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1、COMMISSION INTERNATIONALE DE LECLAIRAGE INTERNATIONAL COMMISSION ON ILLUMINATION INTERNATIONALE BELEUCHTUNGSKOMMISSION LIGHTING FOR SWIMMING POOLS PUBLICATION CIE N O 62 (1984) BUREAU CENTRAL DE LA CIE 52, BOULEVARD MALESHERBES 75008 PARIS - FRANCE COPYRIGHT International Commission on Illumination
2、Licensed by Information Handling Services COPYRIGHT International Commission on Illumination Licensed by Information Handling Services CIE 62 B q . I 9006145 O002601 TOB This report has been prepared by CIE Technical Cormnittee 4.4 Sports Lighting. It has been approved by the majority of the Technic
3、al Committee and is recommended for study and application. This report i s not an Officially Agreed CIE Recommendation approved by the National Committees o f the Member Countries of the CIE. It should be noted that any recommendations in this report are advisory and not mandatory. The latest CIE Pr
4、oceedings or CIE Journal should be consulted regarding the current status of this report and possible subsequent amendments. Ce rapport a t prpar par le Comit Technique 4.4 LEclairage pour la pratique des sports. I1 a windows and is not recommended as a means of correction for poorly designed electr
5、ic lighting. - Ensure that the lighting of the pool surrounds and spectator galleries does not create disturbing reflections. Any adjacent areas, separated from the main hall b y glazed walls, should also be designed to avoid spurious reflections. 3. DAYLIGHT 3.1. REQUIREMENTS FOR INDOOR POOLS The p
6、rimary objective is to ensure the safety of users by providing good visual conditions for everyone. The daylighting design must therefore contribute to this requirement, b y providing a sufficient level of illuminance and a good penetration of light into the water. The design aims therefore are: - t
7、o ensure a minimum horizontal illuminance, of say 250 lux, at any point over the pool. This illuminance should be achieved for a crtai depending on the seasons. - to ensure the penetration of light into the water. - to avoid glare due to direct or reflected sunlight and moving surface of the water o
8、r high contrast between w 3.2. INFLUENCE OF LIGHTING ON ARCHITECTURAL DESIGN I number of hours per day, skylight reflected in the ndows and their surrounds. Steps should be taken to make the best use of daylight. In open air pools, during the site selection process, the best location would be the si
9、te where shadows of the surrounding buildings are not cast across the pool. Also, spectator accommodation and divers should not directly face into the sun. In the case of daylit indoor pools, or those with sliding roofs, the building orientation should be selected, if possible, to provide visual con
10、tact with the external environment and ensure penetration of sunlight and the variations of daylight to enhance the general atmosphere. The design of the pool hall might be such that daylight will be the only source of interior lighting for as long a time as possible each day. To provide full recrea
11、tional facilities the indoor or sliding-roofed pool may include other areas such as open air pools, and sun-bathing areas. In towns it will sometimes be expedient to use existing parks, gardens and sports grounds as sites for new swimming pool s. 3.3. WINDOWS OR WALLS Glazing installed in one side e
12、levation o f the building to obtain maximum daylight and to contribute towards a pleasant atmosphere is sometimes not sufficient to obtain a satisfactory level of illuminance. Additional glazing is often necessary on one or both end elevations, or b y installing roof-lights fitted with diffusing mat
13、erials and louvres to attenuate direct sunlight. Solar radiation will o f course raise the temperature inside the building. In some cases this effect can be used to advantage, in others, the solar gain must be reduced to COPYRIGHT International Commission on Illumination Licensed by Information Hand
14、ling Services COPYRIGHT International Commission on Illumination Licensed by Information Handling Services CIE 62 84 7006245 0002bLO TL0 avoid thermal discomfort of the occupants, particularly the permanent pool staff. Glazing orientation which does not permit entry of direct sunlight can be used su
15、ccessfully in climates where direct sunshine is undesirable. In the winter, thermal losses from large areas of glazing can be excessive; to reduce the cost of heating and to ensure the comfort of users by avoiding the “cold wall“ effect, double or triple glazing should be used. A s will be appreciat
16、ed from the details in 2.2, low level windows which provide visual contact w i t h the exterior, are i n the least effective position to achieve light penetration into the water and are therefore most likely to be the source of high luminance reflections on the surface of the pool. A direct view of
17、the sun and excessive luminance contrast can be avoided by the use of external shades, baffles or tinted glass. Internal roller blinds or adjustable venetian blinds achieve the same result. Although both of these devices can present maintenance problems they also help a t night to reduce losses due
