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1、 PART 1 Introduction to Managerial Finance CHAPTERS IN THIS PART 1 The Role and Environment of Managerial Finance 2 Financial Statements and Analysis 3 Cash Flow and Financial Planning INTEGRATIVE CASE 1: TRACK SOFTWARE, INC. 3 CHAPTER 1 The Role and Environment of Managerial Finance INSTRUCTORS RES
2、OURCES Overview This chapter introduces the student to the field of finance and explores career opportunities in both financial services and managerial finance. The three basic legal forms of business organization (sole proprietorship, partnership, and corporation) and their strengths and weaknesses
3、 are described, as well as the relationship between major parties in a corporation. The managerial finance function is defined and differentiated from economics and accounting. The chapter then summarizes the three key activities of the financial manager: financial analysis and planning, investment
4、decisions, and financing decisions. A discussion of the financial managers goals maximizing shareholder wealth and preserving stakeholder wealth and the role of ethics in meeting these goals is presented. The chapter includes discussion of the agency problem the conflict that exists between managers
5、 and owners in a large corporation. Money and capital markets and their major components are introduced in this chapter. The final section covers a discussion of the impact of taxation on the firms financial activities. PMF DISK This chapters topics are not covered on the PMF Tutor, PMF Problem-Solv
6、er, or the PMF Templates. Study Guide The following Study Guide example is suggested for classroom presentation: Example Topic 1 Earnings per share 3 Income tax calculation Part 1 Introduction to Managerial Finance 4 ANSWERS TO REVIEW QUESTIONS 1-1 Finance is the art and science of managing money. F
7、inance affects all individuals, businesses, and governments in the process of the transfer of money through institutions, markets, and instruments. 1-2 Financial services is the area of finance concerned with the design and delivery of advice and financial products to individuals, businesses, and go
8、vernment. Managerial finance encompasses the functions of budgeting, financial forecasting, credit administration, investment analysis, and funds procurement for the firm. Managerial finance is the management of the firms funds within the firm. This field offers many career opportunities, including
9、financial analyst, capital budgeting analyst, and cash manager (Note: Other answers possible). 1-3 Sole proprietorships are the most common form of business organization, while corporations are responsible for the majority of business receipts and profits. Corporations account for the majority of bu
10、siness receipts and profits because they receive certain tax advantages and can expand more easily due to access to capital markets. 1-4 Stockholders are the true owners, through equity in common and preferred stock, of a corporation. They elect the board of directors, which has the ultimate authori
11、ty to guide corporate affairs and set general policy. The board is usually composed of key corporate personnel and outside directors. The president (CEO) reports to the board. He or she is responsible for day-to-day operations and carrying out policies established by the board. The owners of the cor
12、poration do not have a direct relationship with management but give their input through the election of board members and voting on major charter issues. The owners of the firm are compensated through the receipt of cash dividends paid by the firm or by realizing capital gains through increases in t
13、he price of their common stock shares. 1-5 The most popular form of limited liability organizations other than corporations are: ? Limited partnerships A partnership with at least one general partner with unlimited liability and one or more limited partners that have limited liability. In return for
14、 the limited liability, the limited partners are prohibited from active management of the partnership. ? S corporation If certain requirements are met, the S corporation can be taxed as a partnership but receive most of the benefits of the corporate form of organization. Chapter 1 The Role and Envir
15、onment of Managerial Finance 5 ? Limited liability corporation (LLC) This form of organization is like an S corporation in that it is taxed as a partnership but primarily functions like a corporation. The LLC differs from the S corporation in that it is allowed to own other corporations and be owned
16、 by other corporations, partnerships, and non-U.S. residents. ? Limited liability partnership (LLP) A partnership form authorized by many states that gives the partners limited liability from the acts of other partners, but not from personal individual acts of malpractice. The LLP is taxed as a part
17、nership. This form is most frequently used by legal and accounting professionals. These firms generally do not have large numbers of owners. Most typically have fewer than 100 owners. 1-6 Virtually every function within a firm is in some way connected with the receipt or disbursement of cash. The ca
18、sh relationship may be associated with the generation of sales through the marketing department, the incurring of raw material costs through purchasing, or the earnings of production workers. Since finance deals primarily with management of cash for operation of the firm every person within the firm
19、 needs to be knowledgeable of finance to effectively work with employees of the financial departments. 1-7 The treasurer or financial manager within the mature firm must make decisions with respect to handling financial planning, acquisition of fixed assets, obtaining funds to finance fixed assets,
20、managing working capital needs, managing the pension fund, managing foreign exchange, and distribution of corporate earnings to owners. 1-8 Finance is often considered a form of applied economics. Firms operate within the economy and must be aware of economic principles, changes in economic activity
21、, and economic policy. Principles developed in economic theory are applied to specific areas in finance. From macroeconomics comes the institutional structure in which money and credit flows take place. From microeconomics, finance draws the primary principle used in financial management, marginal a
22、nalysis. Since this analysis of marginal benefits and costs is a critical component of most financial decisions, the financial manager needs basic economic knowledge. 1-9 a. Accountants operate on an accrual basis, recognizing revenues at the point of sale and expenses when incurred. The financial m
23、anager focuses on the actual inflows and outflows of cash, recognizing revenues when actually received and expenses when actually paid. b. The accountant primarily gathers and presents financial data; the financial manager devotes attention primarily to decision making through analysis of financial
24、data. Part 1 Introduction to Managerial Finance 6 1-10 The two key activities of the financial manager as related to the firms balance sheet are: (1) Making investment decisions: Determining both the most efficient level and the best mix of assets; and (2) Making financing decisions: Establishing an
25、d maintaining the proper mix of short- and long-term financing and raising needed financing in the most economical fashion. Making investment decisions concerns the left-hand side of the balance sheet (current and fixed assets). Making financing decisions deals with the right-hand side of the balanc
