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1、IEEE Std 1120-2004 IEEE Standards 1120 TM IEEE Guide for the Planning, Design, Installation, and Repair of Submarine Power Cable Systems 3 Park Avenue, New York, NY 10016-5997, USA IEEE Power Engineering Society Sponsored by the Insulated Conductors Committee IEEE Standards 31 March 2005 Print: SH95
2、271 PDF: SS95271 Recognized as an American National Standard (ANSI) The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc. 3 Park Avenue, New York, NY 10016-5997, USA Copyright 2005 by the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc. All rights reserved. Published 31 March 2005. Prin
3、ted in the United States of America. IEEE is a registered trademark in the U.S. Patent +1 978 750 8400. Permission to photocopy portions of any individual standard for educational classroom use can also be obtained through the Copyright Clearance Center. NOTEAttention is called to the possibility th
4、at implementation of this standard may require use of subject matter covered by patent rights. By publication of this standard, no position is taken with respect to the exist- ence or validity of any patent rights in connection therewith. The IEEE shall not be responsible for identifying patents for
5、 which a license may be required by an IEEE standard or for conducting inquiries into the legal valid- ity or scope of those patents that are brought to its attention. iii Copyright 2005 IEEE. All rights reserved. Introduction This guide has been prepared in the form of a list with brief explanation
6、s after each item. This list represents the more important aspects to consider when working on a submarine cable project. As such, this guide should be particularly helpful to the engineer who is occasionally presented with the challenge of working on a submarine cable project. This approach is used
7、 because a comprehensive coverage of the wide variety of subjects involved in a submarine cable project would fill many volumes. Once this list has been used to evaluate a particular project, detailed information can be obtained by searching technical literature and by interviewing experts in the fi
8、eld. This version of this guide addresses many more topics than the previous version. It also provides brief explanations of these topics to illustrate their relevance. Notice to users Errata Errata, if any, for this and all other standards can be accessed at the following URL: http:/ standards.ieee
9、.org/reading/ieee/updates/errata/index.html. Users are encouraged to check this URL for errata periodically. Interpretations Current interpretations can be accessed at the following URL: http:/standards.ieee.org/reading/ieee/interp/ index.html. Patents Attention is called to the possibility that imp
10、lementation of this standard may require use of subject matter covered by patent rights. By publication of this standard, no position is taken with respect to the existence or validity of any patent rights in connection therewith. The IEEE shall not be responsible for identifying patents or patent a
11、pplications for which a license may be required to implement an IEEE standard or for conducting inquiries into the legal validity or scope of those patents that are brought to its attention. This introduction is not part of IEEE P1120-2004, IEEE Guide for the Planning, Design, Installation, and Repa
12、ir of Submarine Power Cable Systems. iv Copyright 2005 IEEE. All rights reserved. Participants At the time this guide was completed, C11 Submarine Cables Working Group within the Insulated Conduc- tors Committee of IEEE had the following membership: Neil K. Parker, Chair Steve Turner, Co-chair The f
13、ollowing members of the individual balloting committee voted on this standard. Balloters may have voted for approval, disapproval, or abstention. When the IEEE-SA Standards Board approved this standard on 23 September 2004, it had the following membership: Don Wright, Chair Steve M. Mills, Vice Chai
14、r Judith Gorman, Secretary *Member Emeritus Also included are the following nonvoting IEEE-SA Standards Board liaisons: Satish K. Aggarwal, NRC Representative Richard DeBlasio, DOE Representative Alan Cookson, NIST Representative Michael D. Fisher IEEE Standards Project Editor Rusty Bascom Alex Cana
15、an John Cooper Swapan Dey Cam Dowlat Ed Hahn Jerry Johnson Inge Kovacs Allen MacPhail John Nierenberg Hakon Ostby Jim Pachot Deepak Parmar Dave Purnhagen John Rector Ewell T Robeson Nirmal Singh Gino Valli Robert O. Wilkinson Jack Wilson Joe Zimnoch Torben Aabo Earle Bascom, III Tommy Cooper Matthew
16、 Davis Dr. Guru dutt Dhingra Amir El-Sheikh Gary Engmann Clifford C. Erven Robert Gear Richie Harp Lauri J. Hiivala Edward Horgan, Jr. David W. Jackson Robert Konnik Glenn Luzzi John Merando G. Michel Thomas Pekarek Ralph Philbrook, III James Ruggieri Henry Soleski Stephen Turner Daniel Ward James W
