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1、I A E ? Safety Guides and Safety Practices are issued under the authority of the Director General of the IAEA. An additional category, Safety Reports (purple cover), comprises independent reports of expert groups on safety matters, including the development of new princi- ples, advanced concepts and
2、 major issues and events. These reports are issued under the authority of the Director General of the IAEA. There are other publications of the IAEA which also contain information important to safety, in particular in the Proceedings Series (papers presented at symposia and conferences), the Technic
3、al Reports Series (emphasis on technological aspects) and the IAEA-TECDOC Series (information usually in a preliminary form). -,-,- IAEA 50-SG-SL (REVtL) 91 9006333 0007539 937 EARTHQUAKES AND ASSOCIATED TOPICS IN RELATION TO NUCLEAR POWER PLANT SITING A Safety Guide IAEA 50-SG-SL (REV*L) 91 900b33L
4、 0007540 659 = The following States are Members of the International Atomic Energy Agency: AFGHANISTAN ALBANIA ALGERIA ARGENTINA AUSTRALIA AUSTRIA BANGLADESH BELGIUM BOLIVIA BRAZIL BULGARIA BYELORUSSIAN SOVIET SOCIALIST REPUBLIC CAMEROON CANADA CHILE CHINA COLOMBIA COSTA RICA COTE DIVOIRE CUBA CYPRU
5、S CZECHOSLOVAKIA DEMOCRATIC KAMPUCHEA DEMOCRATIC PEOPLES REPUBLIC OF KOREA DENMARK DOMINICAN REPUBLIC ECUADOR EGYPT EL SALVADOR ETHIOPIA FINLAND FRANCE GABON GERMANY GHANA GREECE GUATEMALA HAITI HOLY SEE HUNGARY ICELAND INDIA INDONESIA IRAN, ISLAMIC REPUBLIC OF IRAQ IRELAND ISRAEL ITALY JAMAICA JAPA
6、N JORDAN KENYA KOREA, REPUBLIC OF KUWAIT LEBANON LIBERIA LIBYAN ARAB JAMAHIRIYA LIECHTENSTEIN LUXEMBOURG MADAGASCAR MALAYSIA MALI MAURITIUS MEXICO MONACO MONGOLIA MOROCCO MYANMAR NAMIBIA NETHERLANDS NEW ZEALAND NICARAGUA NIGER NIGERIA NORWAY PAKISTAN PANAMA PARAGUAY PERU PHILIPPINES POLAND PORTUGAL
7、QATAR ROMANIA SAUDI ARABIA SENEGAL SIERRA LEONE SINGAPORE SOUTH AFRICA SPAIN SRI LANKA SUDAN SWEDEN SWITZERLAND SYRIAN ARAB REPUBLIC THAILAND TUN IS I A TURKEY UGANDA UKRAINIAN SOVIET SOCIALIST REPUBLIC UNION OF SOVIET SOCIALIST REPUBLICS UNITED ARAB EMIRATES UNITED KINGDOM OF GREAT BRITAIN AND NORT
8、HERN IRELAND UNITED REPUBLIC OF TANZANIA UNITED STATES OF AMERICA URUGUAY VENEZUELA VIET NAM YUGOSLAVIA ZAIRE ZAMBIA ZIMBABWE The Agencys Statute was approved on 23 October 1956 by the Conference on the Statute of the IAEA held at United Nations Headquarters, New York; it entered into force on 29 Ju
9、ly 1957. The Head- quarters of the Agency are situated in Vienna. Its principal objective is “to accelerate and enlarge the contribution of atomic energy to peace, health and prosperity throughout the world”. O IAEA, 1991 Permission to reproduce or translate the information contained in this publica
10、tion may be obtained by writing to the International Atomic Energy Agency, Wagramerstrasse 5, P.O. Box 100, A-1400 Vienna, Austria. Printed by the IAEA in Austria May 1991 -,-,- I A E A 50-SG-SL ( R E V t L ) 93 9006333 0007543 595 SAFETY SERIES No. 50-SG-S1 (Rev. 1) EARTHQUAKES AND ASSOCIATED TOPIC
11、S IN RELATION TO NUCLEAR POWER PLANT SITING A Safety Guide INTERNATIONAL ATOMIC ENERGY AGENCY VIENNA, 1991 -,-,- IAEA 50-SG-SL ( R E V I L ) 93 9006333 0007542 421 THIS SAFETY GUIDE IS ALSO PUBLISHED IN FRENCH, RUSSIAN AND SPANISH EARTHQUAKES AND ASSOCIATED TOPICS IN RELATION TO NUCLEAR POWER PLANT
12、SITING: A SAFETY GUIDE IAEA, VIENNA, 1991 STI/PUB/871 ISBN 92-0-123191-1 ISSN 0074- 1892 -,-,- IAEA 50-SG-SL (REV*L) 91 W 9006333 0007543 3b8 W FOREWORD by the Director General Nuclear power is well established and can be expected to become an even more significant part of the energy programmes of m
13、any countries, provided that its safe use can be ensured and be perceived to be so ensured. Although accidents have occurred, the nuclear power industry has generally maintained a good safety record. However, improvements are always possible and necessary. Safety is not a static concept. The Interna
14、tional Atomic Energy Agency, recognizing the importance of the safety of the industry and desiring to promote an improving safety record, set up a programme in 1974 to give guidance to its Member States on the many aspects of the safety of nuclear power reactors. Under this Nuclear Safety Standards
15、(NUSS) programme, some 60 Codes and Safety Guides dealing with radiological safety were published in the IAEA Safety Series between 1978 and 1986. The NUSS programme was developed for land based stationary plants with thermal neutron reactors designed for the production of power but the provisions m