26、e sheet (current liabilities, long-term debt, and stockholders equity). 1-11 Profit maximization is not consistent with wealth maximization due to: (1) the timing of earnings per share, (2) earnings which do not represent cash flows available to stockholders, and (3) a failure to consider risk. 1-12
27、 Risk is the chance that actual outcomes may differ from expected outcomes. Financial managers must consider both risk and return because of their inverse effect on the share price of the firm. Increased risk may decrease the share price, while increased return may increase the share price. 1-13 The
28、 goal of the firm, and therefore all managers, is to maximize shareholder wealth. This goal is measured by share price; an increasing price per share of common stock relative to the stock market as a whole indicates achievement of this goal. 1-14 Mathematically, economic value added (EVA) is the aft
29、er-tax operating profits a firm earns from an investment minus the cost of funds used to finance the investment. If the resulting value is positive (negative), shareholders wealth is increased (decreased) by the investment. EVA is used for determining if an existing or planned investment will result
30、 in an increase in shareholder wealth, and should thus be continued in order to fulfill the financial management function of maximizing shareholder wealth. 1-15 In recent years the magnitude and severity of “white collar crime“ has increased dramatically, with a corresponding emphasis on prosecution
31、 by government authorities. As a result, the actions of all corporations and their executives have been subjected to closer scrutiny. This increased scrutiny of this type of crime has resulted in many firms establishing corporate ethics guidelines and policies to cover employee actions in dealing wi
32、th all corporate constituents. The adoption of high ethical standards by a corporation strengthens its competitive position by reducing the potential for litigation, maintaining a positive image, and building Chapter 1 The Role and Environment of Managerial Finance 7 shareholder confidence. The resu
33、lt is enhancement of long-term value and a positive effect on share price. 1-16 Market forces for example, shareholder activism from large institutional investors can reduce or avoid the agency problem because these groups can use their voting power to elect new directors who support their objective
34、s and will act to replace poorly performing managers. In this way, these groups place pressure on management to take actions that maximize shareholder wealth. The threat of hostile takeovers also acts as a deterrent to the agency problem. Hostile takeovers occur when a company or group not supported
35、 by existing management attempts to acquire the firm. Because the acquirer looks for companies that are poorly managed and undervalued, this threat motivates managers to act in the best interests of the firms owners. 1-17 Firms incur agency costs to prevent or minimize agency problems. It is unclear
36、 whether they are effective in practice. The four categories of agency cost are monitoring expenditures incurred by the owners for audit and control procedures, bonding expenditures to protect against the potential consequences of dishonest acts by managers, structuring expenditures that use manager
37、ial compensation plans to provide financial incentives for managerial actions consistent with share price maximization, and opportunity costs resulting from the difficulties typically encountered by large organizations in responding to new opportunities. Structuring expenditures are currently the mo
38、st popular way to deal with the agency problem and also the most powerful and expensive. Compensation plans can be either incentive or performance plans. Incentive plans tie management performance to share price. Managers may receive stock options giving them the right to purchase stock at a set pri
39、ce. This provides the incentive to take actions that maximize stock price so that the price will rise above the options price level. This form of compensation plan has fallen from favor recently because market behavior, which has a significant effect on share price, is not under managements control.
40、 As a result, performance plans are more popular today. With these, compensation is based on performance measures, such as earnings per share (EPS), EPS growth, or other return ratios. Managers may receive performance shares and/or cash bonuses when stated performance goals are reached. In practice,
41、 recent studies have been unable to document any significant correlation between CEO compensation and share price. 1-18 The key participants in financial transactions are individuals, businesses, and governments. These parties participate both as suppliers and demanders of funds. Individuals are net
42、 suppliers, which means that they save more dollars than they borrow, while both businesses and governments are net demanders since they Part 1 Introduction to Managerial Finance 8 borrow more than they save. One could say that individuals provide the excess funds required by businesses and governme
43、nts. 1-19 Financial markets provide a forum in which suppliers of funds and demanders of loans and investments can transact business directly. Primary market is the name used to denote the fact that a security is being issued by the demander of funds to the supplier of funds. An example would be Mic
44、rosoft Corporation selling new shares of common stock to the public. Secondary market refers to the trading of securities among investors subsequent to the primary market issuance. In secondary market trading, no new funds are being raised by the demander of funds. The security is trading ownership
45、among investors. An example would be individual “A” buying common stock of Microsoft through a broker. Financial institutions and financial markets are not independent of each other. It is quite common to find financial institutions actively participating in both the money market and the capital mar
46、ket as both suppliers and demanders of funds. Financial institutions often channel their investments and obtain needed financing through the financial markets. This relationship exists since these institutions must use the structure of the financial marketplace to find a supplier of funds. 1-20 The
47、money market is a financial relationship between the suppliers and demanders of short-term debt securities maturing in one year or less, such as U.S. Treasury bills, commercial paper, and negotiable certificates of deposit. The money market has no one specific physical location. Typically the suppli
48、ers and demanders are matched through the facilities of large banks in New York City and through government securities dealers. 1-21 The Eurocurrency market is the international equivalent of the U.S. money market and is used for short-term bank time deposits denominated in dollars or other major cu
49、rrencies. These deposits can be lent by the banks to creditworthy corporations, governments, or other banks at the London Interbank Offered Rate (LIBOR) the base rate used for all Eurocurrency loans. 1-22 The capital market is a financial relationship created by a number of institutions and arrangements that allows the suppliers and demanders of long-term funds (with maturities greater than one year) to make transactions. The key securities traded in the capital markets are bonds plus common and preferred stock. 1-23 Securities exchanges provide a fo