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1、DRAFT FOR DEVELOPMENT DD CEN/TS 15590:2007 Solid recovered fuels Determination of potential rate of microbial self heating using the real dynamic respiration index ICS 75.160.10 ? Licensed Copy: London South Bank University, London South Bank University, Tue Jul 03 01:09:58 GMT+00:00 2007, Uncontrol
2、led Copy, (c) BSI DD CEN/TS 15590:2007 This Draft for Development was published under the authority of the Standards Policy and Strategy Committee on 29 June 2007 BSI 2007 ISBN 978 0 580 57654 6 National foreword This Draft for Development was published by BSI. It is the UK implementation of CEN/TS
3、15590:2007. This publication is not to be regarded as a British Standard. It is being issued in the Draft for Development series of publications and is of a provisional nature. It should be applied on this provisional basis, so that information and experience of its practical application can be obta
4、ined. Comments arising from the use of this Draft for Development are requested so that UK experience can be reported to the European organization responsible for its conversion to a European standard. A review of this publication will be initiated not later than 3 years after its publication by the
5、 European organization so that a decision can be taken on its status. Notification of the start of the review period will be made in an announcement in the appropriate issue of Update Standards. According to the replies received by the end of the review period, the responsible BSI Committee will dec
6、ide whether to support the conversion into a European Standard, to extend the life of the Technical Specification or to withdraw it. Comments should be sent to the Secretary of the responsible BSI Technical Committee at British Standards House, 389 Chiswick High Road, London W4 4AL. The UK participa
7、tion in its preparation was entrusted to Technical Committee PTI/17, Solid biofuels. A list of organizations represented on this committee can be obtained on request to its secretary. This publication does not purport to include all the necessary provisions of a contract. Users are responsible for i
8、ts correct application. Amendments issued since publication Amd. No. DateComments Licensed Copy: London South Bank University, London South Bank University, Tue Jul 03 01:09:58 GMT+00:00 2007, Uncontrolled Copy, (c) BSI TECHNICAL SPECIFICATION SPCIFICATION TECHNIQUE TECHNISCHE SPEZIFIKATION CEN/TS 1
9、5590 March 2007 ICS 75.160.10 English Version Solid recovered fuels - Determination of potential rate of microbial self heating using the real dynamic respiration index Combustibles solides de rcupration - Dtermination du taux dactivit microbienne utilisant lindex de respiration dynamique Feste Seku
10、ndrbrennstoffe - Bestimmung des potenziellen Grades der mikrobiellen Selbstererhitzung mittels des realen dynamischen Respirationsindexes This Technical Specification (CEN/TS) was approved by CEN on 1 January 2007 for provisional application. The period of validity of this CEN/TS is limited initiall
11、y to three years. After two years the members of CEN will be requested to submit their comments, particularly on the question whether the CEN/TS can be converted into a European Standard. CEN members are required to announce the existence of this CEN/TS in the same way as for an EN and to make the C
12、EN/TS available promptly at national level in an appropriate form. It is permissible to keep conflicting national standards in force (in parallel to the CEN/TS) until the final decision about the possible conversion of the CEN/TS into an EN is reached. CEN members are the national standards bodies o
13、f Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland and United Kingdom. EUROPEA
14、N COMMITTEE FOR STANDARDIZATION COMIT EUROPEN DE NORMALISATION EUROPISCHES KOMITEE FR NORMUNG Management Centre: rue de Stassart, 36 B-1050 Brussels 2007 CENAll rights of exploitation in any form and by any means reserved worldwide for CEN national Members. Ref. No. CEN/TS 15590:2007: E Licensed Cop
15、y: London South Bank University, London South Bank University, Tue Jul 03 01:09:58 GMT+00:00 2007, Uncontrolled Copy, (c) BSI 2 Contents Page Foreword3 Introduction.4 1 Scope 5 2 Normative references5 3 Terms and definitions .5 4 Symbols and abbreviations6 5 Principle6 6 Apparatus .6 7 Procedure .8
16、8 Calculation of the RDRI results8 9 Test reports9 Annex A (informative) RDRI trend11 Annex B (normative) RDRI interpretation .13 Bibliography14 CEN/TS 15590:2007 Licensed Copy: London South Bank University, London South Bank University, Tue Jul 03 01:09:58 GMT+00:00 2007, Uncontrolled Copy, (c) BSI
17、 3 Foreword This document (CEN/TS 15590:2007) has been prepared by Technical Committee CEN/TC 343 “Solid Recovered Fuels”, the secretariat of which is held by SFS. Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of patent rights. CEN and/or CENELEC
