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1、- CIE 19/2-2 81 9006345 0000838 087 COMMISSION INTERNATIONALE DE L ECLAIRAGE IN TERNA TIONA L COMMISSION ON ILL UMf NA TION INTERNA TIONAL E BELEUCHTUNGSKOMNIISSION AN ANALYTIC MODEL FOR DESCRIBING THE INFLUENCE OF LIGHTING PARAMETERS UPON VISUAL PERFORMANCE VOLUME II : Summary and application guide
2、lines PUBLICATION CIE No 19/2.2 (TC-3. I ) 198 1 52, BOULEVARD MALESHERBES 75008 PARIS - FRANCE BUREAU CENTRAL DE LA CIE COPYRIGHT International Commission on Illumination Licensed by Information Handling Services COPYRIGHT International Commission on Illumination Licensed by Information Handling Se
3、rvices CIE L7/2*2 81 7006145 0000839 T I 3 . RAPPORT - DE COMITE TECHNIQUE DE LA CIE NOTE PRELIMINAIRE Ce rapport a 6th prpar par le Comit Technique CIE 3 . 1 “Performance visuelle. I I L a r e p lapprobation du Comit, et it est recommand pour tude et application. Ce rapport nest pas une Recommandat
4、ion officielle de la CIE approuve par les Comit Nationaux des Pays Membres. I L doit tre not que toute recommandation y figurant est donne 3 titre de conseil et non dobligation. PRELIMINARY REMARK This report has been prepared by CIE Technical Committee 3.1 “Visual Performance. I It has been approve
5、d by the Committee and is recommended for study and application. This report is not an Officially Agreed CIE Recommendation approved by the National Committees of the Member Countries. It should be noted that any recommendations in this report are advisory and not mandatory. VORBEMERKUNG Dieser Beri
6、cht wurde vom Technischen CIE-Komitee 3.1 “Sehleistung“ ausgearbeitet. Er wurde vom Komitee angenommen und wird zum zuknftigen Studium empfohlen. Er ist kein Offiziell Anerkannte CIE- Empfehlung, die von den Nationalen Komitees der Mitgliedslnder anerkannt wurde. Es muss daraud hingewiesen werder, d
7、ass alle Empfehlungen dieses Berichts nur als Anleitung dienen und nicht verbindlich sind. COPYRIGHT International Commission on Illumination Licensed by Information Handling Services COPYRIGHT International Commission on Illumination Licensed by Information Handling Services COMPOSITION TC-3.1 Mzmb
8、ers of the Committee at the time of preparation of the present report include the following: Members J.F.M. Bryant G. Verriest N. Vassilev J. M. Chorlton J. Khek E. Frederiksen V. Ahponen A. Arnulf H.W. Bodmann P.R. Boyce A . M8sdgya s za y B. Inditsky L. Rositani Ronchi T. Indow J.J. Vos H.H. Bjrse
9、t W. Stanioch A. Celestino Goncalves da Cunha A. Ionescu J.T. Grundy M. Aguilar S . S. Bergstrm F. Fankhauser H. R. Blackwell O. M. Blackwell I .A. Shevelev D. Gligo General Consultants A. Levy W. Adrian R. G. Hopkinson S.W. Smith Special Consult ants A.T. Fisher E. Barthes H. J. Hentschel J.B. deBo
10、er A. B. de Graaff D. Fischer D. A. Schreuder Australia Belgium Bulgaria Canada Czechoslovakia Denmark Finland France Germany (Federal Republic) Great Britain Hungary Israel Italy Ja pan The Netherlands Norway Poland Portugal Romania South Africa . Spain Sweden Switzerland U. S. A. (Chairman) U. S.A
11、. (Secretary) U.S.S.R. Yugoslavia Canada Germany (Federal Republic) Great Britain U.S.A. Australia France Germany (Federa 1 Republic ) The Netherlands The Netherlands The Netherlands The Netherlands COPYRIGHT International Commission on Illumination Licensed by Information Handling Services COPYRIGH
12、T International Commission on Illumination Licensed by Information Handling Services FOREWORD The two volumes of the present CIE Report No. 19/2 represent a complete replacement for CIE Report No. 19 which was presented to the CIE by the Committee during the 1971 Congress in Barcelona and subsequent
13、ly published by the CIE in 1972. The “unified framework of methods for evaluating visual performance aspects of lighting“ described in Report No. 19 is now to be re- placed by the fully quantitative “analytic model for describing the influence of lighting parameters upon visual performance“ describe
14、d in the two volumes of Report No. 19/2. The considerable expansion of coverage of visual per- formance aspects of lighting to be found in the present two volumes was made possible by meetings of the Committee in Berne , Edinburgh, Florence , Amster- dam, London, Paris, Munich, Karlsruhe, and Paris
15、between 1971 and 1978. The two volumes of Report No; 19/2 contribute to the work of the CIE by providing potential bases for (a) determining sel ective standards of task il- luminance based upon visual performance criteria for different task conditions and observer ages, (b) evaluating the extent to
16、 which actual lighting instal- lations meet these criteria , and (c) providing measures of overall performance of tasks with significant visual components for use in cost-benefit analyses of 1 ig hting . It is to be emphasized that, although the analytic model described in the present two volumes of