17、ilson Wolfgang B. Haverkamp Chuck Adams H. Stephen Berger Mark D. Bowman Joseph A. Bruder Bob Davis Roberto de Marca Boisson Julian Forster* Arnold M. Greenspan Mark S. Halpin Raymond Hapeman Richard J. Holleman Richard H. Hulett Lowell G. Johnson Joseph L. Koepfinger* Hermann Koch Thomas J. McGean
18、Daleep C. Mohla Paul Nikolich T. W. Olsen Ronald C. Petersen Gary S. Robinson Frank Stone Malcolm V. Thaden Doug Topping Joe D. Watson CONTENTS 1. Overview 1 1.1 Scope. 1 1.2 Purpose 1 1.3 Preface. 1 2. Route selection. 2 2.1 Natural marine conditions 2 2.2 Man-made obstacles 3 2.3 Hazardous human a
19、ctivities. 4 2.4 Marine access 4 2.5 Beach conditions 4 2.6 Termination sites . 5 2.7 Installation considerations. 5 2.8 System integration. 6 2.9 Length 6 2.10 Width. 6 2.11 Operating rights and permitting. 6 2.12 Monitoring and environmental mitigation. 6 3. Permitting and environmental impacts. 6
20、 3.1 Marine vegetation 7 3.2 Marine animal life . 7 3.3 Silt and turbidity 7 3.4 Storage and disposal of excavated material. 7 3.5 Grain size distribution . 7 3.6 Beach stability . 7 3.7 Topography 7 3.8 Upland plants and wetlands. 7 3.9 Oil, grease, and pH 8 3.10 Contamination . 8 3.11 Noise 8 4. I
21、nformation gathering and surveying 8 4.1 Existing maps 8 4.2 Photography and video 8 4.3 Weather data 9 4.4 Marine Surveys 9 4.5 Land surveys 11 4.6 Survey control 11 4.7 Post-installation surveys 12 4.8 System studies. 12 5. Cable systems. 12 5.1 Reliability 12 5.2 Ampacity . 13 5.3 Hydraulic limit
22、ations. 14 Copyright 2005 IEEE. All rights reserved. v -,-,- 5.4 Cable components 15 5.5 Cable weight 17 5.6 Sheath voltages and bonding. 17 5.7 DC systems 18 5.8 Joints 18 5.9 Armor anchors. 19 5.10 Optical fiber. 19 5.11 Reparability . 19 6. Termination stations. 19 6.1 Terminations 20 6.2 Station
23、 grounding 20 6.3 Slack cable. 20 6.4 Spare cable storage 20 6.5 Fluid handling 21 6.6 Spare fluid storage. 21 6.7 Fluid containment system 21 6.8 Degasifier 21 6.9 Instrumentation and metering 21 6.10 System protection equipment 22 6.11 Communications 22 6.12 Backup generation and pressure pumps. 2
24、2 6.13 Laydown area 22 6.14 Future expansion 22 7. Installation techniques 22 7.1 Schedule and timing 23 7.2 Removal of obstacles. 24 7.3 Transportation 24 7.4 Reel handling. 25 7.5 Laying equipment 25 7.6 Cable protection. 26 7.7 Intertidal installation 28 7.8 Mid-channel crossing installation 29 7
25、.9 Installing cable on land 30 7.10 Cable handling and storage 30 8. Quality assurance and testing. 30 8.1 Plant audit/vendor selection. 30 8.2 Qualification testing 30 8.3 Production testing 31 8.4 Pre-installation testing. 31 8.5 Witnessing. 31 8.6 Commissioning and maintenance tests 31 9. Spare m
26、aterial. 32 9.1 Spare cable. 32 9.2 Fluid. 32 9.3 Splices and terminations 33 9.4 Tools and equipment . 33 9.5 Degasifier 33 Copyright 2005 IEEE. All rights reserved. vi -,-,- 10. Documentation and operation. 33 10.1 As-built documentation . 33 10.2 Operating manual 34 10.3 Description of system com
27、ponents 34 10.4 Operating limits. 34 10.5 Routine operating, inspection, and maintenance procedures. 35 10.6 Re-surveying 35 10.7 Repair strategy. 35 10.8 Emergency maintenance procedures . 35 10.9 Installation of replacement components 36 10.10 Safety and hazards. 36 10.11 Notification of authoriti
28、es 36 11. Repair. 36 11.1 Locating faults. 36 11.2 Locating dielectric fluid leaks in SCFF cable 37 11.3 Evidence 37 11.4 Containing dielectric fluid from a cable 37 11.5 Retrieval 38 11.6 Cable repair splices 38 Annex A (informative) Additional information 39 A.1 Standards 39 A.2 Articles in period
29、icals. 39 A.3 Books 40 A.4 CIGRE Proceedings 40 A.5 IEEE Proceedings. 41 A.6 IEEE Papers 41 Copyright 2005 IEEE. All rights reserved. vii IEEE Std 1120-2004 Planning, Design, Installation and Repair of Submarine Power Cable Systems IEEE Guide for the Planning, Design, Installation, and Repair of Sub
30、marine Power Cable Systems 1. Overview 1.1 Scope This guide provides a list of factors to consider when planning, designing, permitting, installing, commissioning, and repairing submarine power cable systems. While many factors are common to both power and communication cables, this guide focuses on
31、 power cables that cross seas, lakes, and rivers. 1.2 Purpose The purpose of this guide is to assist engineers in developing knowledge and to assure that important items are not overlooked when dealing with submarine cable systems. 1.3 Preface Submarine cables are installed in unique environments us
32、ing specialized installation techniques. Some uncommon characteristics that may be encountered include: A variety of environmental conditions, including the transitions between water and land Challenges in gathering geophysical information High installation and retrieval stresses on the cable A pote
33、ntially hostile marine environment during construction and repair Human activities that do not normally threaten land cables Even with these constraints, submarine cables have successfully served the industry since the 1890s. They sometimes offer a means of delivering energy and communications in a
