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1、CIE S 009/E:2002 Standard Photobiological Safety of Lamps and Lamp Systems Scurit photobiologique des lampes et des appareils utilisant les lampes Photobiologische Sicherheit von Lampen und Lampensystemen CIE Standards are copyrighted and shall not be reproduced in any form, entirely or partly, with
2、out the explicit agreement of the CIE. CIE Central Bureau, ViennaS 009/E:2002 Kegelgasse 27, A-1030 Vienna, Austria UDC:612.014.481Descriptor:Optical radiation effects on human Copyright International Commission on Illumination Provided by IHS under license with CIELicensee=IHS Employees/1111111001,
3、 User=leee, leee Not for Resale, 11/24/2007 08:22:47 MSTNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS -,-,- CIE S 009/E:2002 II CIE, 2002 - All rights reserved CIE 2002 All rights reserved. Unless otherwise specified, no part of this publication may be reproduced or utilized in an
4、y form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying and microfilm, without permission in writing from CIE Central Bureau at the address below. CIE Central Bureau Kegelgasse 27 A-1030 Vienna Austria Tel.: +43 1 714 3187 0 Fax: +43 1 713 0838 18 e-mail: ciecbping.at Web: www.cie.c
5、o.at/cie Copyright International Commission on Illumination Provided by IHS under license with CIELicensee=IHS Employees/1111111001, User=leee, leee Not for Resale, 11/24/2007 08:22:47 MSTNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS -,-,- CIE S 009/E:2002 CIE, 2002 - All rights r
6、eserved III FOREWORD Standards produced by the Commission Internationale de lEclairage (CIE) are a concise documentation of data defining aspects of light and lighting, for which international harmony requires such unique definition. CIE Standards are therefore a primary source of internationally ac
7、cepted and agreed data, which can be taken, essentially unaltered, into universal standard systems. The CIE undertook a major review of the official recommendations on photobiological effects, their dose relationships and measurement. Based on the guidelines given by the International Commission on
8、Non-Ionising Radiation Protection (ICNIRP), the CIE undertook to apply these guidelines to lamps and lamp systems. The present standard describes present day knowledge of the subject but does not absolve those carrying out experiments with humans from their responsibility for the safety and well bei
9、ng of the subjects involved. This Standard has been prepared by CIE Technical Committee 6-47*), “Photobiological Lamp Safety Standard“, and was approved by the National Committees of the CIE. During the preparation of the standard IEC TC34 co-operated with CIE TC 6-47 through the participation of a
10、number of their members. Their effort is greatly appreciated. CIE kindly acknowledges the consent of the Illuminating Engineering Society of North America who permitted to use extensive parts of the documents ANSI/IESNA RP-27.1. “Photobiological Safety for Lamps and Lamp Systems General Requirements
11、“, ANSI/IESNA RP-27.2. “Photobiological Safety for Lamps and Lamp Systems Measurement Systems - Measurement Techniques“ and ANSI/IESNA RP-27.3. “Photobiological Safety for Lamps and Lamp Systems Risk Group Classification and Labeling“ as much of the basis for this standard. (Each publication may be
12、purchased from Publications Department, IESNA, 120 Wall Street, 17th floor, New York, New York 10005-4001, by fax 212-248-5017 or through the web site: http:/www.iesna.org). TABLE OF CONTENTS FOREWORDIII INTRODUCTION1 1. SCOPE1 2. NORMATIVE REFERENCES1 3. DEFINITIONS, SYMBOLS AND ABBREVIATIONS1 4. E
13、XPOSURE LIMITS (ELS)8 4.1 General8 4.2 Specific factors involved in the determination and application of retinal exposure limits8 4.2.1 Pupil diameter8 4.2.2 Angular subtense of source and measurement field-of-view9 4.3 Hazard exposure limits10 4.3.1 Actinic UV hazard exposure limit for the skin and
14、 eye10 4.3.2 Near-UV hazard exposure limit for the eye11 4.3.3 Retinal blue light hazard exposure limit12 4.3.4 Retinal blue light hazard exposure limit - small source14 4.3.5 Retinal thermal hazard exposure limit15 *) Chairman of this TC was Bergman, R.S. (US), members were: Barling, L. (UK), Bouma