17、 Report No. 19/2 is believed to have potential useful- ness to the CIE in the areas of lighting applications listed above, the present two volumes do not describe application procedures for these purposes. It is anticipated that the development of such procedures will be undertaken in the future by
18、appropriate agencies of the CIE and reported separately. Volume I of CIE Report No. 19/2 presents a description of the technical foundations of the analytic model insofar as it describes the effects of light- ing parameters upon “visual performance potential , a msasure of the maximum visual perform
19、ance to be expected under various lighting situations. The present Volume II presents a summary description of the analytic model , tabu- lar and graphicat representations of the effects of iighting parameters upon visual performance potential , and application guidelines including mathe- matical me
20、thods for estimating task performance and overal 1 performance from visual performance potential. It is suggested that the applications engineer begin with the present Volume II, turning to Volume I if additional information is desired with respect to the technical foundations of the model. (It is s
21、ug- gested that the visual performance specialist begin with Volumz I, turning to the present Volume II if information is desired with respect to application guidelines or the relationships between task performance and/or overall per- formance and visual performance potential .) -iv- COPYRIGHT Inter
22、national Commission on Illumination Licensed by Information Handling Services COPYRIGHT International Commission on Illumination Licensed by Information Handling Services CIE 19/2*2 81 900bL45 0000842 508 I SUMMARY The present report summarizes a comprehensive analytic model for describ- ing the inf
23、luence of lighting parameters upon the effectiveness of the overalt performance of tasks with significant visual components derived from study and analysis of the extensive published literature relating visual performance to various lighting parameters which included the use of two basic technical a
24、pproaches. These may be described as the “empirical I and the “analytical II methnds of studying overall performance as a function of lighting parameters. Empirical studies involve measurements of the speed and accuracy of perform- ance conducted under real or simulated conditions of visual work. An
25、alytical studies involve measurements of the operational characteristics of processes believed to be operative in visual work taken either singly or in relatively simple combinations with subsequent synthesizing of the operational charac- teristics of the individual processes into a quantitative mod
26、el intended to describe overall performance a s a function of lighting parameters under condi- tions of visual work. The analytic model described in this report was derived from data obtained in these two classes of experiments during the last 50 years. In all more than 2,200 members of the populati
27、ons of CIE Member Countries were involved in these studies either a s experimental observers or a s unknowing participants in field observations. The basic approach of the model is to begin by specifying the level of overall performance a s a function of the level of actual task luminance or illumin
28、ance obtained in an idealized photometric sphere. Task lighting standards are then established in terms of “reference luminance“ or “reference illuminance“ units. The extent to which an actual lighting installation will provide criterion levels of performance effectiveness is expressed in terms of v
29、alues of “equivalent reference luminance I or “equivalent reference il lumi- nance. “ These measures of the lighting effectiveness of actual installations are based upon assessment of every known and quantifiable effect of lighting variables upon overall performance, expressed in terms of values of
30、the actual luminance or illuminance obtained in an idealized photometric sphere provid- ing the same level of performance effectiveness a s that provided by each realistic lighting situation. The model expresses the functional relation between overall performance and the level of reference luminance
31、 or illuminance in terms of two classes of transfer functions, operating in series. The first class of transfer func- tions relates “task visibility level I to reference luminance or illuminance. The second class of transfer functions relates overall performance to task visibility level. Thus, task
32、visibility level is considered to be the “inter- vening variable required to relate overall performance to reference luminance. The first class of transfer functions is expressed in terms of the “relative contrast sensitivity“ or RCS of the visual system provided by different levels of reference lum
33、inance or illuminance. It is found convenient to use RCS to describe the effects of reference luminance or illuminance since the numerical effects of lighting parameters other than the level of luminance or illuminance can be conveniently expressed as modifiers of the value of RCS. The model -V- COP
