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1、MANUAL BASIC DATA AND PHASE BEHAVIOUR METHODS DEP 20.00.10.10-Gen. April 1993 DESIGN AND ENGINEERING PRACTICE USED BY COMPANIES OF THE ROYAL DUTCH/SHELL GROUP This document is confidential. Neither the whole nor any part of this document may be disclosed to any third party without the prior written
2、consent of Shell Internationale Petroleum Maatschappij B.V., The Hague, the Netherlands. The copyright of this document is vested in Shell Internationale Petroleum Maatschappij B.V., The Hague, the Netherlands. All rights reserved. Neither the whole nor any part of this document may be reproduced, s
3、tored in any retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means (electronic, mechanical, reprographic, recording or otherwise) without the prior written consent of the copyright owner. PDF created with pdfFactory Pro trial version PREFACE DEP (Design and Engineering Practice) publications
4、reflect the views, at the time of publication, of: Shell International Oil Products B.V. (SIOP) and Shell International Exploration and Production B.V. (SIEP) and Shell International Chemicals B.V. (SIC) The Hague, The Netherlands, and other Service Companies. They are based on the experience acquir
5、ed during their involvementwith the design, construction, operation and maintenance of processing units and facilities, and they are supplemented with the experience of Group Operating companies. Where appropriate they are based on, or reference is made to, national and international standards and c
6、odes of practice. The objective is to set the recommendedstandard for good design and engineeringpractice applied by Group companies operating an oil refinery, gas handling installation, chemical plant, oil and gas production facility, or any other such facility, and thereby to achieve maximum techn
7、ical and economic benefit from standardization. The information set forth in these publications is provided to users for their consideration and decision to implement. This is of particular importance where DEPs may not cover every requirement or diversity of condition at each locality. The system o
8、f DEPs is expected to be sufficiently flexible to allow individual operating companies to adapt the information set forth in DEPs to their own environment and requirements. When Contractors or Manufacturers/Suppliers use DEPs they shall be solely responsible for the quality of work and the attainmen
9、t of the required design and engineering standards. In particular, for those requirements not specifically covered, the Principal will expect them to follow those design and engineering practices which will achieve the same level of integrity as reflected in the DEPs. If in doubt, the Contractor or
10、Manufacturer/Supplier shall, without detracting from his own responsibility, consult the Principal or its technical advisor. The right to use DEPs is granted by SIOP, SIEP or SIC, in most cases under Service Agreements primarily with companies of the Royal Dutch/Shell Group and other companies recei
11、ving technical advice and services from SIOP, SIEP or SIC. Consequently, three categories of users of DEPs can be distinguished: 1)Operating companies having a Service Agreement with SIOP, SIEP, SIC or other Service Company. The use of DEPs by these Operating companies is subject in all respects to
12、the terms and conditions of the relevant Service Agreement. 2)Other parties who are authorized to use DEPs subject to appropriate contractual arrangements. 3)Contractors/subcontractors and Manufacturers/Suppliers under a contract with users referred to under 1) or 2) which requires that tenders for
13、projects, materials supplied or - generally - work performed on behalf of the said users comply with the relevant standards. Subject to any particular terms and conditions as may be set forth in specific agreements with users, SIOP, SIEP and SIC disclaim any liability of whatsoever nature for any da
14、mage (including injury or death) suffered by any company or person whomsoever as a result of or in connection with the use, application or implementation of any DEP, combination of DEPs or any part thereof. The benefit of this disclaimer shall inure in all respects to SIOP, SIEP, SIC and/or any comp
15、any affiliated to these companies that may issue DEPs or require the use of DEPs. Without prejudice to any specific terms in respect of confidentiality under relevant contractual arrangements, DEPs shall not, without the prior written consent of SIOP and SIEP, be disclosed by users to any company or
16、 person whomsoever and the DEPs shall be used exclusively for the purpose for which they have been provided to the user. They shall be returned after use, including any copies which shall only be made by users with the express prior written consent of SIOP and SIEP. The copyright of DEPs vests in SI