34、direct route that may provide superior system benefits and higher reliability, and sometimes they cost less than other alternatives. Copyright 2005 IEEE. All rights reserved. 1 IEEE Std 1120-2004 Planning, Design, Installation and Repair of Submarine Power Cable Systems This guide is broken into a n
35、umber of clauses that roughly follow the milestones that a submarine cable project goes through. The milestones are commonly not sequential; for example, information will have to be gathered so the route can be evaluated, but one must have chosen a prospective route before a survey can be done. 2. R
36、oute selection A number of factors must be considered when evaluating potential cable routes. Most of these factors influence the cost, constructability, reliability, and reparability of the proposed cable system, and they should be weighed along with the electrical benefits to the power system. 2.1
37、 Natural marine conditions Below is a list of naturally occurring marine conditions that may influence the evaluation of a prospective submarine cable route. Some of these conditions may vary considerably along the cable route, so an observation at one location may not represent the entire route. 2.
38、1.1 Water depth As the depth increases, cable-laying tensions will increase, which may influence the design of the cable and the installation method. Route surveys may also be more difficult. 2.1.2 Rock and pinnacles Laying a cable over a sharp object may kink the cable. Where the cable is suspended
39、 between two points on the sea bottom, it may fatigue due to strumming (vortex-shedding vibration) induced by water currents. Where cable touches down, it may abrade on the bottom, especially if the bottom is hard. 2.1.3 Tidal, current, or surf action Currents may carry silt or gravel that may abrad
40、e the cable. Strong tidal currents may wash the cable back and forth across the bottom, thus damaging it. 2.1.4 Shifting bottoms/scour The soil under the cable may wash out, leaving the cable suspended and under high tension. Alternatively, the cable may become deeply buried (which will affect its a
41、mpacity and its ability to be retrieved). 2.1.5 Soil structural stability The soil composition and consistency affect the stability of the walls of cable trenches. The presence of large boulders, rock outcroppings, and reefs can impede the trenching, plowing, and jetting operations. 2.1.6 Marine slo
42、pe stability Underwater landslides can damage a cable system. 2.1.7 Icebergs and pack ice Icebergs being moved by the wind, river current, or tidal current can scour away soil and damage cables. Icebergs moving ashore can pound on cables in the subtidal and tidal zone. Copyright 2005 IEEE. All right
43、s reserved. 2 IEEE Std 1120-2004 Planning, Design, Installation and Repair of Submarine Power Cable Systems 2.1.8 Soil thermal properties Soil thermal properties influence the cable design in terms of conductor size and operating temperature. Sediments with high amounts of organic material, oil cont
44、amination, or volcanic ash typically have high thermal resistivity. When cables are buried in soft mud by jetting, the sediment composition and its thermal properties may be altered. 2.1.9 Chemical attack/corrosion Corrosive properties of some soils, or from gas emanation, may affect the cable desig
45、n. 2.1.10 Sub-bottom material The material below the surface may be entirely different than the surface material. Rock outcrops may lie just below the surface. 2.1.11 Very soft soils If the bottom is very soft, the cables may continue to sink into the bottom after they are laid, causing them to be o
46、verstressed due to catenary tension. Excessive cable sinking also increases its external thermal resistance, and hence the operating conductor temperature. 2.1.12 Marine borers Some marine organisms may burrow into the cable. 2.1.13 Storm action Wave action from storms may result in beach erosion or
47、 filling. 2.2 Man-made obstacles It is common to encounter manmade obstacles in the proposed submarine cable corridor, which may include: Other power, communication, submarine cables and petroleum pipelines. Joint installation projects, or integrating power and communications into the same cable, ma
48、y reduce hazards. Pipelines, including sewer, water, and gas lines Effluent outfalls Sunken ships and debris, especially near docks and bridges Piers, docks, boat ramps, roadways, foundations, buildings, etc. These may be abandoned and not visible from the surface of the water. Disposal areas, eithe
49、r from dredging or dumping of refuse Restricted areas (for example, Naval training or testing areas) Future construction Copyright 2005 IEEE. All rights reserved. 3 IEEE Std 1120-2004 Planning, Design, Installation and Repair of Submarine Power Cable Systems 2.3 Hazardous human activities The most common cause of cable failure is mechanical damage by human activity. The damage may be caused by: Dragging anchors and tug boat lines Beached marine equipment Dock a