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1、DRAFT FOR DEVELOPMENT DD CEN/TS 15148:2005 Solid biofuels Method for the determination of the content of volatile matter ICS 75.160.10 ? Licensed Copy: London South Bank University, London South Bank University, Tue Dec 12 05:39:38 GMT+00:00 2006, Uncontrolled Copy, (c) BSI DD CEN/TS 15148:2005 This
2、 Draft for Development was published under the authority of the Standards Policy and Strategy Committee on 2 February 2006 BSI 2 February 2006 ISBN 0 580 47740 1 National foreword This Draft for Development is the official English language version of CEN/TS 15148:2005. This publication is not to be
3、regarded as a British Standard. It is being issued in the Draft for Development series of publications and is of a provisional nature because the new edition of the international document has been issued as a Technical Specification and is open to further development. It should be applied on this pr
4、ovisional basis, so that information and experience of its practical application may be obtained. Comments arising from the use of this Draft for Development are requested so that UK experience can be reported to the European organization responsible for its conversion to a European standard. A revi
5、ew of this publication will be initiated 2 years after its publication by the European organization so that a decision can be taken on its status at the end of its 3-year life. Notification of the start of the review period will be made in an announcement in the appropriate issue of Update Standards
6、. According to the replies received by the end of the review period, the responsible BSI Committee will decide whether to support the conversion into a European standard, to extend the life of the Technical Specification or to withdraw it. Comments should be sent in writing to the Secretary of BSI T
7、echnical Committee PTI/17, Solid biofuels, at British Standards House, 389 Chiswick High Road, London W4 4AL, giving the document reference and clause number and proposing, where possible, an appropriate revision of the text. A list of organizations represented on this committee can be obtained on r
8、equest to its secretary. Cross-references The British Standards which implement international or European publications referred to in this document may be found in the BSI Catalogue under the section entitled “International Standards Correspondence Index”, or by using the “Search” facility of the BS
9、I Electronic Catalogue or of British Standards Online. This publication does not purport to include all the necessary provisions of a contract. Users are responsible for its correct application. Summary of pages This document comprises a front cover, an inside front cover, the CEN/TS title page, pag
10、es 2 to 11 and a back cover. The BSI copyright notice displayed in this document indicates when the document was last issued. Amendments issued since publication Amd. No. DateComments Licensed Copy: London South Bank University, London South Bank University, Tue Dec 12 05:39:38 GMT+00:00 2006, Uncon
11、trolled Copy, (c) BSI TECHNICAL SPECIFICATION SPCIFICATION TECHNIQUE TECHNISCHE SPEZIFIKATION CEN/TS 15148 December 2005 ICS 75.160.10 English Version Solid biofuels - Method for the determination of the content of volatile matter Combustibles solides - Mthode de dtermination de la teneur en matires
12、 volatiles Feste Biobrennstoffe - Verfahren zur Bestimmung des Gehaltes an flchtigen Substanzen This Technical Specification (CEN/TS) was approved by CEN on 4 June 2005 for provisional application. The period of validity of this CEN/TS is limited initially to three years. After two years the members
13、 of CEN will be requested to submit their comments, particularly on the question whether the CEN/TS can be converted into a European Standard. CEN members are required to announce the existence of this CEN/TS in the same way as for an EN and to make the CEN/TS available promptly at national level in
14、 an appropriate form. It is permissible to keep conflicting national standards in force (in parallel to the CEN/TS) until the final decision about the possible conversion of the CEN/TS into an EN is reached. CEN members are the national standards bodies of Austria, Belgium, Cyprus, Czech Republic, D
15、enmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland and United Kingdom. EUROPEAN COMMITTEE FOR STANDARDIZATION COMIT EUROPEN DE NORMALISATION E
16、UROPISCHES KOMITEE FR NORMUNG Management Centre: rue de Stassart, 36 B-1050 Brussels 2005 CENAll rights of exploitation in any form and by any means reserved worldwide for CEN national Members. Ref. No. CEN/TS 15148:2005: E Licensed Copy: London South Bank University, London South Bank University, T
17、ue Dec 12 05:39:38 GMT+00:00 2006, Uncontrolled Copy, (c) BSI 2 Contents Page Foreword 3 Introduction4 1 Scope.5 2 Normative references .5 3 Terms and definitions.5 4 Principle.5 5 Apparatus5 6 Temperature calibration .8 7 Preparation of the test sample.8 8 Procedure9 9 Calculation.9 10 Precision10