15、n, A. (NL), Drop, P. (NL), Goodman, T. (UK), Hietanen, M. (FI), Ikai, Y. (JP), Kohmoto, K. (JP), Kotschenreuther, R. (DE), Levin, R. (US), Masuda, T. (JP), Riedmann, W. (DE), Schulmeister, K. (AT), Sliney, D. (US), Sutter, E. (DE), Tajnai, J. (US). Copyright International Commission on Illumination
16、Provided by IHS under license with CIELicensee=IHS Employees/1111111001, User=leee, leee Not for Resale, 11/24/2007 08:22:47 MSTNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS -,-,- CIE S 009/E:2002 IV CIE, 2002 - All rights reserved 4.3.6 Retinal thermal hazard exposure limit weak
17、visual stimulus15 4.3.7 Infrared radiation hazard exposure limits for the eye16 4.3.8 Thermal hazard exposure limit for the skin16 5. MEASUREMENT OF LAMPS AND LAMP SYSTEMS16 5.1 Measurement conditions17 5.1.1 Lamp ageing (seasoning)17 5.1.2 Test environment17 5.1.3 Extraneous radiation18 5.1.4 Lamp
18、operation18 5.1.5 Lamp system operation18 5.2 Measurement procedure18 5.2.1 Irradiance measurements18 5.2.2 Radiance measurements19 5.2.3 Measurement of source size22 5.2.4 Pulse width measurement for pulsed sources22 5.3 Analysis methods22 5.3.1 Weighting curve interpolations22 5.3.2 Calculations22
19、 5.3.3 Measurement uncertainty22 6. LAMP CLASSIFICATION24 6.1 Continuous wave lamps24 6.1.1 Exempt group24 6.1.2 Risk Group 1 (Low-Risk)25 6.1.3 Risk Group 2 (Moderate-Risk)25 6.1.4 Risk Group 3 (High-Risk)25 6.2 Pulsed lamps25 ANNEX A: SUMMARY OF BIOLOGICAL EFFECTS (INFORMATIVE)27 Bioeffect datashe
20、et #1: Infrared cataract27 Bioeffect datasheet #2: Photokeratitis27 Bioeffect datasheet #3: Photoretinitis28 Bioeffect datasheet #4: Retinal thermal injury29 Bioeffect datasheet #5: Ultraviolet cataract30 Bioeffect datasheet #6: Ultraviolet erythema31 ANNEX B: MEASUREMENT METHOD (INFORMATIVE)33 B.1
21、Instrumentation33 B.1.1 Double monochromator: Recommended instrument33 B.1.2 Broadband detectors33 B.2 Instrument limitations33 B.2.1 Noise equivalent irradiance33 B.2.2 Instrument spectral response34 B.2.3 Wavelength accuracy34 B.2.4 Stray radiant power35 B.2.5 Input optics for spectral irradiance
22、measurements: Recommendation35 B.2.6 Linearity35 B.3 Calibration sources36 ANNEX C: UNCERTAINTY ANALYSIS (INFORMATIVE)36 ANNEX D: GENERAL REFERENCES (INFORMATIVE)37 CIE 2002 Copyright International Commission on Illumination Provided by IHS under license with CIELicensee=IHS Employees/1111111001, Us
23、er=leee, leee Not for Resale, 11/24/2007 08:22:47 MSTNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS -,-,- CIE S 009/E:2002 CIE 2002 - All rights reserved1 INTRODUCTION Lamps were developed and produced in large quantities and became commonplace in an era when industry-wide safety s
24、tandards were not the norm. The evaluation and control of optical radiation hazards from lamps and lamp systems is a far more complicated subject than similar tasks for a single-wavelength laser system. The required radiometric measurements are quite involved, for they do not deal with the simple op
25、tics of a point source, but rather with an extended source that may or may not be altered by diffusers or projection optics. Also the wavelength distribution of the lamp may be altered by ancillary optical elements, diffusers, lenses, and the like, as well as variations in operating conditions. To e
26、valuate a broad-band optical source, such as an arc lamp, an incandescent lamp, a fluorescent lamp, an array of lamps or a lamp system, it is first necessary to determine the spectral distribution of optical radiation emitted from the source at the point or points of nearest human access. This acces
27、sible emission spectral distribution of interest for a lighting system may differ from that actually being emitted by the lamp alone due to the filtration by any optical elements (e.g., projection optics) in the light path. Secondly, the size, or projected size, of the source must be characterized i
28、n the retinal hazard spectral region. Thirdly, it may be necessary to determine the variation of irradiance and effective radiance with distance. The performance of the necessary measurements is normally not an easy task without sophisticated instruments. Thus it was decided to include reference mea
29、surement techniques for lamps and lamp systems in this standard. The measurement techniques along with the described risk group classification scheme will provide common ground for both lamp manufacturers and users to define the specific photobiological hazards of any given lamp and/or lamp system.