16、ay be appropriate to a wider range of nuclear applications. In order to take account of lessons learned since the first publication of the NUSS programme was issued, it was decided in 1986 to revise and reissue the Codes and Safety Guides. During the original development of these publications, as we
17、ll as during the revision process, care was taken to ensure that all Member States, in particular those with active nuclear power programmes, could provide their input. Several independent reviews took place including a final one by the Nuclear Safety Standards Advisory Group (NUSSAG). The revised C
18、odes were approved by the Board of Governors in June 1988. In the revision process new developments in technology and methods of analysis have been incorporated on the basis of interna- tional consensus. It is hoped that the revised Codes will be used, and that they will be accepted and respected by
19、 Member States as a basis for regulation of the safety of power reactors within the national legal and regulatory framework. Any Member State wishing to enter into an agreement with the IAEA for its assistance in connection with the siting, design, construction, commissioning, operation or decommiss
20、ioning of a nuclear power plant will be required to follow those parts of the Codes and Safety Guides that pertain to the activities to be covered by the agreement. However, it is recognized that the final decisions and legal responsibilities in any licensing procedures rest with the Member States.
21、The Codes and Safety Guides are presented in such a form as to enable a Member State, should it so desire, to make their contents directly applicable to activities under its jurisdiction. Therefore, consistent with the accepted practice for codes and guides, and in accordance with a proposal of the
22、Senior Advisory Group, -,-,- I A E A 50-SG-SL (REV*L) 91 900b33L 0007544 2T4 W shall and should are used to distinguish for the user between strict requirements and desirable options respectively. The five Codes deal with the following topics: - Governmental organization - Siting - Design - Operatio
23、n - Quality assurance. These five Codes establish the objectives and basic requirements that must be met to ensure adequate safety in the operation of nuclear power plants. The Safety Guides are issued to describe to Member States acceptable methods of implementing particular parts of the relevant C
24、odes. Methods and solutions other than those set out in these Guides may be acceptable, provided that they give at least equivalent assurance that nuclear power plants can be operated without undue risk to the health and safety of the general public and site personnel. Although these Codes and Safet
25、y Guides establish an essential basis for safety, they may require the incorporation of more detailed requirements in accordance with national practice. Moreover, there will be special aspects that need to be assessed by experts on a case by case basis. These publications are intended for use, as ap
26、propriate, by regulatory bodies and others concerned in Member States. In order to comprehend the contents of any of them fully, it is essential that the other relevant Codes and Safety Guides be taken into account. Other safety publications of the IAEA should be consulted as necessary. The physical
27、 security of fissile and radioactive materials and of nuclear power plants as a whole is mentioned where appropriate but is not treated in detail. Non-radiological aspects of industrial safety and environmental protection are also not explicitly considered. The requirements and recommendations set f
28、orth in the NUSS publications may not be fully satisfied by older plants. The decision of whether to apply them to such plants must be made on a case by case basis according to national circumstances. -,-,- I A E A 50-SG-S3 (REVxL) 93 = 7006333 0007545 130 = CONTENTS DEFINITIONS 1 NOTE ON THE INTERP
29、RETATION OF THE TEXT 5 1 . INTRODUCTION . 7 Background (101-103) 7 Objective (104) . 7 Scope (105- 106) . 7 Structure (107- 108) . 8 2 . GENERAL REQUIREMENTS (201-206) 8 3 . REQUIRED INFORMATION AND INVESTIGATIONS (DATABASE) 9 Overview (301-303) . 9 Scales of study (304-316) 9 Seismological database
30、 (317-324) 11 Geological database (325-333) 12 4 . CONSTRUCTION OF A REGIONAL SEISMOTECTONIC MODEL . 15 Introduction (401-408) 15 Identification of seismogenic structures (409-422) Identification of zones of diffuse seismicity (423-428) 16 17 5 . EVALUATION OF DESIGN BASIS GROUND MOTIONS . 18 Introd
31、uction (501) 18 Levels of design basis ground motion (502-508) . 19 Methods for determination of design basis ground motion (509-540) 20 6 . POTENTIAL FOR SURFACE FAULTING AT THE SITE . 26 Objective (601) . 26 Capable faults (602-603) . 26 Investigations required to determine capability (604-608) .