17、OP and SIEP. Users shall arrange for DEPs to be held in safe custody and SIOP or SIEP may at any time require information satisfactory to them in order to ascertain how users implement this requirement. All administrative queries should be directed to the DEP Administrator in SIOP. NOTE: In addition
18、 to DEP publications there are Standard Specifications and Draft DEPs for Development (DDDs). DDDs generally introduce new procedures or techniques that will probably need updating as further experience develops during their use. The above requirements for distribution and use of DEPs are also appli
19、cable to Standard Specifications and DDDs. Standard Specifications and DDDs will gradually be replaced by DEPs. DEP 20.00.10.10-Gen. April 1993 Page 2 PDF created with pdfFactory Pro trial version TABLE OF CONTENTS 1.INTRODUCTION .5 1.1SCOPE 5 1.2DISTRIBUTION, INTENDED USE AND REGULATORY CONSIDERAT
20、IONS5 1.3DEFINITIONS 5 1.4ABBREVIATIONS 6 1.5CROSS-REFERENCES 6 2.GLOSSARY OF TERMS .7 3.COMPUTER PROGRAMS 8 3.1SHELL .8 3.2COMMERCIAL 9 4.THERMODYNAMIC BACKGROUND .10 4.1EQUATIONS OF STATE.10 4.2LIQUID ACTIVITY METHODS.12 5.PHASE BEHAVIOUR PREDICTION .14 5.1IDEAL METHODS .15 5.2EQUATIONS OF STATE.1
21、7 5.3LIQUID ACTIVITY METHODS.22 5.4BLACK OIL CORRELATIONS .25 6.PHYSICAL PROPERTY DATABASES .26 6.1SHELL .26 6.2COMMERCIAL 27 7.LIQUID DENSITY METHODS .29 7.1SHELL .29 7.2COMMERCIAL 29 8.TRANSPORT PROPERTY METHODS.31 8.1LIQUID AND VAPOUR VISCOSITY 31 8.2SURFACE TENSION.33 8.3LIQUID AND VAPOUR THERMA
22、L CONDUCTIVITY 33 9.PSEUDO-COMPONENT CHARACTERISATION .35 9.1SPLITTING THE HEAVY FRACTION35 9.2ASSIGNMENT OF PHYSICAL PROPERTIES 36 10.NON-IDEAL PHASE BEHAVIOUR .40 10.1LIQUID-LIQUID SYSTEMS40 10.2SOUR GASES.41 10.3TRACE METALS .42 11.SYSTEM RECOMMENDATIONS 43 11.1NATURAL GAS .43 11.2GAS CONDENSATE
23、.43 11.3BLACK OIL 44 APPENDICES .45 APPENDICES APPENDIX 1GENERALISED EXPRESSIONS FOR SMIRK BINARY INTERACTION COEFFICIENTS .46 APPENDIX 2GENERALISED EXPRESSIONS FOR SMIRK BINARY INTERACTION COEFFICIENTS WITH WATER .47 DEP 20.00.10.10-Gen. April 1993 Page 3 PDF created with pdfFactory Pro trial versi
24、on APPENDIX 3PRESENCE OF BINARY INTERACTION COEFFICIENTS FOR THESRKKD METHOD IN SIMSCI DATABASE 48 APPENDIX 4PRESENCE OF BINARY INTERACTION COEFFICIENTS FOR THE SRKM METHOD IN SIMSCI DATABASE.49 APPENDIX 5PRESENCE OF BINARY INTERACTION COEFFICIENTS (SMIRK) AND EXPERIMENTAL DATA .50 APPENDIX 6SELECT
25、ION TREE FOR HEAVY ENDS CHARACTERISATION . 51 APPENDIX 7AVAILABILITY MATRIX OF PHASE BEHAVIOUR MODELS AND SIMULATION PROGRAMS 52 APPENDIX 8THERMODYNAMIC METHODS SELECTION TREE. 53 DEP 20.00.10.10-Gen. April 1993 Page 4 PDF created with pdfFactory Pro trial version 1.INTRODUCTION 1.1SCOPE This is a
26、new DEP which provides users of process, production and reservoir simulation programs with guidance on the application of basic data and the physical property predictive routines contained therein. It provides an overview of the major predictive methods complete with a list of programs in which they
27、 are utilised. For each, there is a brief description and a discussion on areas of applicability and recommended applications. In this DEP, reference is made to proprietary computer packages. Other packages with the same or similar functionality are available and may be used with the agreement of th
28、e Principal. 1.2DISTRIBUTION, INTENDED USE AND REGULATORY CONSIDERATIONS Unless otherwise authorised by SIPM, the distribution of this DEP is confined to companies forming part of the Royal Dutch/Shell Group or managed by a Group company, and to Contractors nominated by them (i.e. the distribution c
29、ode is “C“ as described in DEP 00.00.05.05-Gen). This DEP is intended for use primarily in exploration and production applications but may also be applied in oil refineries, chemical plants, gas plants and supply/marketing installations. If national and/or local regulations exist in which some of th
30、e requirements may be more stringent than in this DEP, the Contractor shall determine by careful scrutiny which of the requirements are the more stringent and which combination of requirements will be acceptable as regards safety, environmental, economic and legal aspects. In all cases the Contracto
31、r shall inform the Principal of any deviation from the requirements of this DEP which is considered to be necessary in order to comply with the national and/or local regulations. The Principal may then negotiate with the Authorities concerned with the object of obtaining agreement to follow this DEP
32、 as closely as possible. 1.3DEFINITIONS 1.3.1General definitions The Contractor is the party which carries out all or part of the design, engineering, procurement, construction, commissioning or management of a project or operation of a facility. The Principal may undertake all or part of the duties
33、 of the Contractor. The Principal is the party which initiates the project and ultimately pays for its design and construction. The Principal will generally specify the technical requirements. The Principal may also include an agent or consultant authorised to act for, and on behalf of, the Principa