18、 shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights. According to the CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulations, the national standards organizations of the following countries are bound to announce this Technical Specification: Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Den
19、mark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland and United Kingdom. CEN/TS 15590:2007 Licensed Copy: London South Bank University, L
20、ondon South Bank University, Tue Jul 03 01:09:58 GMT+00:00 2007, Uncontrolled Copy, (c) BSI 4 Introduction This document specifies the method used for determining the current rate of potential microbial self-heating of SRF using the real dynamic respiration index. Spontaneous combustion can occur wh
21、en SRF from municipal solid waste or biomasses are stored and/or transported. The microbial activity, because of aerobic degradation of easily degradable organic matter, acts as a primer causing the waste temperature to increase until autoxidation and the self-combustion processes takes place. The p
22、otential self-heating of SRF can be indirectly measured by the real dynamic respiration index (RDRI), which determines the extent to which easily biodegradable organic matter of a SRF has decomposed. Therefore, the RDRI identifies the actual point reached in the decomposition process and represents
23、a gradation on a recognized scale of values, which thus enables a comparison of potential self-heating. CEN/TS 15590:2007 Licensed Copy: London South Bank University, London South Bank University, Tue Jul 03 01:09:58 GMT+00:00 2007, Uncontrolled Copy, (c) BSI 5 1 Scope This Technical Specification s
24、pecifies a method to determine the current rate of potential microbial self- heating of a solid recovered fuel. The methods indirectly estimate the potential risk of microbial self-heating, odour production, vector attraction etc. The current rate of biodegradation can be expressed in milligrams O2
25、kg TDS-1 h-1. 2 Normative references The following referenced documents are indispensable for the application of this document. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For undated references, the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies. CEN/TS 15357
26、:2006, Solid recovered fuels Terminology, definitions and descriptions 3 Terms and definitions For the purposes of this document, the terms and definitions given in CEN/TS 15357:2006 and the following apply. 3.1 current rate of potential microbial self-heating measure of the metabolic activity of ae
27、robic micro-organisms expressed as the rate of oxygen uptake 3.2 respiration index rate of oxygen uptake expressed as milligram oxygen per kilogram total dry solids (TDS) per hour 3.3 real dynamic respiration test test measuring the respiration index under specific conditions including forced air fl
28、ow 3.4 real dynamic respiration index RDRI average value of the respiration indexes representing 24 h showing the highest aerobic microbial activity (see Figure A.1) 3.5 lag or latency phase interval of time required for the microbial flora to acclimatize during the course of the real dynamic respir
29、ometric test 3.6 total dry solids TDS solid fraction of a sample that does not evaporate following the determination of the humidity (dry at 105 C to a constant weight) 3.7 easily biodegrable organic compounds organic substances available for decomposition by micro-organisms within a real dynamic re
30、spiration test CEN/TS 15590:2007 Licensed Copy: London South Bank University, London South Bank University, Tue Jul 03 01:09:58 GMT+00:00 2007, Uncontrolled Copy, (c) BSI 6 3.8 self-heating condition increase in the temperature of a SRF sample due to the heat generated by aerobic metabolism and/or a
31、uto- oxidation processes 4 Symbols and abbreviations This Technical Specification uses the following symbols and abbreviations: RDRI Real Dynamic Respiration Index TDS total dry solids in kg %TDSrv percent values of total dry solids SRF solid recovered fuel 5 Principle The method for determining the
32、 current rate of aerobic microbial activity specified in this Technical Specification is based on measuring the oxygen uptake rate by micro-organisms to biodegrade easily degradable organic matter of the sample itself under defined continuous airflow and self-heating conditions. 6 Apparatus Dessicat
33、or; Muffle furnace capable of maintaining 550C; Crucibles made of porcelain measuring a diameter of 15 mm and a height of 80 mm; Continuous flow aerobic respirometer: The continuous flow aerobic respirometer is composed of: (see Figure 1) hermetically sealed adiabatic reactor with the minimum operat