30、Finally, there are well known optical radiation hazards associated with some lamps and lamp systems. The purpose of this standard is to provide a standardized technique for evaluation of potential radiation hazards that may be associated with various lamps and lamp systems. 1. SCOPE This Internation
31、al Standard gives guidance for evaluating the photobiological safety of lamps and lamp systems including luminaires. Specifically it specifies the exposure limits, reference measurement technique and classification scheme for the evaluation and control of photobiological hazards from all electricall
32、y powered incoherent broadband sources of optical radiation, including LEDs but excluding lasers, in the wavelength range from 200 nm through 3000 nm. 2. NORMATIVE REFERENCES The following standards contain provisions which, through reference in this text, constitute provisions of this standard. At
33、the time of publication, the editions indicated were valid. All standards are subject to revision, and parties to agreements based on this standard are encouraged to investigate the possibility of applying most recent editions of the standards indicated below. Members of CIE, the International Elect
34、rotechnical Commission (IEC) and the International Standardization Organization (ISO) maintain current registers of currently valid international standards. CIE 17.4-1987International lighting vocabulary (ILV) Joint publication IEC/CIE CIE 53-1982Methods of characterizing the performance of radiomet
35、ers and photometers CIE 63-1984The spectroradiometric measurement of light sources CIE 105-1993Spectroradiometry of pulsed optical radiation sources ISOGuide to the expression of uncertainty in measurement, ISO, Geneva, 1995. ISBN 92-67-10188-9 3. DEFINITIONS, SYMBOLS AND ABBREVIATIONS For the purpo
36、ses of this standard, the following definitions, symbols and abbreviations apply. Copyright International Commission on Illumination Provided by IHS under license with CIELicensee=IHS Employees/1111111001, User=leee, leee Not for Resale, 11/24/2007 08:22:47 MSTNo reproduction or networking permitted
37、 without license from IHS -,-,- CIE S 009/E:2002 2 CIE 2002 - All rights reserved 3.1 actinic dose (see ILV 845-06-23) Quantity obtained by weighting spectrally the dose according to the actinic action spectrum value at the corresponding wavelength. Unit:Jm-2 Note:This definition implies that an act
38、ion spectrum is adopted for the actinic effect considered, and that its maximum value is generally normalized to 1. When giving a quantitative amount, it is essential to specify which quantity dose or actinic dose is meant, as the unit is the same. 3.2 angular subtense () Visual angle subtended by t
39、he apparent source at the eye of an observer or at the point of measurement. In this standard subtended angles are denoted by the full included angle, not the half angle. Unit:radian Note: The angular subtense will generally be modified by incorporation of lenses and mirrors as projector optics, i.e
40、. the angular subtense of the apparent source will differ from the angular subtense of the physical source. 3.3 aperture, aperture stop Opening that defines the area over which average optical emission is measured. For spectral irradiance measurements this opening is usually the entrance of a small
41、sphere placed in front of the radiometer/spectroradiometer entrance slit. 3.4 blue light hazard (BLH) Potential for a photochemically induced retinal injury resulting from radiation exposure at wavelengths primarily between 400 nm and 500 nm. This damage mechanism dominates over the thermal damage m
42、echanism for times exceeding 10 seconds. 3.5 continuous wave (CW) lamp Lamp that is operated with a continuous output for a time greater than 0,25 s, i.e., a non- pulsed lamp. Note:In this standard, General lighting service (GLS) lamps are defined to be Continuous wave lamps. 3.6 erythema (see ILV 8
43、45-06-15) Reddening of the skin; as used in this standard the reddening of the skin resulting from inflammatory effects from solar radiation or artificial optical radiation. Note:The degree of delayed erythema is used as a guide to dosages applied in ultraviolet therapy. 3.7 exposure distance Neares
44、t point of human exposure consistent with the application of the lamp or lamp system. For lamps radiating in all directions the distance is measured from the centre of the filament or arc source. For reflector-type lamps the distance is measured from the outside edge of the lens or the plane definin
45、g the end of the reflector in a lens free reflector. Unit:m 3.8 exposure limit (EL) Level of exposure to the eye or skin that is not expected to result in adverse biological effects. Copyright International Commission on Illumination Provided by IHS under license with CIELicensee=IHS Employees/11111
46、11001, User=leee, leee Not for Resale, 11/24/2007 08:22:47 MSTNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS -,-,- CIE S 009/E:2002 CIE 2002 - All rights reserved3 3.9 eye movements The normal eye, when focused on an object, moves slightly in a random motion with a frequency of a f
47、ew hertz. This rapid eye movement causes the image from a point source to be spread over an area of the retina equivalent to an angular subtense of about 0,011 radians. Furthermore, for times greater than about 100 seconds the focused stare capability breaks down causing further spreading of the rad
48、iant power over the retina due to task determined eye movements, e.g. as in reading. 3.10 field of view Solid angle as “seen“ by the detector (acceptance angle), such as the radiometer/ spectroradiometer, out of which the detector receives radiation. Unit:sr Note 1: The field of view should not be confused with the angular subtense of the apparent source . Note 2: A plane angle is sometimes used to describe a circular symmetric solid angle field of view. 3.11 general lighting service (GLS) lamps Term for lamps intended for lighting spaces that are typically occupied or viewed by people. Ex