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1、TECHNICAL SPECIFICATION IEC TS 61400-23 First edition 2001-04 Wind turbine generator systems Part 23: Full-scale structural testing of rotor blades Arognrateurs Partie 23: Essais en vraie grandeur des structures des pales Reference number IEC/TS 61400-23:2001(E) Publication numbering As from 1 Janua
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8、ECHNICAL SPECIFICATION IEC TS 61400-23 First edition 2001-04 Wind turbine generator systems Part 23: Full-scale structural testing of rotor blades Arognrateurs Partie 23: Essais en vraie grandeur des structures des pales PRICE CODE IEC 2001 Copyright - all rights reserved No part of this publication
9、 may be reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying and microfilm, without permission in writing from the publisher. International Electrotechnical Commission3, rue de Varemb Geneva, Switzerland Telefax: +41 22 919 0300e-mail: inmailiec.ch IEC
10、 web site http:/www.iec.ch V For price, see current catalogue Commission Electrotechnique Internationale International Electrotechnical Commission 2 TS 61400-23 IEC:2001(E) CONTENTS FOREWORD 4 INTRODUCTION 6 1Scope 7 2Normative references. 7 3Definitions 8 4Notation . 11 4.1Symbols 11 4.2Greek symbo
11、ls 11 4.3Subscripts. 11 4.4Abbreviations 12 5General principles 12 5.1Purpose of tests 12 5.2Limit states . 12 5.3Practical constraints 13 5.4Results of test. 13 6Blade data 14 6.1General. 14 6.2External dimensions and interfaces . 14 6.3Blade characteristics . 15 6.4Material data . 16 6.5Design loa
12、ds and conditions 16 6.6Areas to be tested. 18 6.7Special blade modifications . 18 6.8Root fixing. 18 6.9Mechanisms 18 7Differences between design and test load conditions 18 7.1General. 18 7.2Load introduction. 19 7.3Bending moments and shear . 19 7.4Flatwise and edgewise combinations . 20 7.5Radia
13、l loads 20 7.6Torsion loads 20 7.7Mechanisms 20 7.8Environmental conditions. 20 7.9Load spectrum and sequence 21 8Test loading . 21 8.1General. 21 8.2Load-based testing 21 8.3Strength-based testing 22 8.4Static-test load aspects . 23 8.5Fatigue-test load aspects 24 8.6Sequence of static and fatigue
14、tests 25 8.7Mechanisms 26 TS 61400-23 IEC:2001(E) 3 9Load factors for testing. 26 9.1General. 26 9.2Partial safety factors used in the design. 26 9.3Test load factors . 27 9.4Application of load factors to obtain the target load 28 10Evaluation of test load distribution in relation to design require
15、ments 29 10.1General. 29 10.2Influence of load introduction. 29 10.3Static tests 29 10.4Fatigue tests . 33 11Failure modes 36 11.1General. 36 11.2Catastrophic failure . 37 11.3Functional failure. 37 11.4Superficial failure 37 12Test procedures and methods 38 12.1General. 38 12.2Test stand and root f
16、ixture requirements 38 12.3Load introduction fixtures 38 12.4Static strength test 39 12.5Fatigue testing 40 12.6Advantages and disadvantages of test alternatives 43 12.7Deterministic corrections . 43 12.8Data collection 44 13Other tests determining blade properties 46 13.1General. 46 13.2Test stand
17、deflections . 46 13.3Deflection 46 13.4Stiffness distribution 46 13.5Strain distribution measurements. 47 13.6Natural frequencies . 48 13.7Damping . 48 13.8Mode shapes. 48 13.9Mass distribution . 48 13.10 Creep 48 13.11 Other non-destructive testing. 48 13.12 Blade sectioning 49 14Reporting . 49 14.
18、1General. 49 14.2Content. 49 Annex A (normative) Partial safety factors considerations 51 Annex B (normative) Sensitivity of the evaluation to fatigue formulation 52 Annex C (normative) Loading angle change considerations 54 Annex D (informative) Examples of test set-ups . 56 Bibliography . 63 4 TS
19、61400-23 IEC:2001(E) INTERNATIONAL ELECTROTECHNICAL COMMISSION _ WIND TURBINE GENERATOR SYSTEMS Part 23: Full-scale structural testing of rotor blades FOREWORD 1)The IEC (International Electrotechnical Commission) is a worldwide organization for standardization comprising all national electrotechnic
20、al committees (IEC National Committees). The object of the IEC is to promote international co-operation on all questions concerning standardization in the electrical and electronic fields. To this end and in addition to other activities, the IEC publishes International Standards. Their preparation i
21、s entrusted to technical committees; any IEC National Committee interested in the subject dealt with may participate in this preparatory work. International, governmental and non-governmental organizations liaising with the IEC also participate in this preparation. The IEC collaborates closely with
22、the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) in accordance with conditions determined by agreement between the two organizations. 2)The formal decisions or agreements of the IEC on technical matters express, as nearly as possible, an international consensus of opinion on the relevant sub
23、jects since each technical committee has representation from all interested National Committees. 3)The documents produced have the form of recommendations for international use and are published in the form of standards, technical specifications, technical reports or guides and they are accepted by
24、the National Committees in that sense. 4)In order to promote international unification, IEC National Committees undertake to apply IEC International Standards transparently to the maximum extent possible in their national and regional standards. Any divergence between the IEC Standard and the corres
25、ponding national or regional standard shall be clearly indicated in the latter. 5)The IEC provides no marking procedure to indicate its approval and cannot be rendered responsible for any equipment declared to be in conformity with one of its standards. 6) Attention is drawn to the possibility that
26、some of the elements of this technical specification may be the subject of patent rights. The IEC shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights. The main task of IEC technical committees is to prepare International Standards. In exceptional circumstances, a technical co
27、mmittee may propose the publication of a technical specification when the required support cannot be obtained for the publication of an International Standard, despite repeated efforts, or the subject is still under technical development or where, for any other reason, there is the future but no imm
28、ediate possibility of an agreement on an International Standard. IEC 61400-23, which is a technical specification, has been prepared by IEC Technical Commit- tee 88: Wind turbine systems. The text of this technical specification is based on the following documents: Enquiry draftReport on voting 88/1