18、to the low reflectance of the glazing and so provide more pleasing luminance ratios when the hall is illuminated only by electric lighting. Glare from the water is-experienced when the windows are on the far side of the pool to the viewing position. The instructor or attendant will operate under the
19、 best conditions if he has his back to the window as from this position he sees no reflections of the windows i n the water surface (Fig.3). The same applies to spectator accommodation, but this is often difficult to achieve. The penetration of light into water will be improved by the use of roof- c
20、omplement the side lighting windows. For general comments on the problems associated w i t h the daylight design where colour television coverage is required, see 4.2.4. 3.4. D A Y L I G H T I L L U M I N A N C E ights to of pool halls The prediction of natural lighting inside a building is complica
21、ted because the light source is from the outside and daylight varies w i t h time, season and location. The principles, and methods of daylight design will be found in CIE Publication No.16 Daylight, 7970. In order to reach the level of daylight illuminance specified for roofed swimming pools, the d
22、imensions of windows and roof lights have to be determined to give a daylight factor which meets the design requirements. This is computed according to the location concerned, arriving a t an economic balance between daylight and electric lighting (e.g.the requirements might be not to use electric l
23、ighting for 80% of hours of use of the swimming pool between 09.00 and 17.00 hours). 3.5. AVAILABILITY OF DAYLIGHT CIE Publication No. 16 gives the necessary information to set up the reference value of the external illuminance from an overcast sky. This reference value (Fig.4 and Table 1) which is
24、likely to be achieved or exceeded during a given percentage of daytime hours, is given i n terms Of iatitwde between 50 and 70 north and south. The curves refer to various percentages (95, 90, 85, 80, 70 and 60 %) for a period between 09.00 and 17.00 hours thus for a latitude of 45O the reference va
25、lue of external illuminance achieved for 80% of this period is 10000 lux. To maintain a minimum level of 250 lux inside the building the minimum daylight factor would be: 250 x 100 10,000 = 2,5% A more general means of specifying illuminance on a horizontal plane under an overcast sky is given in Fi
26、g.5 as a function of the height of the sun above the horizon. -6- COPYRIGHT International Commission on Illumination Licensed by Information Handling Services COPYRIGHT International Commission on Illumination Licensed by Information Handling Services 1400 1300 1200 1 1 0 0 1000 950 900 850 800 750
27、700 I : i : 550 5 500 F Q Z 450 z 3, 400 -1 380 2 360 340 c- 320 300 280 260 240 220 2 1 o 200 190 180 170 160 150 1 4 0 130 CIE 62 84 900bl145 0002bLL 957 W 1700 for which levels of illumination Percentage of hours between O 900 it is also necessary for the referee and spectators t o see fast movem
28、ents i n a game of water polo, the judges and spectators having accurately to determine when swimmers touch the pool side, or correctly execute tumble turns during races or to see details of movement in a diving competition. Added to this the spectators often have to see this detail from a considera
29、ble distance. Measuring device -7 O Figure 6. Method of measuring illuminance a t a distance 0,2 m above the water surface. -9- COPYRIGHT International Commission on Illumination Licensed by Information Handling Services COPYRIGHT International Commission on Illumination Licensed by Information Hand
30、ling Services CIE 62 84 9006145 0002634 666 spec ta tors The illuminance recommended in the following table is the average maintained service horizontal illuminance, measured at a level of 0,2m above the water surface (Fig.6) and on the pool surrounds. Throughout the life of the installation, loss o
31、f light output will occur due to lamp lumen maintenance and the accumulation o f dirt on luminaires. The extent of this light loss will depend upon local conditions and therefore the initial illuminance, for a new installation should be 1.2 to 1.5 times higher than the service illuminance given in T
32、able 2. Tab1 e 2 Recommended Servi ce t 11 uminance ( 1 ux) 200 Competition (1) Swimming, water polo, and Diving (2) Instruct i on y trai ni ng y water polo, and diving 500 300 (1) The World Swimming Association (Federation Internationale de Natation, FINA) specify a requirement of 400 lux. (2) It i
33、s important to obtain in the diving area a vertical illuminance of at least 200 lux in the directions o f the judges and spectators. Competition divers can be distracted b y high brightness images of luminaires reflected in the pool, particularly if these are close to the point where the diver enter