18、11 Test report.10 Bibliography.11 CEN/TS 15148:2005 Licensed Copy: London South Bank University, London South Bank University, Tue Dec 12 05:39:38 GMT+00:00 2006, Uncontrolled Copy, (c) BSI 3 Foreword This Technical Specification (CEN/TS 15148:2005) has been prepared by Technical Committee CEN/TC 33
19、5 “Solid Biofuels”, the secretariat of which is held by SIS. According to the CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulations, the national standards organizations of the following countries are bound to announce this CEN Technical Specification: Austria, Belgium, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland,
20、 France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland and United Kingdom. CEN/TS 15148:2005 Licensed Copy: London South Bank University, London South Bank University, Tue
21、 Dec 12 05:39:38 GMT+00:00 2006, Uncontrolled Copy, (c) BSI 4 Introduction The volatile matter is determined as the loss in mass, less that due to moisture, when solid biofuel is heated out of contact with air under standardised conditions. The test is empirical and, in order to ensure reproducible
22、results, it is essential that the rate of heating, the final temperature and the overall duration of the test are carefully controlled. It is also essential to exclude air from the solid biofuel during heating to prevent oxidation. The fit of the crucible lid is therefore critical. The moisture cont
23、ent of the general analysis sample is determined at the same time as the volatile matter so that the appropriate correction can be made. CEN/TS 15148:2005 Licensed Copy: London South Bank University, London South Bank University, Tue Dec 12 05:39:38 GMT+00:00 2006, Uncontrolled Copy, (c) BSI 5 1 Sco
24、pe This working document aims to define the requirements and method used for the determination of volatile matter of solid biofuels. It is intended for persons and organisations that manufacture, plan, sell, erect or use machinery, equipment, tools and entire plants related to solid biofuels, and to
25、 all persons and organisations involved in producing, purchasing, selling and utilising solid biofuels. The volatile matter is determined as the loss in mass, less that due to moisture, when solid biofuel is heated out of contact with air under standardized conditions. 2 Normative references The fol
26、lowing referenced documents are indispensable for the application of this document. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For undated references, the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies. CEN/TS 14588:2003, Solid biofuels Terminology, definitio
27、ns and descriptions CEN/TS 14774-3, Solid biofuels Methods for the determination of moisture content Oven dry method Part 3: Moisture in general analysis sample CEN/TS 14780, Solid biofuels Methods for sample preparation 3 Terms and definitions For the purposes of this Technical Specification, the t
28、erms and definitions given in CEN/TS 14588:2003 shall apply. 4 Principle A test portion of the general analysis sample is heated out of contact with ambient air at 900 C 10 C for 7 min. The percentage of volatile matter is calculated from the loss in mass of the test portion after deducting the loss
29、 in mass due to moisture. 5 Apparatus 5.1 Furnace The furnace shall be heated by electricity, in which a zone of uniform temperature of 900 C 10 C can be maintained. It may be of the stop-ended type or fitted at the back with a flue (see Figure 1, as example). NOTE It is important for furnaces with
30、flues that the furnace door seals well. The flue should not reach far out of the oven and should be fitted with a butterfly valve to restrict airflow through the furnace. Its heat capacity shall be such that, with an initial temperature of 900 C 10C, the temperature is regained within 4 min after in
31、sertion of a cold stand and its crucibles. The temperature is measured with a thermocouple, as described in 5.2. Normally the furnace will be designed specifically either for multiple determinations using a number of crucibles in one stand or for receiving one crucible and its stand. CEN/TS 15148:20
32、05 Licensed Copy: London South Bank University, London South Bank University, Tue Dec 12 05:39:38 GMT+00:00 2006, Uncontrolled Copy, (c) BSI 6 The crucible stand shall be placed in the middle of the furnace. The temperature of 900 C shall be attained as closely as possible with a specified tolerance
33、 of 10 C in order to compensate for inherent errors in the temperature measurement and lack of uniformity in the temperature distribution. 5.2 Thermocouple A sheathed thermocouple shall be permanently installed in the furnace (see Figure 1) with its thermojunction as close as possible to the centre