29、16/CDV88/137/RVC Full information on the voting for the approval of this technical specification can be found in the report on voting indicated in the above table. This publication has been drafted in accordance with the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 3. -,-,- TS 61400-23 IEC:2001(E) 5 The committee has d
30、ecided that the contents of this publication will remain unchanged until 2003. At this date, the publication will be transformed into an International Standard; reconfirmed; withdrawn; replaced by a revised edition, or amended. Annexes A, B and C form an integral part of this technical specification
31、. Annex D is for information only. Compliance with this technical specification does not relieve any person, organization or corporation of the responsibility of observing other applicable regulations. 6 TS 61400-23 IEC:2001(E) INTRODUCTION The blades of a wind turbine rotor are generally regarded a
32、s the most critical components of the wind turbine system. Many national standards address the blades separately in the design, but few require the testing of blades as a requisite for certification. Nevertheless, blade testing laboratories are currently operating in many countries throughout the wo
33、rld. Each laboratory has independently developed a unique set of test equipment, procedures and terminology that are used to test blades. Though each laboratorys techniques may be valid, the results of blade tests done at different facilities may be difficult to compare and evaluate. The primary emp
34、hasis of the IEC TC 88 Working Group 8 effort was to identify commonly accepted practices among the various laboratories and to give guidance in establishing blade test criteria. Due to the wide range of methods (dictated by the test system hardware) used by the various laboratories, writing a restr
35、ictive standard that favoured one method to the exclusion of all others would not have been equitable. Therefore, the present technical specification has been written to provide guidelines on recommended practices. Many different methods are included. The full collection of tests described in this s
36、pecification should not be considered a requirement for every blade design. The need for tests will depend on the level of uncertainty in the design assessment due to the use of new materials, new design concepts, new production processes, etc. and the possible impact on the structural integrity. In
37、 some cases, alternative ways to perform a test are commonly used (see annex D). For the alternatives discussed in this specification, the advantages and disadvantages are noted. TS 61400-23 IEC:2001(E) 7 WIND TURBINE GENERATOR SYSTEMS Part 23: Full-scale structural testing of rotor blades 1 Scope T
38、his technical specification provides guidelines for the full-scale structural testing of wind turbine blades and for the interpretation or evaluation of results, as a possible part of a design verification of the integrity of the blade. The following tests are considered in this technical specificat
39、ion: static strength tests; fatigue tests; other tests determining blade properties. It is assumed that the data required to define the parameters of the test are available. In this technical specification, the design loads and blade material data are considered starting points for establishing and
40、evaluating the test loads. The evaluation of the design loads with respect to the actual loads is outside the scope of this technical specification. The technical specification is not intended to: form a detailed specification for the procurement of the test equipment; be a detailed work instruction
41、 covering all aspects of conducting a strength test; be used for establishing basic material strength or fatigue design data for blades and/or components; replace a rigorous design process; address the testing of mechanism function. At the time this technical specification was drawn up, full-scale t
42、ests were carried out on blades of horizontal axis wind turbines. The blades were mostly made of fibre reinforced plastics and wood/epoxy. However, most principles would be applicable to any WTGS configuration, size and material. 2 Normative references The following normative documents contain provi
43、sions which, through reference in this text, constitute provisions of this technical specification. For dated references, subsequent amendments to, or revisions of, any of these publications do not apply. However, parties to agreements based on this technical specification are encouraged to investig
44、ate the possibility of applying the most recent editions of the normative documents indicated below. For undated references, the latest edition of the normative document referred to applies. Members of IEC and ISO maintain registers of currently valid International Standards. IEC 60050-415:1999, Int
45、ernational Electrotechnical Vocabulary Part 415: Wind turbine generator systems IEC 61400-1:1999, Wind turbine generator systems Part 1: Safety requirements ISO 2394:1998, General principles on reliability for structures ISO/IEC 17025:1999, General requirements for the competence of calibration and
46、testing laboratories 8 TS 61400-23 IEC:2001(E) 3 Definitions For the purpose of this technical specification, definitions related to wind turbines or wind energy in general, given in IEC 60050-415 apply, as well as the following definitions, which are more specific to this publication. 3.1 actuator
47、device that can be controlled to apply a constant or varying force and displacement 3.2 blade rotating, aerodynamically active part of the rotor 3.3 blade root that part of the rotor blade that is connected to the hub of the rotor 3.4 buckling failure mode characterized by a non-linear increase in d
48、eflection with a change in compressive load 3.5 chord length of a reference straight line (the chord line) that joins, by certain defined conventions, the leading and trailing edges of a blade aerofoil cross-section 3.6 constant amplitude loading during a fatigue test, the application of load cycles
49、 with a constant amplitude and mean value 3.7 creep time-dependant increase in strain under a sustained load 3.8 design loads loads the blade is designed to withstand, including appropriate partial safety factors 3.9 edgewise direction that is parallel to the local chord 3.10 fatigue formulation methodology by which the fatigue life is estimated 3.11 fatigue strength measure of the load-bearing capacity of a material or structural element subjected to re