34、l. The word shall indicates a requirement. The word should indicates a recommendation. DEP 20.00.10.10-Gen. April 1993 Page 5 PDF created with pdfFactory Pro trial version 1.4ABBREVIATIONS EP - Exploration and Production (a Function in SIPM and the Royal Dutch/Shell Group) EOS - Equation of State K
35、SLA - Koninklijke/Shell-Laboratorium, Amsterdam KSEPL - Koninklijke/Shell Exploratie en Produktie Laboratorium MF - Manufacturing (a Function in SIPM and the Royal Dutch/Shell Group) MW - Molecular weight PVT - Pressure, Volume and Temperature VLE - Vapour - Liquid Equilibria VLLE - Vapour - Liquid
36、- Liquid Equilibria 1.5CROSS-REFERENCES Where cross-references to other parts of this DEP are made, the referenced section number is shown in brackets. The documents listed in the bibliographies are for information only and do not form an integral part of this DEP. The Shell Group documents cannot b
37、e made available without express approval of the Principal. DEP 20.00.10.10-Gen. April 1993 Page 6 PDF created with pdfFactory Pro trial version 2.GLOSSARY OF TERMS Basic Data: This comprises all elements, data as well as programs, which are required to describe and predict the phase behaviour and
38、physical properties of chemical mixtures at any specific condition. Binary interaction coefficient: A constant which accounts for the deviation from ideality for two component mixtures. These are specific to one equation of state as they are calculated by regression of measured data. For example, th
39、ose coefficients used in SMIRK (5.2.1) are quite different from those used in SRK (5.2.5), both in value and number. The coefficients used in a liquid activity method are essentially regression constants used to calculate the liquid activity coefficient. Daltons Law: The pressure exerted by a mixtur
40、e of gases is equal to the sum of the partial pressures of the component gases. Equilibrium coefficient or K value: This coefficient or ratio describes the distribution of a component between phases and is the keystone of all phase calculations. The higher the value the more volatile the component.
41、A simple concept but a complicated function of pressure, temperature and composition. Equation of state: An equation which describes the relationship between pressure, temperature and molar volume for any homogeneous fluid at equilibrium. Fugacity: Translated literally it means escaping tendency and
42、 is an indication of the ability of a component to move between phases. At equilibrium, the fugacities of all phases are equal. For ideal gases where intermolecular interaction is, by definition, negligible, the fugacity and partial pressure of a component are identical. Henrys Law: The partial pres
43、sure developed by a solute in a solvent is directly proportional to the mole fraction of the solute in the solvent. This is only true for low concentrations of solute. Ideal gas: An ideal gas is one where the volume occupied by the molecules is infinitesimal when compared to the total volume occupie
44、d by the gas, i.e. the intermolecular force of attraction approaches zero. Liquid activity coefficient: The ratio of the fugacity of a component in a mixture and in its pure state, at the same physical conditions, divided by its mole fraction in the mixture. Parachor: A parameter describing the infl
45、uence that a density difference between phases has on surface tension. Principle of corresponding states: All gases when compared at the same reduced temperature and pressure have approximately the same compressibility factor and all deviate from ideality to the same degree. Raoults Law: The vapour
46、pressure exerted by a component in ideal solution condition is directly proportional to its mole fraction. DEP 20.00.10.10-Gen. April 1993 Page 7 PDF created with pdfFactory Pro trial version 3.COMPUTER PROGRAMS Listed below are the various programs used within the EP function which utilise basic d
47、ata. 3.1SHELL ASPHALT: A simple phase behaviour program for calculating asphaltene equilibria in reservoir fluids. Developed by KSEPL. BOSIM/EOSIM:Non-compositional(black oil/volatileoil) and compositionalreservoir simulators respectively. C7PLUS: Converts the reported heavy end fraction of a hydroc
48、arbon stream into a number of pseudo-components. The split is then tuned to match laboratory PVT data or well test results. GAS FIELD PLANNING TOOL: An amalgamation of BOSIM and PIPEPHASE designed to allow optimumdevelopmentandutilisationof gasreservoirs.A non-compositional simulator. HERCULES: Hydr
49、ate prediction program. It uses a five phase flash routine developed by KSEPL to predict component distribution. KSLA are currently working on a replacement program due for end of 1993. PVTPACK: A general purpose physical properties and phase behaviour package for use in reservoir engineering. It contains its own heavy end splitter routine, various equations of state and databases. SHAMROCK: A general purpose phase behaviour simulation program developed and supported