34、ing volume expressed in litres, equal to or less than the average sample size expressed in millimeters and not greater than 30 mm (for example, for a sample of average size less than 10 mm, the reactor volume is 10 l). The reactor structure must force the input air to cross the entire sample before
35、leaving the reactor, avoiding mixing the of input air and exhaust air; reactor air-tightness verification system; aeration system provided with flow regulator and capacity gauge; system for sampling oxygen concentration in exhaust air (% v/v); system of data acquisition continuously memorizing the m
36、easured parameters at 1 h intervals. The data memorized must be the average of all values read (at least 60) during the interval considered. CEN/TS 15590:2007 Licensed Copy: London South Bank University, London South Bank University, Tue Jul 03 01:09:58 GMT+00:00 2007, Uncontrolled Copy, (c) BSI 7 K
37、ey 1 SRF container: D internal diameter of reactor H internal height of reactor H/D 1,465 0,080 P thickness of the external walls of the reactor = 70 mm 5 mm valve used to check the reactor air-tightness system 2 flow adjustment and flow meter 3 air pump and probe for measuring of the temperature of
38、 the air inlet 4 oxygen analyzer 5 control and evaluation equipment A Air inlet B Air outlet Figure 1 Diagram of the continuous flow aerobic respirometer CEN/TS 15590:2007 Licensed Copy: London South Bank University, London South Bank University, Tue Jul 03 01:09:58 GMT+00:00 2007, Uncontrolled Copy
39、, (c) BSI 8 7 Procedure 7.1 Step 1 Testing the instrumentation Step 1 consists of the following procedures: Calibrate the probe in air by measuring the oxygen as described in the instruction manual that comes with the probe; Check if the reactor closes properly by making sure that there is no air lo
40、ss between the air entry and air exit points. 7.2 Step 2 Loading the reactor Step 2 consists of the following procedure: Introduce a known weight of untreated sample filling the reactor completely (the exact amount depends by the reactor size, see clause 6) avoiding formation of aggregates or compac
41、ting the SRF. 7.3 Step 3 Analysis set up Step 3 consists of the following procedures: Set up the data acquisition system and measure the parameters (O2 and volume of air) for at least 4 days. The test involves keeping the sample under observation in the respirometer for 1 day to 4 days according to
42、the duration of the lag phase (if present), taking the index value at hourly intervals (RDRIh) (clause 8). Whatever the RDRI trend is at the end of the fourth day, whether it be constant or growing, continue the acquisition until at least 24 values have been recorded (RDRIh) (see Annex A Figure A.1)
43、; Set up an initial flow of air and if necessary, adjust the flow during the analysis to guarantee that values of oxygen concentration in the exhaust air are within the 140 ml/l to 160 ml/l interval. 8 Calculation of the RDRI results The measure of the volume of oxygen consumed by aerobic biological
44、 activity is deduced from the difference in oxygen concentration between the air input into the respirometer and the air output from it (equation 1), and calculated as the average of the hourly Real Respirometric Indices (RDRIh) in the 24 h during which the microbial respiration is highest (equation
45、 2). The final value of the RDRI will therefore be calculated by using the following procedure: identify the maximum RDRIh value (equation 1) reached during the course of the test; identify the next 23 highest consecutive RDRIh values below the maximum RDRIh; calculate the average of the 24 RDRIh va
46、lues identified (See equation 2 and Figure A.1). () TDSV OOQ RDRI g fi h = 98,31 22 (1) CEN/TS 15590:2007 Licensed Copy: London South Bank University, London South Bank University, Tue Jul 03 01:09:58 GMT+00:00 2007, Uncontrolled Copy, (c) BSI 9 24 24 0 = = c t h RDRI RDRI (2) where RDRIh is the Hou
47、rly Real Dynamic Respiration Index (calculated every h); Q is the air flow in l/h; (O2i O2f) is the difference in concentration between oxygen input and output from the respirometer in ml l-1; Vg is the volume occupied by a mole of gas. Assuming the standard value for T1= 273,15 K and P1= 1 atmosphe
48、re equal to Vg1 = 22,4 l x mol-1, the correct value of Vg (Vg,2) at a temperature in degrees Kelvin of air inlet (T2) is calculated using the following expression: 1 2 1 ,2, T T VV gg = (3) 31.98 is the molecular weight of oxygen in g/mol; tc is the time period (24 h) during which the highest consec
49、utive values of RDRIh are recorded (See Figure A.1 phase C); TDS is the total dry solids in absolute values in kg: 100 % RDRIrv kg WTDS TDS = (4) where TDSkg is the weight of total solids in the sample being analysed in kg; %TDSrv is the percent values of total dry solids; WRDRI is the sample weight in kg. Potential rate of microbial self-heating is expressed as Real Dynamic Respiration Index (see