34、YRIGHT International Commission on Illumination Licensed by Information Handling Services COPYRIGHT International Commission on Illumination Licensed by Information Handling Services CIE L9/2.2 BL 900bL45 O000843 444 W develops a family of “RCS functions of luminance,“ with parameters which depend u
35、pon task detail size, task demand level, and observer age. The second class of transfer functions consists principally of the operat- ing characteristics of three types of processes believed to be involved in realistic visual work. There are first the “critical visual processes, I consist- ing of a
36、primary sensory process involved in obtaining information about task details and two secondary oculomotor processes, which together define the “visual performance potential“ of the observer. These processes do not de- pend upon task detail or observer age, but depend greatly upon the level of demand
37、 for speed and accuracy implied by the conditions under which the task must be performed. Additional “noncritical visual processes “ are involved in relating task performance to visual performance potential. Still further “nonvisual processes I are involved in relating task performance to overall pe
38、rformance. The model concentrates upon prediction of the visual perform- ance potential, merely indicating the manner in which the operating charac- teristics of the noncritical visual and nonvisual processes may be utilized in order to predict first task performance and then overall performance. Th
39、e model has three principal potential uses in lighting applications. First, it may be used to establish differential standards for task luminance or illuminance on the basis of the visibility of the task visual display, the level of task demand, and the age of the observer involved. Such differentia
40、l standards are relative only. A visual performance criterion level to be pro- vided by all areas of lighting applications can be selected, which then establishes the absolute level of all standards. Second, the model may be used to evaluate the extent to which a given lighting installation provides
41、 the visual performance criterion level selected for each area of application. Third, the model can be used to provide measures of overall performance for use in cost-benefit studies of lighting. This use of the model depends criti- cal ly upon information relating differences in overall performance
42、 to differ- ences in visual performance potential produced by lighting. The validity of the model has been verified by using it to fit acceptable analytic functions to the data points obtained in 20 empirical experiments conducted under conditions of real or simulated visual work. It is recom- mende
43、d by the Committee that additional verification tests of this type be conducted by CIE Member Countries now that development of the model is complete . ZUSAMMENFASSUNG Der vorliegende Bericht ist eine Zusammenfassung umfassenden eines anaIytischen Modells, das den Einfluss von Beleuchtungsparametern
44、 auf die Arbeits 1 e i stung erfa s s t s owe it die Arbeit sa ufga be re1 evant e visuel 1 e Komponenten enthalt. Das Modell sttzt sich auf die umfangreiche Literatur ber Zusammenhange zwischen Beleuchtung und visueller Leistung. verfolgt man grundsatzlich zwei Wege, die man als empirisch oder anal
45、ytisch bezeichnen kann. und die Genauigkeit der Leistung unter realen oder simulierten Arbeits- Dabei Empirische Untersuchungen erfassen die Geschwindigkeit -vi- COPYRIGHT International Commission on Illumination Licensed by Information Handling Services COPYRIGHT International Commission on Illumin
46、ation Licensed by Information Handling Services CIE 39/2-2 83 9006345 O000844 380 I bedingungen . Analytische Untersuchungen sttzen sich auf operationelle Vorgnge beim Sehprozess, die, einzeln oder kombiniert, bei visueller Arbeit auftreten und sich zu einem quantitativen Modell zusammenfgen lassen.
47、 Das hier beschriebene analytische Modell basiert auf Daten, die auf beiden Wegen in den letzten 50-Jahren gewonnen wurden. Insgesamt waren dabei mehr als 2200 Test-Personen aus verschiedenen CIE Mitgliedslndern beteiligt. Zunchst spezifiziert das Modell das Niveau der Arbeitsleistung als Funktion d
48、er Leuchtdichte (oder Beleuchtungsstrke) der Arbeitsvorlage bei ideal diffuser Beleuchtung, die zur Begrndung von Standard-Werten als Referenzleuchtdichte oder Referenzbeleuchtung fr Arbeitspltze dient. Reale Beleuchtungsanlagen werden bezglich des Leistungsniveaus durch ihre quivalente Referenzleuc
49、htdichte (oder aquivalente Referenzbeteuchtungs- starke) gekennzeichnet. Diese Kenngrs sen enthalten den Einfluss ver- schiedener Beleuchtungsparameter auf die Arbeitsleistung ausgedrckt durch die entsprechende Leuchtdichte der Arbeitsvorlage in der Referenzsituation, bei der das gleiche Leistungsniveau erreicht wird. Im Model wird der funktionell e Zusammenhang zwischen Arbeitsleistung und Referenzleuchtdichte (oder -beleuchtungsstrke) mit Hilfe zweier Klassen von Ubertragungsfunktionen ausgedrckt. Die erste Klasse stellt den