32、27 -,-,- IAEA 50-SG-SL (REVU11 91 9006333 0007546 077 m SEISMICALLY GENERATED WATER WAVES . Objective (701-702) . Tsunamis (703-707) . Seiches (708-71 1) . Seismically induced dam failures (712-7 13) . POTENTIAL FOR PERMANENT GROUND DISPLACEMENTS ASSOCIATED WITH EARTHQUAKES AND GEOLOGICAL PHENOMENA
33、. Objective (80 1-802) . Liquefaction (803-806) . Slope instability (807-81 1) . Subsidence (81 2-8 13) . Collapse (814-815) 28 28 28 30 30 31 31 31 32 33 33 APPENDIX: SEISMIC INTENSITY SCALES . 34 REFERENCES 41 CONTRIBUTORS TO DRAFTING AND REVIEW 45 LIST OF NUSS PROGRAMME TITLES . 51 SELECTION OF I
34、AEA PUBLICATIONS RELATING TO THE SAFETY OF NUCLEAR POWER PLANTS . 55 IAEA 50-SG-S3 (REV*L) 93 7006333 0007547 TO3 DEFINITIONS The following definitions are intended for use in the NUSSprograrnme and may not necessarily conform to definitions adopted elsewhere for international use. Active Crustal Vo
35、lume A term used to characterize a three dimensional portion of the Earths crust for which a diffuse pattern of seismicity exists both spatially and temporally. Baserock (Basement) A well consolidated geological formation which can be considered as homogeneous with respect to seismic wave transmissi
36、on and response. Bedrock I The uppermost strongly consolidated geological formation, above the base- rock, which exhibits contrast in mechanical properties to overlying deposits and is homogeneous. Generally, bedrock exhibits shear wave velocities greater than 700 m/s. I Capable Fault I A fault whic
37、h has a significant potential for relative displacement at or near the ground surface. Design Basis External Events The parameter values associated with, and characterizing, an external event or combinations of external events selected for design of all or any part of the nuclear power plant (see De
38、sign Basis Natural Events). Design Basis Natural Events Natural events selected for deriving design bases (see Design Basis External Events). Free Field Ground Motion The motion which appears at a given point of the ground due to an earthquake when vibratory characteristics are not affected by struc
39、tures and facilities. 1 IAEA 50-SG-SI ( R E V * I ) 91 m 900b33L O007548 94T m Ground Motion Intensity A general expression characterizing the level of ground motion at a given point. It may refer to acceleration, velocity, displacement, macroseismic intensity or spectral intensity. Ground Response
40、The behaviour of a rock or soil column at a site under a prescribed ground motion load. Intensity A set of numerical indices describing the physical effects of an earthquake on man, or structures built by man, and on the Earths surface. The indices are based on subjective judgements, not instrumenta
41、l records. Isoseismal Map A contour map showing geographic areas that experienced the same level of intensity during an earthquake. Karstic Phenomena Formation of sinks or caverns in soluble rocks by the action of water. Liquefaction Sudden loss of shear strength and rigidity of saturated, cohesionl
42、ess soils, due to vibratory ground motion. Macroseismicity Seismicity of a level such that it implies significant, coherent, sustained tectonic activity. Macroseismicity usually refers to the seismicity of larger earthquakes as opposed to microearthquakes. However, such seismicity might have differe
43、nt aspects in different areas. A determination of what level of seismicity constitutes macroseismicity in a given region must be made after consideration of the seismicity of that region. 2 -,-,- I A E A 50-SG-SL (REV*L) 71 m 900b331 0007549 b m Magnitude A numerical quantity derived fi-om instrumen
44、tal records that is characteristic of total energy released by an earthquake. Microearthquakes and Macroearthquakes Microearthquakes have magnitudes less than 3 .O, whereas macroearthquakes have magnitudes equal to or greater than 3.0.2 Microtremor An ambient ground vibration with extremely small am
45、plitude (of a few micrometres). This vibration can be produced by natural and/or artificial causes such as wind, sea waves and traffic disturbances. Microtremors are sometimes called microseisms. Neotectonics Tectonics related to the most recent movement of faults. For seismic regions, the tectonics
46、 of the Quaternary era. Region A geographical area, surrounding and including the Site, sufficiently large to contain all the features related to a phenomenon or to the effects of a particular event. Response Spectrum A plot of the maximum response of a family of oscillators, each having a single de
47、gree of freedom with fixed damping, as a function of natural frequencies of the oscillators when subjected to vibratory motion input at their supports. Seismic Wave Attenuation A decrease in the amplitude of seismic waves during transmission from the earthquake source to a Site. Although this magnit
48、ude division is not precise and different scales are used in different parts of the world, this general characterization is sufficient for the purposes of this Guide. 3 -,-,- IAEA 50-SG-SL (REV*L) 91 900b33L 0007550 5T = Seismogenic Structure Structures that display earthquake activity, or that manifest historical surface rupture, or effects of palaeoseismicity . Seismogenic structures are those considered likely to generate Macroearthquakes within a period of concern. Seismot