specimen. 4.5? Procedure At the end of the conditioning period and without removing the specimens from the conditioned atmosphere, secure each specimen above or below the template (4.4.1) by clamping s
39、o that the axis of curl is vertical. At least 10 mm of film should be held within the clamp (4.4.2). Films of low stiffness may require a larger clamped area to avoid drooping due to gravity. Note the curl value of the curve most nearly coinciding with the curl of the specimen. 5?Test method B 5.1?
40、Field of application This method is intended for long lengths of film in roll form. It provides a means for measuring curl as it is found in use. The curl is measured only in the cross-direction. It is purely a practical type of measurement and is not intended to distinguish the factors that cause c
41、url. 5.2? Specimen size Test specimens in standard widths, e.g. 8 mm, 16 mm, 32 mm, 35 mm, 70 mm, 105 mm, etc. Select at least three specimens from each sample to be tested. The specimen length should be at least six times the film width. 5.3? Apparatus 5.3.1?Suitable depth or height gauge, graduate
42、d in millimetres, capable of reading the edge curl of film strips (see Figure 3). 5.4? Procedure Place the strips to be measured on a horizontal surface at the end of the conditioning period, without removing them from the conditioning atmosphere. If necessary, hold the strip down at each end. Licen
43、sed Copy: sheffieldun sheffieldun, na, Sun Nov 26 13:08:56 GMT+00:00 2006, Uncontrolled Copy, (c) BSI ISO 18910:2000(E) ?5 Arrange the clamp to hold the edge of the film on a line normal to the curves making up the measuring template. These curves may be computed as defined in 4.3. a) Type I b) Type
44、 II Key 1?Transparent template 2Base plate 3?Sample 4?Sample holder 5?Vertical support Figure 2 Curl-board templates for measuring curl in accordance with test method A Licensed Copy: sheffieldun sheffieldun, na, Sun Nov 26 13:08:56 GMT+00:00 2006, Uncontrolled Copy, (c) BSI ISO 18910:2000(E) 6? Fig
45、ure 3 Devices for reading edge curl of film strips for test method B Measure the edge curl using the depth or height gauge (5.3.1). The precision required with this method depends upon the film width. As a guide, readings can be made to the nearest 0,20 mm for 35 mm film, 0,04 mm for 16 mm film, and
46、 0,02 mm for 8 mm film. Sensitivity for 8 mm film is not as high as for wider film, and it is very difficult to make readings to a precision of 0,02 mm. Widthwise film curl can be measured either concave side up or convex side up, depending on the type of device used. A depth gauge and a height gaug
47、e are shown in use in Figure 3. Licensed Copy: sheffieldun sheffieldun, na, Sun Nov 26 13:08:56 GMT+00:00 2006, Uncontrolled Copy, (c) BSI ISO 18910:2000(E) ?7 The height gauge illustrated can measure film in either configuration, but depth gauges are limited to concave-up measurements. Such measure
48、ments may be converted trigonometrically into units of reciprocal radius The relationship between the height of the edge curl (H), the radius (R) and the film width (W) is given by the formula I R W RH ? ? ?(cos? )1 90?1 ? where the cosine value is in degrees. For small curl values, this can be appr
49、oximated by 1/R?8H/W2. Make three measurements in this manner along the specimen length and take the arithmetic mean as the film curl. Do not make measurements closer than 100 mm to the ends of the specimen. 6?Test method C 6.1? Field of application This method is intended for film or paper (in sheet form or microfiche). It provides a means of measuring curl in either the width direction or length direction of the sample. This is a practical type of measurement and combines the effects of curl with gravity. This occurs when photographic material is pla