34、of the heating chamber. An unsheathed thermocouple long enough to reach the centre of the heating chamber. This thermocouple is used for calibration. 5.3 Crucible The crucible shall be cylindrical, with a well-fitting lid, both of fused silica. The crucible with lid shall have a mass between 10 g an
35、d 14 g and dimensions approximating to those shown in Figure 2. The fit of the lid on the crucible is critical to the determination and a lid shall be selected to match the crucible so that the horizontal clearance between them is no greater than 0,5 mm. After selection, the crucible and the lid sha
36、ll be ground together to give smooth surfaces and then be given a common distinguishing mark. 5.4 Crucible stand The crucible stand on which the crucible is placed in the furnace, shall be such that the appropriate rate of heating can be achieved. For example, it may consist of the following: a) for
37、 single determinations, a ring of heat-resistant steel wire as shown in Figure 3 a) with ceramic discs, 25 mm diameter and 2 mm thick, resting on the inner projection of its legs or b) for multiple determinations, a tray of heat-resistant steel wire as shown in Figure 3 b), of appropriate size, with
38、 ceramic plates 2 mm thick supporting the crucibles. 5.5 Balance The balance shall be capable of reading to the nearest 0,1 mg. CEN/TS 15148:2005 Licensed Copy: London South Bank University, London South Bank University, Tue Dec 12 05:39:38 GMT+00:00 2006, Uncontrolled Copy, (c) BSI 7 Figure 1 Examp
39、le of suitable furnace Figure 2 Silica crucible and lid CEN/TS 15148:2005 Licensed Copy: London South Bank University, London South Bank University, Tue Dec 12 05:39:38 GMT+00:00 2006, Uncontrolled Copy, (c) BSI 8 Figure 3 Examples of crucible stands 6 Temperature calibration The furnace temperature
40、 readings shall be checked at regular time intervals with an unsheathed calibrated thermocouple. The unsheathed thermocouple (see Clause 5) shall be positioned as close as possible to the area of the permanently installed thermocouple. NOTE The temperature/electromotive force relationship of a therm
41、ojunction maintained at elevated temperatures gradually changes with time. 7 Preparation of the test sample The test sample is the general analysis sample with a nominal top size of 1 mm or less, prepared in accordance with CEN/TS 14780. The general analysis sample shall be well mixed and in moistur
42、e equilibrium with the laboratory atmosphere, or oven-dry (dried by the same procedure as described in CEN/TS 14774-3). CEN/TS 15148:2005 Licensed Copy: London South Bank University, London South Bank University, Tue Dec 12 05:39:38 GMT+00:00 2006, Uncontrolled Copy, (c) BSI 9 A test portion of the
43、general analysis sample shall be separated for the determination of moisture content at the same time to the determination of volatile matter. The moisture content shall be determined according to CEN/TS 14774-3). 8 Procedure Fill either a stand with one empty crucible and lid (Figure 3 a) or a stan
44、d with the requisite number of empty crucibles and lids (Figure 3 b) and insert in the oven. Maintain at 900 C 10 C for 7 min. Remove the crucible(s) from the furnace and allow to cool to room temperature on a plate of thermo-resistant material and store in desiccator. Weigh cool empty crucible(s) a
45、nd lid(s) and weigh 1 g 0,1 g test portion of the general analysis sample into the crucible(s) to the nearest 0,1 mg. . Replace the lid(s) and tap the crucible(s) on a clean hard surface until the test portion forms a layer of even thickness on the bottom of the crucible Place the charged crucible(s
46、) in a cold stand, transfer to the furnace, close the door and leave for 7 min 5 s. Remove and allow to cool to room temperature on a thermo-resistant plate. When cool, weigh the crucible(s) to the nearest 0,1 mg. NOTE 1 The same treatment of the crucible before and after the determination minimizes
47、 the effect of any film of water adsorbed on its surface, while the rapid cooling reduces absorption of moisture by the solid biofuel residue. NOTE 2 If multiple determinations are being made, any vacant places in the stand should be filled with empty crucibles. NOTE 3 For some types of solid biofue
48、ls it may be necessary to carry out the determination on dry sample in order to avoid loss of material due to violent reactions during the heating process. In this case the charged crucibles are dried at 105C and cooled, according to CEN/TS 14774-3, before the transfer in the furnace. 9 Calculation
49、The volatile matter Vd in the sample, expressed as a percentage by mass on the dry basis, is given by the equation: ) 100 100 ( )(100 12 32 ad ad M M mm mm Vd = where m1 is the mass, in grams, of the empty crucible and lid; m2 is the mass, in grams, of the crucible and lid and test portion before heating; m3 is the mass, in grams, of the crucible and lid and contents after heating; Mad is the moisture, as a percentage by mass, in the general analys