34、s the water. 4.1.1. Uniformity The uniformity of illuminance is most important on the pool surrounds. In these areas, the following uniformity ratio should be achieved:- Where there are practical limitations a uniformity ratio of up to 2 is acceptable over the water area. These limits ?f illuminance
35、, in themselves, are not the decisive factors for the quality o f the illumination. The luminance and colour of the various vertical surfaces largely decide the subjective impression given b y an interior. As mentioned in 1.2 it is particularly important to avoid high luminance on walls as these are
36、 more likely to cause unacceptable reflected glare from the pool surface. 4.1.2. Lamps - colour of light In principle, lamps providing good colour rendering should be used. Generally these are covered by CIE Colour Rendering Groups 7 and 2, but some lamps from group 3 can also be considered. for the
37、 higher illuminance levels or where a blend with daylight is required, lamps of a colour temperature above 4000K are sometimes favoured. However, the warmer col our appearance of lamps with lower colour temperatures around 3000K are often preferred. In certain cases, the combination of lamps can giv
38、e very pleasant effects if their light is suitably blended in the occupied space. The high luminous efficacy and long life of tubular fluorescent lamps or HID lamps -10- COPYRIGHT International Commission on Illumination Licensed by Information Handling Services COPYRIGHT International Commission on
39、 Illumination Licensed by Information Handling Services usually provide the most economic solution. The final choice of the l i g h t source will depend upon many factors including the hours of use each year, initial cost versus operating cost, light control, switching requirement and colour quality
40、. (See also 4.2.1.). 4.1.3. Luminaires The lighting of outdoor pools can be achieved with standard floodlighting equipment and conventional maintenance techniques are also applicable. For indoor pools, however, the high temperature and humidity conditions often combined w i t h chemical corrosion re
41、quire luminaires which are designed specifically to operate efficiently and survive mechanically in these onerous condi ti ons . In cases where the pool hall design includes a sealed false ceiling below an access void, the problems are least severe as only the underside of the bezel holding a sealed
42、 cover to the luminaire needs t o withstand the conditions in the pool hall. All maintenance can be carried out from the ceiling void which, if i t is dry and well ventilated, presents no special problems. For reasons of cost, as well as structural and architectural requirements, it is more usual to
43、 install complete luminaires within the pool hall. I t is advisable that totally enclosed luminaires should be used; these restrict the deposition of dirt onto the lamp and optical surfaces and also i n the rare event of lamp breakage, the glass will be contained within the luminaire. Due to humidit
44、y and condensation, the luminaires must resist the.ingress of moisture to a minimum standard such as IP23. (Reference: IEC 529 : 1976 - Classification of degrees of protection provided by enclosures). Standard stove enamel paint finishes on mild steel will not withstand the corrosive attack present.
45、 Adequate protection is usually provided by the use of high quality paint finishes on protected metalwork or luminaires constructed in glass reinforced plastic or cast aluminium. I t is of course essential that any attachments, exposed bolts, screws, hinges or supporting metalwork should be as well
46、protected from attack as the main body of the luminaire. The positioning of 1 umi nai res should al so take account of access requirements for maintenance, cleaning and relamping. For this reason, luminaires should not be positioned over the pool unless access catwalks, gantries or rear access from
47、a ceiling void is available. These requirements tend to lead to 1 ighting equipment being positioned over the side of the pool and particularly where mounting height is limited this can lead to problems of reflection i n the water. To avoid this, particular attention must be paid to the light distri
48、bution of the luminaire and this will be discussed in the following section which covers a range of lighting techniques which can be used in swimming pools. 4.2. PRINCIPLES OF ELECTRIC LIGHTING One common requirement of outdoor and indoor pools is that the lining of the pool basin should be of high
49、reflectance in order t o achieve a luminance which is as high as possible. Nevertheless the lighting systems used for outdoor and indoor swimming pools are fundamentally different, and therefore i t is suitable t o treat them separately. 4.2.1. Outdoor pools The usual method is to mount luminaires on masts located on the pool surround. The mounting height depends on their distance from the sides of the pool. In order to achieve adequate light penetration into the water the angle of incidence a t the far side of the pool should preferably be 5 0 but not